1. Folk: The most striking feature of Huizhou historical archives is folk. From the source. Huizhou historical archives were found among the people and scattered in Huizhou civilian families. If you pay a little attention, you will find that, for example, the existing documents and files about Huizhou's taxation and official duties are all manuscripts of Huizhou folk families, accounting for the majority. It is not a transcript, but also a part of the documents and archives kept in clans, families or grass-roots rural organizations at that time. Take the Yellow Book as an example. According to its origin, in Huizhou, the Yellow Book includes the main books kept in various counties and the bottom books or cursive scripts kept in Li Jia. Huizhou prefectural governments have bookshelves for storing pornographic books and other books, which should be preserved under normal circumstances. However, at present, we find that most of Huizhou Huangshu handed down are family letters, Li family cursive scripts and bottom books. In addition to the yellow book, Huizhou notices, orders, litigation transcripts, various transcripts, etc. Almost all of them are preserved by families and clans. As for the title deeds, account books and contracts, they are all companions of Huizhou folk life, and they are all preserved by Huizhou folk. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
Judging from the contents of Huizhou historical archives, it mainly reflects the daily life and behavior of ordinary people, and most of the records are related to ordinary people. For example, among Huizhou historical archives collected by the Institute of History of China Social Welfare Institute, only 5. 1% are official documents, and the rest are economic, cultural and educational materials closely related to landlords, farmers and businessmen. The fields reflected are mainly rural economic and social relations. In particular, economic instruments accounted for 84.7% in total. Therefore, when some scholars refer to Huizhou historical archives, they think they are just new materials for studying Huizhou's social economy. Although this understanding is somewhat biased, it is a fact that Huizhou historical archives reflect the vast majority of rural economic data. This is very rare in China's historical archives. The biggest difference between Huizhou historical archives and the major historical and cultural heritages found in the past is that it breaks through the limitation of using the political historical materials of the royal family as the main material, and shows the distinctive folk customs and economic characteristics of the factory, which is very concrete and practical. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
2. Particularity: Huizhou historical archives formed by civil society have no general description, but only specific and microscopic records. For example, it records the clan evolution, family education, imperial examination status, land accumulation, management and operation, ancestral temple creation, family property management and operation, relations with the government and other local families and farmers, business activities, asset accumulation, etc., and records the daily life of ordinary people in Huizhou in detail. For another example, various clan books, daily expenses, monthly expenses to annual expenses, all have corresponding daily accounts and general ledgers. The registration of clan sacrifices is refined to every tribe and family. Land management, some families have complete files of each piece of land, land registration and tax management, tax collection, rent collection and rent payment, etc. Huizhou historical archives, like the encyclopedia of rural social history in the late feudal society of China, involve all historical fields of rural society. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
There are many contents in Huizhou historical archives that cannot be recorded by official documents, archives or historical books. For example, the Shexian Archives contains Snow, Snow, Cold and Summer Ink on the Ancient Songshan Mountain, which records the basic situation of daily production and life in Cui Shi of Shexian County from the 14th year of Daoguang (1834) to the 4th year of Xianfeng (1854). In addition to their daily expenses and activities, there are also some records of major folk activities, including folk lecture hall, ghost life, second string and so on. Through this book, we can study the daily production and life track of Cui Shi, who is both a landlord and a businessman, and understand the real situation of some major social activities among the people. For another example, there is a book in Huangshan Archives, A Record of Resumption of Classes, which records a teacher's detailed income and expenditure accounts from the 25th year of Guangxu (1899) to the 6th year of the Republic of China (19 17), including the number of students, composition, resumption of classes, teaching activities and so on. This is very important for studying the life of folk teachers. These concrete records about the lives of thousands of people just fill the gaps in official documents, archives and official records, and become valuable historical materials for us to study the rural people and social development in China. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
3. Authenticity: In real life, in order to make contract documents truly legal and effective, many of them contain notarization matters, thus leaving many places to mark their authenticity in Huizhou historical archives. For example, in the contract documents, in addition to the two parties bound by the contract conditions, there are also witnesses and appraisals by intermediaries, and most of these intermediaries are well-known local elders, such as elders and heads of families. Stamp, contract termination, push, etc. They are all signed or signed by judges, public representatives, archers, calculators, calligraphers and painters, and registered in Li Jia's organization. The township is about the same as the above, with a signed picture of an adult man in the village. There are many bank numbers or merchant seals in commercial bills as anti-counterfeiting marks. As for litigation documents, notices, leases, fact sheets, etc. There are obvious places to verify its authenticity. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
The authenticity of Huizhou historical archives determines that it is the original document to record the true state of history, and its historical records are more authentic than any other historical materials. Therefore, studying it can prove that some historical records are untrue or inaccurate. For example, in feudal society, the patriarch was the head of the family. From historical records, we know that the patriarch is a well-off person in the family and has supreme power in the family. However, in Huizhou historical archives, we can see that the economic situation of ancestors in the early Ming Dynasty is also different from that recorded in historical books. For example, in the contract of the early Ming Dynasty collected by the Anhui Provincial Museum, a person named Zhu Shengyou in Xiuning County was named "the leader of the main league" in the red contract for land sales concluded in the thirty years of Hongwu (1397). However, from another land sale contract signed in the first year of Wenjian (1399), we can know that Zhu Shengyou owns other people's land and is a tenant. After the landlord sold part of the land to others, Zhu Shengyou became a tenant of another family. This shows that the patriarch of Huizhou in the early days was not necessarily a rich man in the clan, but an ordinary yeoman, and even having the status of a tenant (not a tenant servant) did not affect his prestige and status. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
4. Typicality: Huizhou is the most typical place where the ruling policies of China feudal dynasty were thoroughly implemented. China's traditional rural economic form and social ideology have a profound historical accumulation in Huizhou, so the contents reflected in Huizhou historical archives are also the most typical in China's rural historical society. For example, Huizhou's remaining tax document files, such as personal report books, yellow books, compiled books, real collection books, easy-to-read bills, ticket rolling, and food payment licenses, constitute a complete and typical tax system in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and are typical representatives of tax document files in Ming and Qing Dynasties in China. Huizhou merchants' archives are a typical reflection of the traditional management and development of China feudal business groups. For example, the archives of Jiangs tea merchants in Fangkeng, Shexian County were formed from Jiaqing to the end of Qing Dynasty. At that time, Huizhou tea merchants turned from prosperity to decline, and the traditional businesses in China and Tong Tong also turned from prosperity to decline. The capital form, management mode, profit distribution and consumption mode of China's traditional commerce in this period and the reasons for its decline are typical epitome and reflection of China's traditional commerce in this period. This typicality of Huizhou historical archives is so obvious that some scholars think that it is "the historical epitome of China rural society for seven centuries" and is an indispensable typical archival material for studying China traditional culture. 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
5. Systematization: The systematization of Huizhou historical archives is manifested in comprehensiveness and continuity. Its comprehensiveness is manifested in both horizontal and vertical aspects. Horizontally, Huizhou historical archives involve all fields and aspects of rural society, and its variety and scope are beyond the reach of other historical materials. Specifically, it focuses on the social economy, land system, political system, business management, culture, clan, education, customs, population and social relations in the late feudal society of China, which is very systematic. Vertically, it is continuous. The so-called continuity means that the existing Huizhou historical archives are long-term and continuous in historical years. In terms of manuscripts, the earliest Huizhou historical archives collected at present are the commemorative documents of South Tang Baoda: 945 collected by Huangshan Archives. As for the original works, the earliest one is the family commemorative Long Dai in Jiatai period of Southern Song Dynasty (120 1) collected by Yixian Archives, and the latest one is the 38th year of the Republic of China (18). 5hJ China Huizhou Culture Network-Huizhou Culture, Huizhou Culture, Huizhou, Ancient Huizhou and Huizhou Dwellings.
If the historical archives of Huizhou are sorted in chronological order, we can clearly see that the historical archives of Huizhou have maintained a long-term continuity in all categories. The earliest time of Huizhou land sales contract was copied from the eight years of Jiading in the Southern Song Dynasty (12 15) collected by the National Library of China, and the latest time was 38 years of the Republic of China. Some land files, from reclamation to management, from sale to transfer, from tax deed to grain grant, are clearly registered, and after more than ten dynasties, there is no omission. As far as we know, the earliest litigation file is the civil litigation case of Xuande in the eighth year of Ming Dynasty (1433) collected by the First Historical Archives of China, and the latest litigation document was extended to the thirty-eighth year of the Republic of China (1949). The tax analysis documents of Xie Zhifu in Qimen County collected by Anhui Provincial Museum in the third year of Taiding in Yuan Dynasty (1326) are earlier, and those in the thirty-eighth year of the Republic of China (1949) are the latest. Huizhou clan archives are the earliest documents collected by Huangshan Archives during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (945), and the latest is the thirty-eight years of the Republic of China. Time is like a clue, closely linked to Huizhou historical archives, which truly records the historical development track of Huizhou for thousands of years.