Teaching this article can make a breakthrough in writing and language. First of all, we should guide students to understand the thinking process of refuting the paper on the basis of overall perception and clear thinking, explore the meaning of the paper and understand the writing characteristics of this refuting paper; Secondly, we should organize students to ponder the language, understand the deep meaning of key sentences, and appreciate the sharp, combative and ironic language features of Lu Xun's essays.
Teaching methods such as reading aloud, tasting reading, discussing and exploring, and comparative reading can be used in classroom teaching, so that students can feel, experience, taste and think deeply, and finally form their own experience and evaluation.
Teaching objectives
1, knowledge target:
(1) Accumulate vocabulary, master the pronunciation and meaning of words such as "mystery, deception, nostalgia, pleading for the people", and learn to use them.
⑵ Understand the deep meaning of important sentences and realize Lu Xun's sense of hardship and patriotism.
2, ability goal:
(1) Learn the rigorous structure and ups and downs of this article and learn to refute arguments.
⑵ Taste sentences and experience sharp, aggressive and ironic language features.
3, moral education objectives:
Carry forward the spirit of patriotism, enhance national democratic consciousness, enhance national self-confidence and pride, and strive for a better tomorrow for the motherland.
Teaching focus
1, try to figure out the sentence and understand the deep meaning.
2, master the method of rebuttal argument.
Teaching difficulties
Understand the key sentences and appreciate the language charm of Lu Xun's essays.
teaching method
1, reading method:
Through reading aloud with sound and affection, we can deeply perceive and enhance our understanding.
2. Reading method:
Read the text and understand its writing and ideological connotation.
3. Discussion and inquiry methods:
On the basis of students' interactive communication, we should change our thinking angle and expand our thinking on several issues.
4. Comparative reading method:
Complete the transfer or extension of knowledge in comparison.
training/teaching aid
Multimedia, tape recorder, demonstration reading tape.
Class arrangement
2 class hours.
teaching process
first kind
[teaching points]
Perceive the whole, clarify the thinking, clarify the thinking process of criticizing the paper, understand the deep meaning of the text, and appreciate the characteristics of this criticism in writing.
[Teaching Steps]
First, guide the design.
1, design 1:
After learning to write papers, we will encounter new problems: sometimes it is not difficult to convince ourselves, but it is really difficult to convince others! This requires another way to express your views accurately: rebuttal. Learn this skill from Mr. Lu Xun first.
2. Design 2:
From "From a Hundred Herbs Garden to a Moon in Three Tans", we read Lu Xun's yearning for a free and happy life. Yes, Mr. Lu Xun is a strong fighter who pursues the independence, freedom, prosperity and soaring of the Chinese nation all his life. 1936, when Mr. Lu Xun passed away, the people of Shanghai covered his body with white cloth with three Chinese characters "soul of china" to express their admiration for Mr. Lu Xun. Lu Xun's profound thoughts are still of great practical significance. Today, we study Lu Xun's article "Have China people lost confidence?" Listen to his teachings again.
3. Design III:
Multimedia display:
Network joke: buying a car
Child: Mom, why don't you buy a car?
Mom: I can't afford it.
Child: Then how can I buy a car?
Mom: You study hard now, and you can buy a car when you grow up.
Child: Then why didn't you study hard when you were a child?
This joke, the child's rebuttal is wonderful, and the mother will definitely be dumbfounded after listening to it, and then laugh.
Refutation is a way of argument as opposed to argument. "Have China people lost confidence?" It's a rebuttal.
If faced with the wrong argument that "China people have lost confidence", how would you refute it?
Health 1: Facts speak louder than words. China's economic development, comprehensive national strength and scientific development and progress can all prove that 2 1 century is the stage for China. Successful Olympic bid, China's entry into WTO, the national football team's qualification, and the successful launch of Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft ... China people feel happier and more proud than ever before. China is like a rising star in Ran Ran, Ran Ran, shining brightly. Can it be said that "China people have lost confidence"?
Health 2: This is deliberate slander, malicious damage to the party's image, hurt people's feelings, in order to achieve ulterior motives.
Let's see how Mr. Lu Xun refuted this absurd argument 70 years ago.
Second, information reading AIDS
Multimedia display:
This article is included in Qi Jieting's Essays and belongs to Lu Xun's later essays. One month before Lu Xun wrote this article, he had a fever, "conscious rib pain" and his lung disease was quite serious. After writing the article for more than two months, I wrote "Miscellaneous Talks after Illness" and sent a letter to Yang Jiyun, claiming that this was a "horizontal war" under the attack of the enemy and "comrades-in-arms". It can be seen that the deterioration of health and mental stress did not affect his enthusiastic concern for the world.
This article was written after the third anniversary of the September 18th Incident. In modern China, the national fortune was weak and was bullied repeatedly. The "September 18th Incident" cast a shadow of failure on many people in China, and domestic pessimism was once rampant. At that time, the bourgeois Ta Kung Pao published an editorial accusing the Chinese nation of losing confidence and shirking its responsibility to the reactionary Kuomintang government. In view of this view, Mr. Lu Xun, with his insight into the social situation, issued a cry that China people should be confident and self-reliant.
Brief introduction to refuting papers
Argumentative papers are generally divided into argumentative papers and refuting papers. Argumentative writing is to put forward and clarify one's own views or opinions on certain events or problems. Refutation is to express opinions on certain events or problems and refute one-sided, wrong or even reactionary views or opinions.
Generally speaking, there are three main ways to refute each other's arguments. First, directly refute the argument, that is, first cite the absurd argument of the other party, and then directly refute it with correct truth and conclusive facts, revealing the contradiction between lies and facts, absurdity and truth. The second is to refute the other party's argument by refuting the argument. The argument supports the argument, and if it is refuted, the argument is untenable. The third is to refute each other's arguments by refuting each other's arguments. To discuss a problem, there must be an inherent logical relationship between arguments and arguments, otherwise the arguments will be untenable. To refute an argument with a rebuttal argument is to expose that there is no inherent logical relationship between the arguments of the other party, that is, the arguments held cannot prove the arguments and their own arguments cannot be deduced from the arguments.
Third, overall perception and clear thinking.
1, the teacher plays the demonstration reading tape, and the students master the correct pronunciation while listening:
Choose two students to project the accumulated words:
Rub: smear.
Xuán: Deception means covering up the truth in a confusing way.
Understanding: from vagueness to clarity, from mistake to right.
Fuzzy: unpredictable because of uncertainty.
Kuāng: Deceive people with lies.
Nostalgia hurts the present; Dissatisfied with reality, nostalgic for ancient things.
Plead for the people: plead for the people or help them out.
Self-deception: self-deception.
Backbone (jǐ)
2. Students read the text quickly and draw the correct arguments and arguments (multimedia presentation):
What is the wrong view of the other party? Why does the author think it is wrong? What is the author's positive view? What is the basis?
Students think and communicate, and make it clear that the other person's wrong view is that China people have lost confidence.
The author thinks it is wrong, because he believes in the land, things and the League of Nations, and he has never believed in himself. Now he is deceiving himself by praying to God and worshipping Buddha.
The author puts forward an affirmative view: "China has not lost confidence, and China people are here", because there are past and present facts as evidence.
Fourth, read the text intensively, highlighting the key points and difficulties.
1, read 1 ~ 5, and discuss:
Since the author thinks that the other person's point of view is wrong, why should he admit that what the other person said is true?
(2) There are some added words in the fourth paragraph, which were deleted by the Kuomintang procuratorate. What does this mean?
Discuss and communicate in groups of four, and explain:
(1) First, admit that the other party is telling the truth, but through the analysis of the facts, it is found that what the other party is saying is not a confidence problem, which denies the other party's point of view. This is a form of refutation, which deduces a wrong conclusion on the basis of "real existence", thus proving that the other party's point of view is wrong. It is pointed out that the process of proving the other party's argument is untenable and refutes the argument. It plays hard to get, first "flattering" and then "demoting", as if shaking the burden, hanging the reader's appetite and achieving the ironic effect. The key to refuting an argument is to see the essence through the phenomenon, because the other party often covers up the truth with facts out of interest or cognitive limitations, which requires distinguishing right from wrong and setting things right, so refuting an argument can better reflect the power of wisdom than refuting opinions and arguments. At the same time, we should also realize that the facts are sometimes not eloquent. We should have the ability of reasoning and judgment, and the consciousness of seeing the essence through phenomena, so as to distinguish right from wrong and not be confused by fallacies.
⑵ "Pray to God and worship Buddha" is probably the last trick of the Kuomintang to deceive itself and others when it is at the end of its tether. Lu Xun is a man with a strong sense of reality. He pointedly pointed out the harm of "praying to God and worshiping Buddha", and exposed the reactionary nature of the upper-level rulers to cover up surrender and betrayal by praying to God and worshiping Buddha, which put them in a difficult position, which naturally touched a sore spot of the Kuomintang. From this passage, we can also see Lu Xun's situation, but he is not afraid of bullets and runs for the people, and his selfless and fearless spirit is admirable.
2. Read paragraphs 6 ~ 8, discuss and explore:
(1) How does the author demonstrate? Please briefly describe the author's thinking.
Who is the "backbone of China"? Why can't their sacrifice be known to everyone?
Students think and discuss clearly:
(1) Paragraph 6 is a link between the preceding and the following. It is positively argued that "we have China people who have never lost confidence", and paragraphs 7 and 8 enthusiastically praise the "China backbone" which has been confident since ancient times, so as to refute each other. This is an indirect rebuttal.
⑵ "Chinese backbone" refers to people who strive for national progress in a down-to-earth manner. They are the "backbone" that keeps China standing, and they represent the interests of the general public.
Their sacrifices are not known to everyone for three reasons: first, in the process of pursuing freedom, ideals and national liberation, they are always suppressed and assassinated by the ruling class, and their spirit is not well publicized; Second, due to China's long-term autocratic slavery, "China people have never gained the value of' people', and at most they are slaves" ("scribbling under the lamp"), and many things naturally have no right to know the truth; Third, many social changes since modern times have mostly lacked publicity and mobilization for ordinary people. For pioneers who sacrificed for freedom and dignity, most of them showed a "bystander" mentality.
Teachers provide relevant materials, multimedia display:
After the "September 18th Incident", China's * * * production party issued a series of declarations on September 20th and 22nd, calling for "organizing mass anti-imperialist movements, launching mass struggles and resisting Japanese imperialist aggression". Under the leadership of the party, the whole country launched a massive anti-Japanese movement and resolutely opposed the non-resistance policy of Chiang Kai-shek's government. From September 193 1 to February 65438, three large-scale student petition movements took place.
Many enthusiastic young people went to Nanjing to petition for troops; However, it must go through a very difficult test. The train was difficult to ride, so they slept for a few days before sitting in Nanjing. Many of them have to walk by themselves. When I arrived in Nanjing, I met a large group of well-trained "people" with sticks, whips and pistols in their hands, which made them swollen on their faces or bodies. As a result, they went home depressed. Some people can't find them from now on, and some people drown in the water.
(Excerpted from Lu Xun's essay "On the Ghost of China's Literary World")
3. Read paragraph 9 and discuss the following questions:
In that sentence, "No matter whether you have confidence or not, Premier No.1' s article is not sufficient. You have to see the underground by yourself. What do you mean by "Prime Minister No.1" and "underground" respectively?
The students made it clear that "prime minister" refers to the imperial literati of the ruling class. Mr. Lu Xun once commented on the royal literati: "His method of asking for help is in a bloody case without blood and flesh; His role is to describe the world with self-deception powder. "
"Underground" refers to the positive force to change society, because it comes from the people, so it is called "underground". At that time, this force refers to the * * * production party in China and the revolutionary forces under its leadership, and it is still in the state of underground struggle. Comparing Prime Minister No.1 with Underground, we can see Lu Xun's spirit of "establishing people" and people-oriented thought.
4. Teacher's summary:
The writing of this article is very unique. Direct refutation through rebuttal argument and indirect refutation through positive argument, thus completely refuting the fallacy of the other party and making a comprehensive, profound and powerful argument.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) oral training
Please use rebuttal to express your views on the following topics:
1, diligence can make up for it.
2. Failure is the mother of success.
Students think and communicate.
Distribution of intransitive verbs
1, analyze the following rhetorical devices, accumulate and imitate:
"Since ancient times, there have been people who have worked hard, people who have worked hard, people who have pleaded for their lives, and people who have sacrificed their lives for the law ... Although it is the so-called" official history "of the imperial genealogy, it often cannot hide their glory. This is the backbone of China. "
2. Please find arguments for the following two seemingly contradictory famous sayings to prove their rationality:
I created something because I stood on the shoulders of giants.
I would rather believe all the books than have no books.
[Reference answer]
1, rhetorical devices include metaphor, parallelism and quotation. Imitation sketch.
Beethoven is recognized as the king of world music. He had nine symphonies in his life, of which the last seven were highly praised, while the first two were generally modeled after Mozart and Haydn. But he said that without the first two, people would not hear the tragic fate, heroic heroes, beautiful countryside and the gripping Ninth Symphony. Before writing these masterpieces, in Vienna, the world music center, he carefully studied the masterpieces of Bach and other musicians and learned from others.
⑵ During the Ming Dynasty when Li Shizhen lived, the traditional medicine in China was quite developed, and there were many medical books and pharmacopoeias. In the process of reading, Li Shizhen discovered many fallacies of predecessors based on his own experience and interviews with experienced doctors and drug farmers, resulting in the idea that doctors should treat books first and wrote Compendium of Materia Medica.