The structural design discipline of light tensioned membrane began with FreiOtto's soap membrane experiment in 1950s. Adaptive form-finding is the basic idea of the new design school he founded. His "minimum surface" theory initiated the structural design of modern tensioned membrane. Based on this theory, membrane structures with specific boundary conditions have the smallest surface area and thus the least energy consumption. The main structural feature of this tensioned membrane building is that the prestress is evenly distributed in the whole structure.
Adaptive form-finding with the minimum surface as the goal is the foundation of light film building.
The smallest surface within the boundary of a plane is a plane. However, as long as a point on the film surface or boundary is not on this plane, every point on the obtained minimal surface will have double curvature.
Hyperbolic surface can be positive Gaussian curvature (such as inflatable structure) or negative Gaussian curvature (such as prestressed tensioned membrane structure). The sum of the positive and negative curvature radii of a negative Gaussian surface is zero.
When the negative Gaussian film surface decreases, the amount of film material is the least. Due to the high efficiency of structural performance, the membrane structure can redistribute the local concentrated load through the large deformation of the membrane surface shape without significantly increasing the membrane surface stress in this area. These characteristics make the membrane structure a light structure, that is, it has a changeable shape, which can not only bear the load effectively but also keep the appearance simple. This is also one of the reasons why tensioned membrane structures are often considered to have shocking beauty.
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