First, the conclusion of scientific papers.
1, the "conclusion" in the abstract replaces the "conclusion" in the text.
Because some authors don't understand the function of the abstract and how to write it, in order to distinguish it from the text and avoid repetition, all the "conclusions" mentioned in the abstract are deleted from the text, which leads to the lack of important "conclusions" in the paper.
The main function of the paper is to provide readers with the main information of the paper, so that readers can initially understand the value of the overall content of the paper in the shortest time, and provide a basis for their decision whether to read the full text in detail. On the other hand, abstract retrieval has more relevant information than keyword retrieval, and more and wider retrieval results can be obtained, especially the emergence of various databases, which provides convenience for computers to retrieve a large amount of information.
It is a high generalization of scientific papers, and its independence makes it independent of the main text, but its content is based on the important research background, conditions, achievements and conclusions in the main text, and its main contents include research objectives, methods, achievements and conclusions. For scientific papers with no conclusion, the conclusion in the abstract is impossible to talk about, so you can't use the ""in the abstract without saying it.
2. "Results and analysis" replaced the content in "conclusion"
This situation often appears in experimental research papers. Because the content in its subtitle-Results and Analysis includes experimental results and theoretical analysis of these results, many authors mistakenly think that the conclusion has been listed and explained in detail, so in the next subtitle-Conclusion, only the content in the subtitle-Results and Analysis is simply listed. The content of the "conclusion" is not clear, including the analysis of the experimental results, which makes it universal and reveals its principle, which makes the paper have a "conclusion" in form, but it lacks an important "conclusion" in essence.
3. The concept of conclusion and conclusion is unclear.
According to the statistical results and comparative analysis of Zhu Daming's random use of "conclusion" or "conclusion" in 16 sci-tech journals of different disciplines, we can know that "conclusion" and "conclusion" belong to two independent concepts, the former is "judgment inferred from premise" and the latter is "final judgment on people or things". The latter means "at the end of an article or a formal speech, an innovative and objective conclusion can be drawn only after strict argumentation, deduction, investigation or experiment, which is a further understanding and sublimation of the research results." This conclusion may be a step forward, or it may be contrary to other people's research results, but whatever the result, it needs to be clear and accurate. It is universal, and the length can be long or short according to the specific situation of the paper. Compared with the conclusion, the conclusion is much broader in content expression, which can express simple deduction results, further in-depth study of existing problems, and prospects for future applications. And the language expression should be as short as possible.
4. The contents of conclusion and introduction overlap with each other.
There are two situations in which the content of the conclusion and the content of the introduction overlap each other: one is that the content of the conclusion appears in the introduction and repeats again at the end of the article. Some authors use the method of "reverse deduction" to give the research background, problems and research methods at the beginning of the introduction, including the conclusion, and then make a detailed argument, and then give the conclusion again at the end of the text after the argument, so that the content is repeated. Another situation is that the conclusion should appear in the introduction. In either case, it should not happen.
Introduction, as the beginning of a scientific paper, aims to explain the historical background, the starting point, the focus and the value of this research, and put forward the problems to be solved in this paper, so as to guide readers to read and understand the full text. The conclusion includes not only the logical extension of the results, but also the corresponding response to the questions raised in the introduction, that is, summarizing the results. There are strict differences between them in function and writing content.
Secondly, the writing content of the conclusion and its performance in different types of papers
1, the content of the conclusion
The writing contents of the conclusion mainly include: (1) the principle or universality revealed by the experiment or investigation results of the research object; (2) Expounding the differences between the research results and the previous research results; (3) The unsolved problems in this paper; (4) Explain the practical value of this article in theory or production and life.
2. Various forms of conclusions
Many authors and even some editors think that the conclusion should appear at the end of the paper, which is a misunderstanding. Scientific papers involve many research fields, so the writing style of scientific papers is different, and the conclusions in the papers are also diverse: (1) The conclusions of research reports, experimental research papers and other papers are usually at the end of the papers; (2) Mathematical deduction papers often give a conclusion at the beginning of the paper, and then carry out detailed deduction and proof; (3) The conclusion of the summary paper is generally given after the research progress listed in the titles of each layer, that is, the conclusion appears in various situations such as writing.
It is precisely because of the need to express different types of scientific papers that the conclusion need not be confined to the position of "only at the end of the text" in the overall stylistic structure of the paper. In order to improve the effective information content of the journal, it is not necessary to use the title to express the papers that have been given a conclusion in the introduction or a clear conclusion in the argumentation part of the summary paper.
Three, scientific and technological workers should grasp the principles of writing conclusions
Different from literary works, scientific papers attract readers through various rhetorical and exaggerated methods, mainly by reflecting the changes in the objective world through scientific research methods. Conclusion, as the core part of the whole scientific paper, has strict requirements. It is obtained by the author on the basis of repeated argumentation, strict derivation of formulas and repeated experiments on data, which should echo the questions raised in the introduction. Scientific and technological workers should grasp the following principles when writing conclusions:
1, emphasizing objectivity
The objectivity embodied in the conclusion of scientific papers is based on reliable theoretical deduction and experimental data, which should truly reflect the research results of the papers, seek truth from facts, respect science as the premise, and the obtained results should be fully convincing and repeatable.
2, the content is accurate
When writing a conclusion, we should pay attention to the accuracy of the content, avoid exaggerating the content, omitting scientific research and innovation, and avoid ambiguity, ambiguity and rashness. Ambiguity will make the conclusion vague, and vague words such as "may" and "maybe" should be avoided in the conclusion, so as not to reduce the true value of the paper. Ambiguity will mislead readers and even affect actual production and life, which needs to be limited according to the theoretical basis or experimental conditions of the paper and appropriate attributes; A little carelessness will reduce the academic quality and effective dissemination rate of the paper. Attention should be paid to the use of standardized scientific terms and measurement symbols, indicating the preconditions for drawing conclusions from a certain side.
3. Simple language
The conclusion is basically described in words, except for the actual needs of individual discussions. Generally, there are no more charts, which are concise and mainly express quantitative information. If necessary, important data or results can be cited in the conclusion. In addition, the conclusion should reflect the author's important research results, and the literature borrowed from others in the study should be arranged in the text to avoid appearing in the conclusion. In addition, self-evaluation and self-criticism should be avoided.
Step 4 clear the hierarchy
Longer conclusions can be arranged in the order of the results of the text research, so that readers can read clearly. For example, the conclusion of the experimental research paper can be summarized as follows: (1) the final result of the experiment; (2) regularity and universality deduced from the results; (3) the practical value and significance of the research results; (4) Prospect for the future; (5) Elaborate the further suggestions put forward by people in this study. A short conclusion can be a paragraph of your own, without listing. It contains the same content as the conclusion of the long speech, but fewer words. The author should also pay attention to its clear hierarchical expression when writing.
Four. conclusion
Conclusion, as the general argument of scientific papers, is the essence of the whole paper. On the basis of respecting objective facts, accurate and concise conclusions can not only reflect the author's superb level of mastering words, but also reflect the author's rigorous logical thinking ability and superb generalization ability, which greatly improves the dissemination quality of scientific papers and realizes the synergistic effect in the process of information dissemination. Therefore, the majority of scientific and technological workers should pay attention to the writing of conclusions, further improve the quality of scientific and technological papers and promote the development of scientific and technological undertakings.