In a cold winter, a group of people lit a fire, and everyone was burning, making everyone warm. Some people think: it's so cold, I must never leave the fire, or I'll freeze to death. Others thought so, too, so the firewood was quickly put out and everyone froze to death.
Another group of people lit a fire, and one thought, if everyone can only keep warm and can't collect firewood, the fire will go out sooner or later. Everyone else is thinking the same thing. So everyone went to collect firewood, no one warmed up, and the fire soon went out. Everyone froze to death on the way to collect firewood.
Another group of people lit a fire. Not all the people gathered around the fire to keep warm, and not all of them went to collect firewood. Instead, an old man made a system of "heating by turns and collecting firewood by turns". Half heating, half firewood. So everyone took turns collecting firewood, and everyone got warm. The fire kept burning because it got enough firewood, and the fire and life continued into the next spring.
From this simple story, we can clearly feel that management exists in every corner of our human production and life. As small as a group, a team, as big as an enterprise or a country, if we do something without order and standards, our enterprises and society will be in chaos and problems will arise.
In the real society, people live in various organizations, such as factories, schools, hospitals, the army, companies and so on. People depend on organization, which is the basic form of human existence and activities. Without organization, it is impossible to conquer nature and achieve anything by one's personal strength; Without organization, there would be no development and prosperity of human society today. Organization is the source of human power to conquer nature and the main factor for all human achievements. However, organization alone is not enough, because human society must have crowd activities and crowd activities must be managed. With management, organizations can carry out normal and effective activities. In short, management is a necessary condition to ensure the effective operation of the organization. The role of an organization depends on management, which is the main force to coordinate the activities of all parts of the organization and adapt them to the environment. All management activities are carried out in the organization. Where there is organization, there is management, and even the smallest family needs management. On the other hand, with management, organizations can carry out normal activities, and organization and management are common phenomena in the real world. However, when the scale of the organization is still relatively small, the influence of management on the organization is not great. The management activities in the organization are relatively simple, and there is no independent management function, so the special importance of management cannot be shown. For example, for small production enterprises, they can also rely on experience to maintain their own development. However, with the progress of human beings and the development of organizations, management plays an increasingly important role. To sum up, the importance of management is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: First, management enables organizations to operate normally. Management is the prerequisite for the normal operation of all organizations. Any organized collective activity, regardless of its nature, can only be carried out in the required direction under the management of managers. An organization is composed of its various elements, and these elements interact to produce its overall function. However, organizational elements alone are not enough, because independent organizational elements will not achieve organizational goals. Only by organically combining them through management can the organization function and operate normally. The role of organizational elements depends on management. Manage and coordinate the activities of all parts of the organization and adapt the organization to the environment. A violinist conducts himself and a band needs a conductor. Without conductor, there would be no band. In a band, an inaccurate tone will destroy the harmony of the whole band and affect the whole performance. Similarly, in an organization, without management, it is impossible to cooperate with each other and achieve the set goals, and even the existence of this organization is impossible. The effect of collective activities depends largely on the management level of the organization. An organization's requirements and dependence on management are closely related to the size of the organization. The larger the scale of labor, the finer and more complex the division of labor and cooperation, and the more important the management work. Generally speaking, if there is a certain division of labor and cooperation in handicraft enterprises, management becomes an indispensable condition for production. However, if the production scale of handicraft enterprises is small, the production technology and division of labor are relatively simple, and the management work is relatively simple. Modern large-scale industrial production is not only complicated in production technology, but also strict in division of labor and cooperation, with a high degree of specialization and socialization, a wider range of social contacts and a higher level of management. In short, the higher the degree of socialization of production and the finer the division of labor and cooperation, the stricter and more scientific management is needed. The bigger the organizational system, the more complicated the management problem. The huge modern production system needs a high level of management, otherwise it will not work normally. Second, the role of management is also manifested in achieving organizational goals. Any organization has goals, and only through management can it effectively achieve them. In real life, we can often see this situation. Some loss-making enterprises quickly turned losses into profits just because they changed a competent and good management director. Although some enterprises have advanced equipment and technology, they have not played their due role; However, some enterprises, despite their poor material and technical conditions, can give full play to their potential with scientific management, but they can be better, thus gaining advantages in the fierce social competition. Through effective management, the overall function of the organization system can be expanded. Because of effective management, the overall function of the organizational system will be greater than the simple sum of the functions of the organizational elements, which will play a role in amplifying the overall function of the organizational system. Under the same material and technical conditions, the difference in benefits, efficiency or speed due to different management levels is the role of management. When organizing activities, many factors need to be considered, such as personnel, materials, funds, environment and so on. Are indispensable elements in organizing activities. Whether and to what extent each factor can exert its potential will have different effects on management activities. Effective management lies in seeking the best combination of organizational elements, links, management measures, policies and means. Through this reasonable combination, a new efficiency will be produced, and the maximum potential of these elements can be fully exerted, so that they can make the best use of their talents and materials. For example, personnel, everyone has a certain ability, but it has great flexibility. If we can actively develop human resources, take effective management measures and give full play to everyone's intelligence, it will produce great strength and help to achieve organizational goals.
Management, which literally means "jurisdiction and handling", means "taking charge of a certain job and making it go smoothly". But from the perspective of "management economics", its meaning is very rich: management is the floorboard of a series of management activities such as planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling the production and business activities of enterprises. The ultimate goal of management is to get the maximum effect with the least investment and the maximum economic benefit with the least labor consumption.
Planning is the primary function of enterprise management. Enterprises must determine their own business ideas, principles and goals according to market demand and their own conditions, and make long-term and short-term plans to ensure the continuous advancement and realization of enterprise goals. For example, in our production and operation, there are monthly plans, quarterly plans, annual plans and so on.
Organization is to determine the management organization, clarify the functions and authorities of the management organization, establish and form an effective production management system and responsibilities, and make scientific and reasonable arrangements in terms of manpower, material resources and financial resources, so that all departments, units, types of work and processes in the enterprise can cooperate with each other, keep pace and develop harmoniously.
Command, whether the enterprise can operate effectively and reasonably depends entirely on command. Command is effective leadership, including giving orders, tasks, indicators, instructions and giving specific guidance and help. The content of command includes issuing instructions, scheduling and information for various activities. Command must be accurate, fast and flexible to adapt to the ever-changing objective situation. If production and business activities do not stop, the command work cannot be interrupted.
Coordination is to constantly adjust and improve all kinds of relationships and methods inside and outside the enterprise, so that all activities of the enterprise do not conflict and repeat, so as to realize the orderly and smooth development of all production and operation work.
Control is to check, analyze and deal with the implementation of the plan by adopting certain inspection methods and preventive measures, find problems, find out problems, formulate countermeasures, correct and improve them, and ensure the better implementation and completion of the plan objectives.
To sum up, I think enterprise management must have three characteristics:
First, management should achieve the expected results;
Second, the effect is achieved by others under your leadership;
Third, under your leadership, there should be ways and measures to make others work hard. Measures must be scientific, but they should also be artistic. What is the scientific and principled nature of management? What is the artistry and flexibility of management?
Give two examples:
1. A military academy passed the examination and selected a platoon leader from many documents. The exam question is: "I'll give you some steel pipes and a flag." How did you set it up? " Among the answers of many documents, only one document answers "This is for the monitor". Finally, this document was promoted to platoon leader. From this short story, we can draw what management is, that is, knowing exactly what you want others to do and making them do it in the best way; In other words, management is to complete and realize one's own intentions through the efforts of others, which is science.
There are two shops selling melon seeds on both sides of a road. Shop A has a prosperous business, but shop B has no customers. Why? Later, it was observed that the use of measurement produced different effects. The owner of a shop first determines the customer's demand in the measurement, and then gradually licks the melon seeds into the plate, while the owner of a shop b fills the plate first, and then gradually dials it off according to the customer's demand, resulting in different customer psychology and effects. This case fully illustrates the artistry and flexibility of management. Management is artistic and flexible because there are certain skills and methods in management behavior. The objects of management work are people and things in various complex environments. No matter what the environment is, people and things are in the process of movement and change, especially those who have thinking activities. How to deal with interpersonal relationships and mobilize the enthusiasm of all parties is not only learning, but also art. What is art? I think art is "unexpected and reasonable". The image of the famous sculpture "Venus" is to construct a perfect artistic image in an unexpected and reasonable way. She showed people a philosophical thinking, that is, "there is no perfect beauty in the world, only incomplete beauty is the most beautiful."
It is often said that "two heads are better than one", but it is also often said that "three monks have no water to eat". Therefore, management is a high degree of unity of science and art. In a word, without management art, there is no management science. On the contrary, without management science, it is difficult for management art to develop further. The endless repetition and spiral rise of management art and management science has promoted the continuous improvement of management level. In the initial stage of enterprise management, its management is doomed to be rigid and principled, and must be implemented through institutional measures; When an enterprise develops to a certain historical stage, its management must realize artistic management and must rely on a flexible, elastic and resilient system to manage the enterprise.
As an important implementer of enterprise management, what level should managers and leaders achieve or need to achieve?
Throughout the ages, the broad masses of the people have summed up many vivid proverbs about the ability of leaders in long-term social practice. For example, "One soldier and one general will make a nest", "fish begins to stink at the head", "The train runs fast by the headband", "The face remains the same, and leadership is the key" and so on. It can be seen how important our managers and leaders are in the hearts of the masses. In a sense, the ability of everyone here determines the management effectiveness of a unit, a workshop and a workshop. What level should the quality and ability of managers reach?
In modern enterprise management, managers must have corresponding political quality, knowledge quality, psychological quality and physical quality.
Ability is determined and embodied by quality. In my opinion, the ability of managers = scientific knowledge+management art+experience accumulation. These include certain decision-making ability, innovation ability, coordination ability, employment ability, expression ability, social ability and so on. The ability of managers determines the effectiveness of management.
In our daily business management, we often use some ways and methods, the most common are five methods:
The first is the administrative method. The administrative method is mainly to realize management by administrative means through administrative organization and according to the subordinate relationship of the administrative system. This is obviously mandatory. For example, in the management of rewards and punishments for employees, the rewards include: "merit, merit, promotion, general commendation, awarding advanced producers (workers) and model workers"; In terms of punishment, it includes: "warning, demerit recording, gross demerit recording, dismissal, probation in the Party and dismissal".
Without such administrative means, a country, a government and an enterprise cannot maintain administrative order, social order and enterprise order. From the inside of socialized large-scale production enterprises, administrative means of management is absolutely necessary. However, while using administrative means, we must proceed from reality, act according to objective laws and pay attention to science. Only the correct instructions and regulations can protect and mobilize the enthusiasm and creativity of employees, and finally ensure the completion of the goals. For example, management regulations, job responsibilities and four? "One management mode" is all administrative means. Without these administrative systems and orders, we can't guarantee our normal production and operation order. It can be said that administrative means are important and necessary, but they are not omnipotent. It has certain rigidity and limitations.
The second is the economic method. Refers to the method of implementing management functions and realizing management tasks by economic means according to the requirements of objective laws. For example, employees are subject to salary, bonus and disciplinary fines, and economic contracts, economic responsibility systems and market-oriented compensation mechanisms for product chains are implemented for all units and departments. These are all economic methods.
Economic method is different from administrative method. It does not directly organize, direct and control the production and business activities of enterprises by compulsory means and methods. The essence of economic method is to implement distribution according to work, correctly apply the principle of material interests, handle the interests of enterprises, individuals and countries, and mobilize the enthusiasm of employees. For example, the "20 10 Competition Incentive Law" and the "Product Chain Market Salary Mechanism" that we have promoted are the combination of economic and administrative means. By introducing the objective operation law of the market economy, the interests of enterprises and individuals are combined, and economic means are used scientifically to realize the comprehensive implementation of enterprise tasks. Economic method is important and necessary, but it also has limitations. If it is not combined with the other four methods, it will also bring some blindness and contradictions and hinder the development of enterprises.
The third is the method of counting. Digital method is an economic analysis of the production and operation activities of enterprises with data and related digital scientific knowledge as tools. For example, provide some analytical data for decision-making. In modern enterprise management, there are a lot of economic analysis. Quantitative analysis with numerical methods can help us grasp the objective economic laws and predict the consequences of some economic phenomena when they change. Let's be more targeted in management decisions. However, because the economic activities of enterprises are very complicated, the numerical method can only calculate some aspects of objective and complicated things in some cases, which is not comprehensive enough and has certain limitations. Other methods must be combined.
The fourth is the method of ideological education. I will focus on the ideological work of employees later, so I won't say it here.
The fifth is the legal method. Legal method means that in the production and business activities of enterprises and every employee, we must strictly abide by and conscientiously implement relevant laws and regulations, and use relevant laws, decrees, regulations and rules to regulate the behavior of employees, especially enterprise leaders and management cadres. Managing the business and production activities of enterprises by legal means is to ensure that enterprise management is carried out in accordance with objective laws and the policies of the party, and to promote the standardized development of enterprises, which is a market law that all enterprises must abide by. For example, in production and operation, we must strictly abide by national security law, labor law, environmental protection law and other laws and regulations.
Enterprise management is a science, because it is the work of being a man, focusing on the psychological, physiological and social environmental impact of people, inspiring people's behavior and mobilizing people's enthusiasm. It is the whole process of making decisions, planning, organizing, directing, controlling and coordinating the management objects by using controllable human, talent, material and information resources to achieve the expected goals.
Management is a practical applied science. It is said that it is an art, because the school can not cultivate "finished" managers, but cultivate the skills of flexible use of management knowledge, which must be explored and accumulated in long-term practical work. The scientific nature of management reflects the laws in complex phenomena. Only by knowing it and mastering it can we realize the guiding role of the theory. The artistry of management reflects the ever-changing management phenomenon, and only by making full use of the accumulated experience and management art of managers can we succeed.