Scherzo is a variation of dance music. Its predecessor was a minuet with three hands. Therefore, scherzo is often combined with some dance music with three beats or three beats, that is, six beats and nine beats, forming a dual genre. For example, Tchaikovsky had a violin and piano ensemble called "Waltz-Scherzo". It has both the rhythm of waltz and the unrestrained and active character of scherzo. "Scherzo" refers to the use of music to express humorous interest. As music, it is characterized by 3/4 beats, fast and lively. Therefore, it is a bit like a minuet, but faster.
From17th century to19th century, scherzo became a very popular genre, and it was often used as the movement of classical suites. Many composers of classical music also apply this genre to symphonies, which generally appear as the theme of the third movement. Beethoven introduced scherzo instead of minuet in the third movement (sometimes in the second movement) of sonatas, symphonies and quartets. The music structure is the same as minuet, which consists of trilogy, and the middle part is trilogy; The unfolding technique often has the nature of dynamic development, and the reappearance part changes greatly. Later, it evolved into an independent instrumental music in the works of Chopin and Brahms. Chopin's four piano scherzos are large in scale and profound in content; Brahms composed the piano music Scherzo in E flat minor (Op.4). Scherzo is often combined with other instrumental genres, such as dvorak's orchestral scherzo (Op.66 in D flat major), Chabury's scherzo waltz, prokofiev's March and scherzo.
The music structure is the same as minuet, which consists of trilogy, and the middle part is trilogy; The unfolding technique often has the nature of dynamic development, and the reappearance part changes greatly. Later, it evolved into an independent instrumental music in the works of Chopin and Brahms. Chopin's four piano scherzos are large in scale and profound in content; Brahms composed the piano music Scherzo in E flat minor (Op.4). Scherzo is often combined with other instrumental genres, such as dvorak's orchestral scherzo (Op.66 in D flat major), Chabury's scherzo waltz, prokofiev's March and scherzo.
Some movements in Haydn's string quartet, nominally minuets, actually have the nature of scherzo. For example, the third movement in his String Quartet in G Major (Op. 76, 1) is called minuet, but the music is light and vigorous, which is quite different from the fresh, cheerful and beautiful character of minuet. The typical speed of minuet is Allegro, and this movement is Allegro. The first part is divided into two sections: in the first section, the staccato that keeps jumping up and down, from weak to strong, forms a sudden contrast between strength and weakness; In the second paragraph, the alternation of pause and Legato also shows playful interest. These are the characteristics of scherzo. In the middle part, the first violin played a smooth melody, accompanied by other stringed instruments, and the melody fluctuated up and down. It seems to be full of commercial flavor, which is different from the tranquility and serenity emphasized in the middle part of the minuet. The third part is the repetition of the first part.
Beethoven first replaced elegant minuets with energetic harmony fatigue music as a fixed movement in large instrumental suites such as symphonies, sonatas and string quartets. Beethoven not only enriched the expressive force of scherzo, making it a genre that can express various musical images, but also improved scherzo from a dance genre that expresses external images to a drama genre that can express psychological phenomena and spiritual realms that change and develop in contradictions and conflicts.
The third movement of the Fifth Symphony is a typical drama scherzo. This action carefully depicts the psychological activity process of getting up from doubt and hesitation and strengthening the belief in struggle. The whole movement is divided into three parts: the first part of the music contains three contradictory factors, the first factor shows a calm and thoughtful image, played by bass stringed instruments; The second factor expresses the feelings of confusion and hesitation, played by violin, viola and woodwind; The third factor is struggle, which is based on four notes called "Destiny Motivation" (this theme runs through the first, third and fourth movements of the whole symphony). Accompanied by stringed instruments, played forcefully by horns, and then moved to woodwind instruments and violins. The first part is divided into three rounds by these three factors, alternating with each other, showing internal contradictions. However, in the second round, the factors of calmness and reflection expanded, the factors of confusion and doubt disappeared, and the factors of struggle were strengthened by adding trumpets and timpani, becoming more determined and powerful. In the third round, the factors of calmness and deep thought were followed by the factors of doubt, but at the same time, they were combined with the factors of struggle, gradually strengthened and finally unified into the image of heroic struggle. The music in the second part is dancing. The French musician Berlioz said that this piece of music "sounds like a huge elephant jumping happily". I should say. This is an inner dance, which shows the inner activities and somersaults inspired by the fighting force. The theme of the second part is to imitate polyphonic music. The melody of the theme is first played by cello and bass; After six festivals, viola and bassoon imitate this melody; After six small festivals, the second violin also played an imitation voice; Then, after two bars, the first violin played an imitation sound again. The swaying sounds come and go, interweaving with each other, forming a rumbling sound torrent. The third part is the reproduction of the first part. This time, a large number of plucked strings are used to play stringed instruments, which not only makes them more decisive, but also unifies three factors in rhythm. Finally, in the thunderous rumble of fixed sound effects, the intensity changes from weak to strong, and the timbre changes from dark to bright. Finally, it was changed from C minor to C major, and a powerful victory March played by all instruments was introduced, which was the beginning of the fourth movement. It not only shows the emotion of overcoming doubts and doubts, but also strengthens the belief in struggle, from which it develops to the confidence full of victory. In this symphony, the music of the third movement keeps entering the fourth movement.
Scherzo has been used as an independent instrumental music since Chopin. Chopin's four scherzos are as dramatic as Beethoven's works, similar to a romantic voice poem. Chopin's Dequ for B minor was written in 183 1 to 1832 and 1830 to 18865438 under the influence of the Polish uprising. The introduction of scherzo is two incongruous * *, like a tragic and passionate whistling. The first part takes an upward impact tone as the core of the theme. The core of this theme is like a surging wave, showing the image of surging emotion and enthusiasm. The first paragraph ended with a sigh full of indignation. In the second paragraph, this upward impact tone spirals up with a larger amplitude, starting with a weak voice and gradually enhancing the outline of Chabury, reaching * * *, showing uncontrollable grief and indignation. The first part consists of the above two paragraphs in the order of "12121", which shows the feelings of worrying about the country and the people. The second part is the memory of a quiet life, which is in sharp contrast with both ends. The speed slowed down, the tonality changed from minor to major, and the genre also changed. I temporarily left the scherzo and became a lullaby. The first paragraph of the second part is adapted from a Polish Christmas song. The name of this Christmas song is "Sleep, Baby". Chopin wrote a clear and quiet tune based on this song, which reminds people of the scene of reunion with their families and singing this blues song at Christmas. In the second paragraph, on the basis of the lullaby rhythm, sing a song expressing feelings and nostalgia. The second part is the same as the first part. It is composed of the above two paragraphs in the order of "12121". Show memories and nostalgia. At the end of the second part, two incongruous intros ring again, but behind each * * *. The tone of the lullaby is still ringing in the lingering sound, as if listening to the outside world in a trance in his sleep. The third part is the reproduction of the first part. Finally, in the conclusion, the same dissonance was repeated eight times with a sharp and strong voice, and the passionate indignation reached its peak. The whole scherzo ended in a fierce noise.
Beethoven's and Chopin's scherzos all keep the beat of triple time. You can see the inheritance relationship between it and minuet. /kloc-Scherzo after the middle of the 0/9th century often breaks the norm of three beats and deals with this genre more freely. This kind of scherzo is characterized by active rhythm and rapid momentum. The third movement of Tchaikovsky's fourth symphony is a scherzo with hands clapping.
What this action shows is all kinds of erratic artistic conception produced in imagination. Tchaikovsky explained the contents of this symphony in detail in his letter to Nadezhda von Meek. He said that the third movement "didn't show any clear feelings. It can be said that it is a series of fantasies, like an elusive image that comes to mind when I feel a little dizzy after drinking a little wine. My heart is neither happy nor sad, my heart is empty, but my imagination is like a horse free from bondage. I have begun to draw some strange pictures, and I don't know why. Suddenly I remembered a drunken farmer and heard a short street song. Where the distance passes by the ranks of the army, these pictures are incoherent, just like the image that emerges in your mind when you are going to sleep. " The three basic themes in this movement are expressed by three different timbres. The first theme describes a trance-like mental state, played by stringed instruments. The second theme describes street songs, played by oboe. The third theme describes the March of the army, played by brass instruments. This scherzo consists of three parts: the first part is the presentation, development and reappearance of the first theme; The second part is based on the comparison between the second theme and the third theme. When the second theme reappears, the melody of street songs played by woodwind instruments is accompanied by the March rhythm of brass instruments, thus combining the second and third themes at the same time; Then the fragments of the second, third and first theme appeared one after another. The first theme was originally played by stringed instruments, but it was played by woodwind instruments with a thump. This piece of music truly depicts the scene where various impressions are mixed in the hazy consciousness. The third part is the reproduction of the first part. In the conclusion, the fragments of the first theme are compared in three tonalities in turn, thus showing a scene where three impressions are intertwined. These three tonalities are F major, D flat major and A major. F major is the tonality of the first theme, D flat major is the tonality of the third theme, and A major is the tonality of the second theme. Although music is only a fragment of the first theme, tonality belongs to three different themes. At the same time of tonality contrast, there is timbre contrast: woodwind instruments belong to the second theme, and stringed instruments belong to the first theme. In this scherzo, the three themes of the three images have their own tunes, timbre and tonality. At the end, not only the melody is different, but also the tonal timbre is different. The three themes are mixed and overlapped, expressing complex psychological and emotional states. The second movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony not only uses the "three-bar rhythm", but also uses the "four-bar rhythm". Starting from 177, there are three bars of rhythm, and every three bars have a strong beat. Starting from bar 234, there are four bars of rhythm, and every four bars have a strong beat.
Duka used the same technology as Beethoven. In the main part of the little wizard, there are always three bars of rhythm. The main part of scherzo is divided into two stages, gradually strengthening the intensity and speeding up the development to * * * *. The music went to the first * * * and suddenly fell from * * *, indicating that the little wizard tried to stop the flood and split the broom in two, and then the music developed to the second * * * to describe a bigger flood; Until the theme of mage spells finally appeared. The theme of the spell in the epilogue is played in a melody opposite to the theme of the spell in the introduction.
The violin and piano music Scherzo-Tarantella by Polish composer wieniawski is also a dual genre music. Tarantella with 6/8 time was originally a very active dance music, but the music of this piece is dynamic and static, sometimes with the characteristics of dance music, sometimes with the characteristics of songs, sometimes light and sometimes warm, thus showing a humorous interest, so it is called a scherzo-Tarantella.
Bach's scherzo adopts two parts, A minor, Allegro and 2/4 time. The main melody has obvious characteristics of fast dance music (fragment 1), which is a very famous melody. The lively and lively performance of flute shows lively emotions, and the slow strings echo it in the bass area, making the music humorous and lively. Music does not require high performance skills, so it has become the favorite of many amateur flute players.
Chopin's scherzo is a piano solo with a single movement and a huge structure. It is the product of Chopin's passion and fantasy that there is nowhere to escape. He developed this form from other genres into an independent music form. These scherzos are different from the previous scherzos. They are no longer limited to frolicking and frolicking, but contain profound and complex ideological contents. Four scherzos with their own characteristics. Generally speaking, these works are simple trilogy, including a scherzo and a contrasting middle section.
Scherzo was originally meant as banter, but there is no outstanding banter in Chopin's works. On the contrary, it is full of personal melancholy and resistance, and actually contains ridicule and sarcasm to oneself. Liszt believes that this scherzo expresses "strong anger and despair, sometimes bitter irony and stubborn self-esteem." This group of scherzos ***4:
No.1 in B minor, Op. 20, written in 183 1, dedicated to Abrecht. The first theme is stormy intensity, and the second movement shows that there is a strange sense of * * * in Adagio. The Knicks explained Song Like like this: "Isn't this a cry of disappointment?" ? Then there is the soul imprisoned by the environment, trying to break through, but failing and despairing. Finally, I was exhausted and fell into the beautiful dream of the country. But when the vitality is restored, it means that the struggle has begun. "
No.2 in B flat minor, Op. 3 1, written in 1837, is the most famous of the four, dedicated to the daughter of Count Fesden Sistine. Starting with the first theme and phrase of Allegro, Feng thinks this is a question. Then it is light and beautiful, then it is "addicted to thoughts, surprises and longings", and the ending is strong and warm.
The third song, Introduction to Chablis in C minor, Op. 39, written in 1839, is dedicated to Adolf Goodman. Starting with a bold allegro, the Knicks said it was a "significant emotional fluctuation". The first theme has a rare enthusiasm, and the second theme has a chorus style.
No.4 in E major, Op. 54, written in 1842, dedicated to Miss Jenny de Karaman. This work was written in Chopin's later years, when Chopin's physical condition was extremely poor, but the work was unrestrained and full of joy, and the main theme was full of rhythm and brilliance. This song No.4 has the longest playing time.