1623, William Sikard (1592- 1635) made a' computational clock' that can add and subtract numbers within six digits, and can output the answer by ringing the bell. Turn the gear to operate.
1625, William Oughtred (1575- 1660) invented the slide rule.
From 1642 to 1643, Blaise Pascalene invented the gear-operated adder, which was the first mechanical adder.
1666, Samuel Moran of England invented a mechanical counting machine which can calculate addend and subtraction.
1673, gottfried leibniz made a counter with stepped cylindrical wheel, which was called "ladder calculator". This calculator can multiply repeated numbers and automatically add them to the adder.
1694, German mathematician gottfried leibniz improved Pascal's Pascal, and made a machine that can calculate multipliers. It is still operated by gears and dials.
1773, Philip matthaeus manufactured and sold a small number of computers accurate to 12 digits.
1775, the third earl of Stanhope invented a multiplication calculator similar to Leibniz.
In 1786, J.H.Mueller designed a differential extension, but unfortunately there was no money to manufacture it.
180 1 year, Joseph-Marie jacquard's loom used punch cards to control the knitting pattern.
The expansion of Charles Babbage.
1847, computer pioneer and British mathematician Charles Babbages began to design mechanical differential extension. The overall design takes two years. This machine can complete the operation with the accuracy of 3 1 bit and print the results on paper, so it is generally considered to be the first mechanical computer in the world. However, due to the complexity and frequent changes of design, Charles Babbage did not turn his design into reality until his death. It wasn't until March 2008 that people made the differential machine in Charles Babbage. This machine has 8000 parts and weighs 5 tons. At present, it is placed in the Computer History Museum in Silicon Valley, California, USA for people to visit.
1854, george boole published "Investigation of Thought Laws", which talked about symbols and logical reasoning, and later became the basic concept of computer design.
1882, William S. Burroughs quit his job as a bank clerk and devoted himself to inventing the adder.
1889, herman hollerith's electric tabulator performed well in the competition and was used in the population survey of 1890. Herman hollerith adopted the concept of jacquard loom to calculate. He used a card to store data and then injected it into the machine to compile the results. This machine enables the results of the population survey to be obtained in just six weeks, which takes ten years.
1893, invented the first four-function calculator.
1895, Guillermo Marconi sent a broadcast signal.
1896, Horace founded the watchmaking company.
190 1 year, the punch key appeared, and it has not changed much in the next half century.
1904, John a Fleming obtained the patent of vacuum diode, which laid the foundation of radio communication.
1906, Li defudet added a diode with a third valve in Fermin, creating a three-electrode vacuum tube.
1907, recorded music formed the first official radio station in new york.
1908, the British scientist Campbell Swinton described the electronic scanning method and predicted the manufacture of TV sets with cathode ray tubes.
19 1 1 year, Hollerith's watch machine company merged with two other companies to form the computer watchmaking and recording company (C-T-R), a watchmaking and recording company. But in 1924, it was renamed International Business Machines Corporation (IBM).
19 1 1 year, Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity at Leiden University.
193 1 year, Fannie Bush invented a counting machine that can solve the difference program. This machine can solve some complicated difference programs that are a headache for mathematicians and scientists.
1935, IBM (International Business Machines Corporation) introduced "IBM 60 1", which is a punch card machine with arithmetic components, and can calculate the multiplier within 1 second. It plays a great role in scientific computing and commercial computing. A total of 1500 units were manufactured.
1937, alan turing put forward the concept of "universal machine", which can execute any algorithm, and formed the basic concept of "computability". Turing's concept is superior to other inventions of the same type because he uses the concept of symbol processing.
10 In October, John Vincent Atansov and john berry made a 16-bit adder. This is the first machine to calculate with vacuum tubes.
1939, Zuse and Schreyer created "V2" [later called Z2], which followed the mechanical storage of Z 1 and added a new arithmetic component by using relay logic. But when Zuze finished the draft, the plan was suspended for a year.
In 1939-40, Schreyer completed the 10 bit adder with vacuum tube and the memory with neon lamp.
1940 In June, Bell Laboratories, Samuel Williams and Stiby Z completed a machine that can calculate complex numbers. It was called "Complex Calculator" and later renamed as I (Model I Relay Calculator). It uses telephone switches as logic elements: 145 circuit breaker and 10 bar switch. Numbers are represented by "plus 3BCD". In September of the same year, the teletypewriter was installed at a math conference and connected from New Hampshire to new york.
1940, Zuse finally completed Z2, which is better than V2, but not very reliable.
194 1 in the summer of, atanasoff and Berry completed a calculator specially designed for solving linear equations, which was later called "ABC (atanasoff Berry Computer)". It has a 60Hz 50-bit memory, which is installed on two rotating drums in the form of capacitors. clock
194 1 In February, Zuse completed "V3" (later called Z3), which was the first computer that could be programmed to run. It also uses floating-point operation, 7-bit exponent, 14 mantissa and a symbol. The memory can store 64 words, so 1400 circuit breakers are needed. It has more than 1200 operation and control elements, and its programming, input and output are the same as Z 1. 1June, 943, Howard H. Aiken completed "ASCC Mark I", also known as "Howard Mark I". This machine is 5 1 ft long and weighs 5 tons. It consists of 750,000 parts. It has 72 accumulators, each with its own arithmetic unit and a 23-bit register.
194365438+In February, Tommy Flowers and his team completed the first "colossus", which has 2400 vacuum tubes as logic components and five paper tape readers.
(reader), each can work 5000 characters per second.
1943, led by John Brainered,
ENIAC began to study. John Mochri and J Presper eckert are responsible for the implementation of this plan.
1946, (ENIAC) was built in America.
1947, American Computer Association (ACM) was founded.
1947, Britain completed the first storage vacuum tube O 1948 Bell Telephone Company developed semiconductors.
1949, EDSAC was built in Britain.
1950 The word "automation" was first used in the automobile industry.
195 1 year, and the magnetic core is manufactured by MIT.
1952, the first "stored program calculator" was born.
1952, the first large-scale computer system IBM70 1 announced the completion of construction.
1952, the first symbolic language translator was invented successfully.
1954, Bell Telephone Company successfully developed the first semiconductor computer.
1954, the first general data processor IBM650 was born.
1955, the first large computer IBM705 with magnetic core was built.
1956, IBM introduced the scientific 704 computer.
1957, the programming language FORTRAN came out.
1959, the first small scientific calculator IBM620 was successfully developed.
1960, the data processing system IBM 140 1 was successfully developed.
196 1 year, the programming language COBOL came out.
196 1 year, the first platform system computer was designed by MIT.
1963, the BASIC language came out.
1964, the third generation computer IBM360 series.
1965, American digital equipment company launched the first minicomputer PDP-8.
From 65438 to 0969, IBM successfully developed 90-column card machine and system-3 computer system.
1970, IBM system 1370 computer series.
197 1 year, the unIVersity of Illinois designed and completed the ilium iv supercomputer.
197 1 year, the first microprocessor 4004 was successfully developed by Intel.
From 65438 to 0972, microprocessor substrates began to be produced and sold in large quantities.
1973, IBM successfully developed the first floppy disk.
1975, Atari-8800 microcomputer came out.
1977, Modol company announced the successful development of the fully combined microcomputer PET-200 1.
1977, TRS——80 microcomputer was born.
1977, the Apple-II microcomputer was born.
From 65438 to 0978, VLSI was applied.
1978, bubble memory was used in commercial computers for the second time.
1979, Sharp announced that it had made the first portable microcomputer.
From 65438 to 0982, microcomputers became popular and entered schools and families in large numbers.
From 65438 to 0984, the Japanese computer industry began to develop the "fifth generation computer"-a computer with artificial intelligence. 1984: DNS (domain name server) announced that there are more than 1000 hosts running on the Internet.
1984: HP has released an excellent laser printer, and HP has maintained the leading technology of inkjet printers.
1984 65438+1October: Apple releases Macintosh. Based on Motorola 68000 microprocessor. 16M can be addressed.
1August, 984: released by MS-DOS 3.0, PC-DOS 3.0 and IBM AT, adopting ISA standard, supporting large hard disk and 1.2M high-density floppy drive.
1September, 1984: Apple released a Macintosh with 5 12Kb memory, and there was no improvement in other aspects.
1end of 984: Compaq began to develop IDE interface, which can transmit data at a faster speed and has been adopted by many peers. Later, EIDE was further introduced, which can support drives up to 528MB. Data transmission is also faster.
1985: Philips and Sony jointly launch optical drives.
1985: EGA standard comes out.
1March 985: MS-DOS 3. 1, PC-DOS 3. 1. This is the first DOS version that provides partial network function support.
1985101October 17: 80386 DX was launched. The clock frequency reaches 33MHz, which can address 1GB memory. There are more instructions than 286. 6 million instructions per second, integrating 275,000 transistors.
1985165438+1October: released by Microsoft Windows. But it has not been widely used in its version 3.0. Need DOS support, similar to Apple's operating interface, so that it was sued by Apple. The lawsuit was not terminated until August 1997.
1985 65438+ February: MS-DOS 3.2, PC-DOS 3.2. This is the first system that supports 3.5-inch disks. But only 720KB is supported. Only version 3.3 can support 1.44 megabytes.
1986 65438+1October: Apple releases high-performance Macintosh. There are 4 megabytes of memory and SCSI adapters.
1September 1986: Amstrad announced the release of a cheap and powerful computer, Amstrad PC 15 12. Equipped with CGA graphics adapter, 5 12KB memory, 8086 processor and 20mm hard disk. Using mouse and graphical user interface, the design is family-oriented.
1987: release of connecting machine supercomputer. 200 million operations per second using parallel processing.
1987: Microsoft Windows 2.0 was released, which was more successful than the first version, but it didn't improve much. .
1987: British mathematician michael barnes Leigh discovered the method of graphic compression.
1987: Macintosh II released, based on Motorola 68020 processor. Clock 16MHz, 2.6 million instructions per second. There is a SCSI adapter and a color adapter.
1April 2, 987: IBM launches PS/2 system. Originally based on 8086 processor and old XT bus. Later, it transitioned to 80386 and began to use 3.5 inch 1.44MB floppy drive. Microchannel technology has been introduced, and this series of models has achieved great success. Shipments reached 2 million units.
1987: IBM released VGA technology.
1987: IBM released its own microprocessor 8514/a.
1April 987: MS-DOS 3.3, PC-DOS 3.3. Released with IBM PS/2, it supports 1.44MB drive and hard disk partition. Hard disk can be divided into multiple logical drives.
April 1987: Microsoft and IBM release S/2Warp operating system. But it has not achieved much success.
August 1987: Temporary sound card released. The product of a Canadian company.
19871October: Compaq DOS (CPQ-DOS) v3.3 1 released. The supported hard disk partition is larger than 32Mb.
1988: Optical computer put into development. Replacing electrons with photons can improve the processing speed of computers.
1988: establishment of xms standard.
1988: establishment of eisa standard.
On June 6th, 1988: 80386 SX was released to meet the demand of low-cost computers.
July to August of 1988: PC-DOS 4.0 and MS-DOS 4.0. Support memory. However, due to bugs, 4.0 1a was introduced one after another.
1September, 988: IBM PS/20 286 was released, based on 80286 processor, without using its microchannel bus. But other machines continue to use this bus.
19881October: Macintosh Iix released. Based on Motorola 68030 processor. It still uses the main frequency of 16 MHz, with 3.9 million instructions per second, and supports128 RAM.
1988165438+1October: MS-DOS 4.0 1, PC-DOS 4.0 1 released.
1989: Tim Berners Lee founded the prototype of the World Wide Web. He works at the European Institute of Physical Particles. Novices can also browse the Internet easily through hypertext links. This has greatly promoted the development of the Internet.
1989: Philips and Sony released CD-I standard.
1989 65438+1October: Macintosh SE/30 released. Based on the new 68030 processor.
1March, 989: E-IDE standard was established, which can support hard disk capacity above 528MB. The transmission speed can reach 33.3 MB/s, and it is adopted by many optical disks.
1989 April 10: 80486 DX released, integrating1.2000 transistors. The clock frequency of its subsequent models reaches 100MHz.
1989165438+1October: the sound blaster card was released.
1990: Establishment of SVGA standard.
1March, 990: Macintosh Iifx released, based on 68030CPU, clocked at 40MHz, using faster SCSI interface.
1May 22, 990: Microsoft released Windows 3.0. Compatible with MS-DOS mode.
1990 10 month: released by Macintosh Classic, and the display card supports 256 colors.
1990165438+1October: the first generation of MPC (multimedia personal computer standard) was released. The processor was at least 80286/ 12MHz, and later it was increased to 80386SX/ 16 MHz, and the transmission rate of the optical drive was at least 150 KB/ sec.
199 1: Publish ISA standard.
199 1 May: Sound Blaster Pro was released.
19965438+June 0: MS-DOS 5.0, PC-DOS 5.0. In order to promote the development of OS/2, Bill Gates said: DOS5.0 is a DOS terminator and will not spend any energy on it in the future. This version has exceeded the basic memory limit of 640KB. This version also marks the end of the cooperation between Microsoft and IBM on DOS.
1992: Published by Windows NT, with an addressable 2G RAM.
April 1992: Windows 3. 1 released.
June 1992: Sound Blaster 16 ASP released.
1993: the internet began to operate commercially.
1993: The classic game Doom was released.
1993: Novell acquired Digital Research and DR-DOS became Novell DOS.
1released at 22: 00 on March 22nd, 993. More than 3 million transistors are integrated. The initial operating frequency is 60-66MHz. Execute 1 100 million instructions per second.
1May, 993: MPC standard 2 was released. The transmission rate of optical disc requires 300 kb/ s.. Play 15 images per second in a 320 * 240 window.
199365438+February: MS-DOS6.0 was released, including a hard disk compressor DoubleSpace, but a small company claimed that Microsoft had plagiarized some of its technologies. So in the later DOS6.2, Microsoft renamed it DriveSpace. Later, DOS in WIN95 became DOS7.0 and DOS7. 10 in WIN95OSR2.
1994 March 7th: Intel released 90- 100 MHz Pentium processor.
1September, 994: PC-DOS 6.3 was released.
1994 10 10: Intel released 75 MHz Pentium processor.
1994: Doom II released. Open up a broad market for PC games.
1994: Netscape 1.0 browser release.
1994: conquer (command and conquer) release.
1March 27th, 995: Intel released the Pentium processor of 120 Mhz.
June 1995 1: Intel released 133 Mhz Pentium processor.
1August 23, 995: Windows '95 was released. Very different from the previous version. It is completely divorced from MS-DOS, but it still keeps the form of DOS in consideration of users' habits. Pure 32-bit multitasking operating system. This version has been a great success.
1 995165438+1October1:Pentium Pro released. The main frequency can reach 200 MHz, 440 million instructions are completed per second, and 5.5 million transistors are integrated.
199565438+February: Netscape released its. javascript。
1996: Earthquake, Civilization II, Command and Control. A series of famous games such as "Conquest-Red Alert" were released.
199665438+1October: Netscape Navigator 2.0 was released, the first browser supporting javascript.
199665438+1October 4th: Intel released 150- 166MHz Pentium processor with 3.3 million transistors integrated.
1996: Windows '95 OSR2 was released, which fixed some bugs and extended some functions.
1997:GR and famous games such as car theft, Thor's Hammer 2 and blade runner were released, and 3D graphics accelerator cards became popular.
1997 65438+1October 8th: Intel released Pentium MMX. Games and multimedia functions have been enhanced.
April 1997: IBM's deep blue computer defeated Kasparov, the world champion of human chess.
1May 7, 997: Intel released Pentium II, adding more instructions and more caches.
1June 2, 997: Intel released 233 MHz Pentium MMX.
1997 16: Apple suffered a serious financial crisis, and Microsoft lent a helping hand and injected10.50 billion US dollars. The condition is that Apple withdraws the complaint: Microsoft imitates the complaint of its window interface, and points out that Apple also imitates the design of Xerox.
1Feb. 998: Intel released the Pentium II processor with 333 MHz. Adopt 0.25 micron technology to improve speed and reduce calorific value.
1June 25th, 998: Microsoft released Windows '98, and someone tried to dismember Microsoft. Microsoft retorted that it would harm the national interests of the United States.
199965438+1October 25th: Linux kernel 2.2.0 is released. People have high hopes for it.
1Feb. 22, 999: AMD released K6-III 400MHz. Tests show that its performance exceeds that of Intel P-III. Integrated 23 million transistors and socket 7 structure.
1On February 26th, 999, Intel introduced the Pentium III processor. Pentium III adopts the same Slot 1 architecture as Pentium II, and adds SSE instruction set containing 70 brand-new instructions to enhance 3D and multimedia processing capabilities. At first, the clock frequency was above 450MHz, the bus speed was above 100MHz, and it was manufactured by 0.25μm process, and the secondary cache was integrated above 5 12KB.
1On April 26th, 1999, the CIH virus written by Chen Yinghao, a student from Taiwan Province Province, broke out all over the world, and nearly1100,000 computers were damaged to varying degrees, resulting in direct economic losses of billions of dollars.
1999 may 10, id Soft released the first test version of Thor's Hammer III. In the following time, Raytheon Hammer III gradually established the competitive standard of FPS games and became one of the testing standards of computer hardware performance.
1On June 23rd, 999, AMD introduced a processor named Athlon, which adopted a brand-new architecture and the CPU frequency surpassed Intel for the first time. Since then, a wonderful and fierce processor frequency and speed war has begun.
1 September 19991day, Nvidia introduced GeForce256 display chip and put forward a brand-new GPU concept.
1October 25th, 1999, 10, the Pentium Ⅲ Ⅲ processor code-named Coppermine was released. Using 0. 18μm process, 256KB full-speed L2Cache and 28 million transistors are integrated.
June 2000 65438+1 October1,the whole world is waiting, hehe, the millennium bug didn't break out. On February 17, Microsoft officially released Windows2000.
On March 16, 2000, AMD officially launched the "Athlon" processor with the main frequency of 1GHz, which started the GHz processor war.
On March 8, 2000, Intel introduced its own 1 GHz Pentium 3 processor. On the same day, Iridium Company, with assets as high as $5 billion, declared bankruptcy and completely terminated its telephone service. The Pentagon finally obtained the right to use iridium, but its use is still unknown.
On April 27th, 2000, AMD released the "Duron" processor and began to attack Intel in the low-end market.
On May 14, 2000, a virus named "I love you" broke out all over the world. Nearly 45 million computers around the world were infected in just three days, and the economic loss was as high as $2.6 billion.
On September 14, 2000, Microsoft officially launched windows Me, the Millennium version of Windows for home users, which is the last operating system based on 9X kernel.
On June/KOOC-0/65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/2, 2000, Microsoft announced the launch of a thin and light personal computer Tablet PC.
20001October 20th, 165438+ Intel officially launched the Pentium 4 processor. The processor adopts a brand-new Netburst architecture, the bus frequency reaches 400MHz, and 144 new instructions are added to improve the processing capacity of multimedia and 3D graphics such as video and audio.
On June 5438+February 65438+February 4, 2000, 3dfx announced that it would sell all its assets to its competitor NVIDIA, thus ending its legendary history.
On 200 1 February1day, sega announced its withdrawal from the game hardware market.
On March 26th, 20001year, Apple released the Mac OS X operating system, which was the first major revision of Apple's operating system since the birth of 1984.
200 1 19 In June, Intel introduced P3 and Celeron processors with "Tualatin" core, which was the first time that Intel adopted 0. 13 micron technology.
200110/On October 8th, AMD announced the launch of Athlon XP series processors, with a brand-new core, professional 3D Now! Instruction set and OPGA (organic pin array) package, and adopt the naming specification of "relative performance label" (PR nominal value). At the same time, the excellent performance-to-price ratio of the processor doubles the pressure on Intel.
200110/On October 25th, Microsoft launched the Windows XP operating system, and Bill Gates announced: "The DOS era is over." The release of Windows XP has also promoted the global PC hardware market at a low tide.
On February 5, 2002, Nvidia released GeForce 4 series graphics processing chips, which are divided into two series: Ti and Mx. Among them, GeForce4 Ti 4200 and GeForce 4 MX 440 have become the models with strong vitality in the market.
On May 13, 2002, Matrox, a long-lost veteran display chip manufacturer, officially released the Parhelia-5 12 (Chinese name: Magic Sky) display chip, which is also the world's first 5 12bit GPU.
On July 17, 2002, ATI released the Laser Dragon 9700 graphics card, and adopted the display core code R300, which undoubtedly knocked Nvidia off the throne of 3D performance for the first time.
On June 8, 2002165438+1October/kloc-0, Nvidia released the GeForce FX graphics card code NV30, and used the 0. 13 micron manufacturing process for the first time on this product. Due to the adoption of many advanced technologies, this graphics card is also called an epoch-making product.
On June 7th, 2003, at 65438, Intel released a new mobile processing specification "Centrino".
On February 10, 2003, AMD released Barton's Athlon XP processor. Although it was not recognized by the media for a long time after its launch, Barton finally created a Barton era that all DIYer will miss infinitely with its high cost performance and excellent overclocking ability.
On February 12, 2003, FutureMark officially released 3Dmark 03, but it triggered the trust crisis of testing software.
In 2004, Intel turned to PCI-Express.
In 2005, Intel began to promote dual-core CPU.
In 2006, Intel began to promote quad-core CPU.
In 2007, Intel IDF Conference launched an 80-core CPU that shocked the world 2 trillion times.
June 5438+October 2007 10, Microsoft released Windows Vista(Windows 6).