What does Matthew effect mean? What do Matthew effect and catfish effect mean respectively?

1, Matthew effect refers to the phenomenon that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, which is widely used in social psychology, education, finance, science and other fields.

Matthew effect, a term commonly used by sociologists and economists, reflects a polarized social phenomenon, with the rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer. Matthew effect, whose name comes from a fable in Matthew Gospel of the New Testament: "Whatever you have, you should double it and call it redundancy;" No, even what he has will be taken away. "

On the surface, Matthew effect is contrary to the way of balance, similar to the "28 rule", but in fact it is only one pole of the way of balance. 2. Catfish effect. Catfish not only stirred the living environment of small fish, but also activated the viability of small fish [1].

Catfish effect is a means or measure. * * * Some enterprises actively enter the market and participate in competition, thus activating enterprises in the same industry in the market. Its essence is a negative incentive and the mystery of activating employees.

It should be emphasized that in some enterprises, catfish talents have become the driving force for enterprise promotion because some bureaucrats have been idle for a long time or unable to undertake new tasks and responsibilities. Extended data:

Ten famous laws of social life 1, Matthew effect 2, watch theorem 3, Unworth 4, Peter principle 5, zero-sum game principle 6, Washington cooperation law 7, wine pollution law 8, barrel law 9, mushroom management 10, catfish effect reference:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Matthew Effect Baidu Encyclopedia-Catfish Effect.

What is the Matthew effect?

Matthew effect refers to the phenomenon that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak. Matthew effect, a commonly used term in economics and sociology, reflects the polarized social phenomenon that the rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer.

1. Matthew effect, whose name comes from a fable in Matthew in the New Testament: "If you have it, you must double it and call it redundancy; No, even what he has will be taken away. " On the surface, Matthew effect is contrary to the way of balance, similar to the "28 rule", but in fact it is only one pole of the way of balance. As early as 500 BC, Lao Zi, an ancient philosopher in China, had put forward a similar idea: "Heaven can make up more losses. People's ways are different and the damage is insufficient. " "Matthew effect" is the thought of "human way" in Laozi's thought, and "heaven way" can be compared with the overall will of the country, which is manifested in weakening the strong individuals in the range and supplementing other weak individuals. The two are only the unity of opposites, and their ideological advancement far exceeds this sentence in Matthew, even more than 500 years before the birth of Jesus Christ.

2. Connotation and meaning

The existence of polarization.

1968 robert king merton, an American researcher in the history of science, put forward this term to summarize a social psychological phenomenon: "Compared with those unknown researchers, famous scientists usually gain more prestige; Even if their achievements are similar, in the same way, on a project, reputation will usually be given to researchers who are already famous. "

3. Positive and negative effects

On the positive side, as long as a person tries to make himself stronger, he will be encouraged in the process of becoming stronger and stronger.

On the negative side, most people in this society don't have enough perseverance to become stronger, and Matthew effect will become an excuse to escape from reality and refuse to work hard.

If you are proactive and persistent, you will gain spiritual or material wealth. After you gain wealth, your attitude will further strengthen your initiative. Only in this way can you bring the positive effect of Matthew effect to the extreme.

What does Matthew effect mean?

In 1960s, Robert Morton, a famous sociologist, summarized Matthew effect as any individual, group or region. Once you have achieved success and progress in a certain aspect (such as money, reputation, status, etc.). ), there will be an accumulated advantage and more opportunities for greater success and progress.

Matthew effect reveals a growth demand principle of individual and enterprise resources, which is related to individual success and happiness, so it is an important law affecting enterprise development and individual success.

Matthew effect phenomenon?

○ Use a sentence in the Bible: "Give him everything you have to make him rich; But if anyone doesn't, even what they have will be taken away. "

○ The poorer the poor, the richer the rich.

○ Take the lead and step by step;

"Matthew effect", that is, the strong will always be strong and the weak will always be weak; The Christian Bible says, "Give him what you have." From this, the saying of "Matthew effect" was derived. Matthew effect exists widely in society, especially in the economic field. There are mainly two different views on the development trend of various regions in the world. One is the "convergence hypothesis" of Solow's growth model, which holds that due to the law of diminishing returns of capital, when there is diminishing returns of capital in developed regions, capital will flow to underdeveloped regions where there is no diminishing returns. In this way, the growth rate of developed regions will slow down, while the growth rate of underdeveloped regions will accelerate, which will eventually lead to the convergence of the two types of regions. Another view is that when the system, human resources and other factors are taken into account at the same time, there will often be another result, that is, the "Matthew effect" of the "development difference" between developed and underdeveloped regions. For another example, the talent crisis will be a world phenomenon, and the "Matthew effect" in talent possession will be more obvious: the more talents there are, the more attractive they are; On the contrary, the more recognized talents are, the scarcer they are. In addition, there is a "Matthew effect" in scientific research. The more research results, the more nicknames people often have, and the more famous people have more achievements, and finally produce academic authority.

What do the "Matthew effect" and "broken window effect" in psychology mean respectively?

Matthew effect refers to the phenomenon that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, which is widely used in social psychology, education, finance, science and many other fields. Its name comes from a fable in Matthew in the New Testament: "If you have anything, give it to him, which is unnecessary;": No, even what he owns should be taken away. " Matthew effect is contrary to the principle of balance and similar to the law of 28. This is a very important natural law. The theory of "broken window effect" means that if someone breaks the window glass of a building and this window is not repaired in time, then others may be indulged by some hints to break more windows. "Frederick? Bastiat is called "the father of broken windows" because of the first section of an article "Visible and Invisible".

What does "Matthew effect" mean?

Matthew effect (Matthew effect)

It refers to a phenomenon that the better the better, the worse the worse, and the more the less. Robert king merton, an American researcher in the history of science, summed up the Matthew effect as follows: once any individual, group or region has achieved success and progress in a certain aspect (such as money, reputation, status, etc.), it will have an accumulated advantage and more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress. Its name comes from a fable in Matthew in the New Testament.

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There is such a story in Matthew in the New Testament. Before a king left for a long trip, he gave three servants a dollar each and told them, "Go into business and come and see me when I come back." When the king came back, the first servant said, "Master, I have earned the 10 silver you gave me." So the king gave him 10 city. The second servant reported, "Master, I earned the five dollars you gave me." So the king rewarded him with five cities. The third servant reported, "Master, I have always wrapped the silver ingot you gave me in a towel, and I dare not take it out for fear of losing it." So the king ordered the third servant's silver ingot to be given to the first servant, and said, "What is missing, even what he has, should be taken away." If you have more, give it to him and tell him the more, the better. "("Because everyone who has it will be given more to make him rich. If you don't have it, you have to take it away from him. "-Matthew chapter 25 verse 29.

develop

1968 robert king merton, an American researcher in the history of science, put forward this term to summarize a social psychological phenomenon: "Compared with those unknown researchers, famous scientists usually gain more prestige, even if their achievements are similar. Similarly, on the same project, fame usually goes to researchers who are already famous. As a result, the more research results, the greater the reputation. . "This word was later borrowed by economists, reflecting the economic phenomenon that the poorer the poor, the richer the rich, and the winner takes all. Matthew effect is a common phenomenon in society, especially in the economic field: the strong are always the strong, and the weak are always the weak, or, the winner takes all. 1968, robert king merton, an American researcher in the history of science, first described this social and psychological phenomenon with "Matthew effect".

Social psychologists believe that "Matthew effect" is a social psychological phenomenon, which has both negative and positive effects. The negative effects are as follows: celebrities and unknown people have achieved the same results. The former is often praised by superiors, interviewed by reporters, consulted and visited, and all kinds of laurels float in succession. As a result, some of them often take credit for their lack of sober self-awareness and rational attitude, and stumble on the road of life; The latter is ignored and even criticized and envied. Its positive effects are as follows: first, it can prevent society from prematurely recognizing those immature achievements or accepting seemingly correct achievements; Secondly, the phenomenon of "additional honor" and "lifelong honor" produced by "Matthew effect" has great attraction to anonymous people, prompting them to struggle, and this kind of struggle must obviously surpass the past achievements of celebrities in order to obtain the desired honor.

Matthew effect exists widely in society. Taking the economic field as an example, there are two different views on the development trend between regions in the world:

One is the convergence hypothesis of Solow's growth model. This hypothesis holds that due to the law of diminishing returns of capital, when there is diminishing returns of capital in developed areas, capital will flow to underdeveloped areas where there is no diminishing returns. In this way, the growth rate of developed regions will slow down, while the growth rate of underdeveloped regions will accelerate, which will eventually lead to the convergence of the two types of regions.

Another view is that when the factors such as system and human resources are considered at the same time, another result will often appear, that is, the development between developed and underdeveloped areas will often show the "Matthew effect" of "development deviation". Talents from backward areas will flow to developed areas, and resources from backward areas will flow to developed areas at a low price, while the system in backward areas is usually not as reasonable as that in developed areas, and so on, the regional differences will become bigger and bigger.

The gap between the rich and the poor in society will also produce the "Matthew effect". In the frenzy of the stock market and property market, it is always the bookmakers who earn the most and the retail investors who lose the most. Therefore, if it is not regulated, the money of the general public will be gathered in the hands of a few people through this form, further aggravating the polarization between the rich and the poor. In addition, because the rich usually enjoy better education and development opportunities, the poor will lack development opportunities than the rich for economic reasons, which will also lead to the "Matthew effect" in which the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

For * * *, how to avoid the Matthew effect of widening the gap between the rich and the poor in economic development is a very important political issue.

What does Matthew effect mean?

Matthew effect (English: Matthew effect) refers to the feedback phenomenon of scientific reputation accumulation, and now it also refers to polarization phenomenon.

It was first proposed by American scholar Robert Morton in 1968. Its name comes from a fable in Matthew in the New Testament.

From 1968, Robert Morton, an American scholar in the history of science, put forward this term to summarize a social and psychological phenomenon: "Compared with those unknown researchers, famous scientists usually gain more prestige, even if their achievements are similar. Similarly, on the same project, fame usually goes to researchers who are already famous. For example, an award is almost always awarded to the most senior researcher, even if all the work is done by a graduate student. It is worth mentioning that this phenomenon happened in 1974 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1967, jocelyn Bell bernal, a graduate student of Professor Anthony Hervis, discovered the pulsar. There are five authors in the literature * * * about the discovery of pulsars, among which antony hewish ranks first and Jocelyn Bell Burnell ranks second. As a result, Dr. hewish and Dr. martin ryle were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics, but Bell was not included in the list of Nobel Prize winners as a researcher.

This caused controversy and was condemned by his compatriot astronomer Huo Yier. Morton investigated the social and psychological conditions and mechanisms that determine such an effect, and found the correlation between the repetitive function of multiple discoveries and the focusing function of outstanding scientists.

Outstanding scientists will strengthen their focusing function through the important value of their research discourse and their self-confidence. Part of this self-confidence is innate, part of it is the result of experience and communication in a creative scientific environment, and part of it is the result of later social recognition of its social status; This self-confidence encourages scientists to explore risky but important problems and emphasize their research results.

The principle of Matthew effect in the macro-social sense is obvious in the process of social choice that leads to the concentration of scientific resources and talents. Extended data application 1, Matthew effect of economics is that the stronger the strong, the weaker the weak, that is, the poorer the poor, the richer the rich.

In reality, it means that as long as you succeed at every point, you will have accumulated advantages and have a greater chance to achieve more outstanding results. It is also one of the reasons for the gap between the rich and the poor.

2. The long-term Matthew effect of social psychology in education has been applied to the research of psychologist Keith Stano Wick, who has done a lot of research on reading ability and language disability. Stano Wicker used the word "Matthew effect" to describe this phenomenon, that is, successfully acquiring reading ability in the early stage usually leads to the success of adult learners, while failing to acquire reading ability in the first three or four years may lead to long-term difficulties in learning different new skills.

3. Matthew effect of library and information science is helpful to improve the popularity of the scientific achievements of those famous scientists. "Matthew effect" in the generation and distribution of information In the process of the generation, transmission and utilization of social information flow, it is found that information and related elements often present obvious core trends and centralized orientations, such as a few publishing societies becoming authoritative (core) publishing institutions for certain books.

A few scientific journals become the core journals in a certain field because they have published a large number of papers, and a few authors (that is, information producers) become the core authors in a certain field because they write the most and have the highest citation rate; A few websites have a large number of users and often choose to put in words with strong functions; 80% citations in SCI are concentrated in 15%~20% journals, and so on. Baidu Encyclopedia-Matthew Effect.

What is the Matthew effect? How to explain it?

Matthew effect There is a story in Matthew in the New Testament. Before a king went away, he gave each of the three servants a piece of silver and told them, "Do business, and come to me when I come back."

When the king came back, the first servant said, "Master, I have earned the 10 silver you gave me." So the king gave him 10 city.

The second servant reported, "Master, I earned the five dollars you gave me." So the king rewarded him with five cities.

The third servant reported, "Master, I have always wrapped the silver ingot you gave me in a towel, and I dare not take it out for fear of losing it." So the king ordered the third servant's silver ingot to be given to the first servant, and said, "What is missing, even what he has, should be taken away."

Give him more things, so the more the better. "("Because everyone who has it will be given more to make him rich. If you don't have it, you have to take it away from him. "-Matthew chapter 25 verse 29.

This is the Matthew effect, which reflects a common phenomenon in today's society, that is, the winner takes all. Matthew effect exists widely in society. Taking [economic field] as an example, there are two different views on the development trend between regions in the world: one is the "convergence hypothesis" of Solow's growth model.

This hypothesis holds that due to the law of diminishing returns of capital, when there is diminishing returns of capital in developed areas, capital will flow to underdeveloped areas where there is no diminishing returns. In this way, the growth rate of developed regions will slow down, while the growth rate of underdeveloped regions will accelerate, which will eventually lead to the convergence of the two types of regions. Another view is that when the system, human resources and other factors are taken into account at the same time, there will often be another result, that is, the "Matthew effect" of the "development difference" between developed and underdeveloped regions.

For another example, the talent crisis will be a world phenomenon, and the "Matthew effect" in talent possession will be more obvious: the more talents there are, the more attractive they are; On the contrary, the more recognized talents are, the scarcer they are. In addition, there is also the Matthew effect in [scientific and academic] research. The more research results, the more celebrities, the more achievements of celebrities, and finally the academic authority.

Similar "Matthew effect" exists not only in the economic field, but also in all fields of the world today. As far as literary discourse is concerned, almost all the terms of western cultural criticism, especially American cultural criticism, have been heard since the 1990s.

Aside from the contradictions and prejudices contained in these terms, their frequency and obvious influence have long been staggering. In a sense, the "anti-tradition" in the 1980s and the "deconstruction" in the 1990s convinced quite a few people that there is no objective standard in this world.

As far as literary classics are concerned, they can be said to be an important core of national culture and an important medium of national identity. Therefore, deconstructing them may change a nation's cognitive style and value orientation.

Recently, Liu Yiqing, a professor in Peking University, pointed out in an article entitled Classics (Foreign Literature, No.2, 2004) that "in China, although there has not been a very clear movement to broaden the classics or change the traditional classics in recent years, there have also been many disputes related to this, such as different views on the elegance of Wang Shuo's works, trying to re-evaluate the classic writer Lu Xun, and even rewriting Lu Xun". These developments should be said to be the reflection of China's cultural relativism and multicultural trend. "

In this sense, "multiculturalism" is also a double-edged sword. Of course, the concepts of classics and related classics are not static. They and their cognition are constantly evolving and enriching in the vertical development of national culture and the horizontal communication and interaction with world culture.

Therefore, classics and non-classics, like "seriousness" and "popularity" in literature, are headaches for friends. Their relationship is similar to love and sex, and it's definitely a mess.

In the long history of literature, Cervantes, Shakespeare and Cao Xueqin have all been "mistaken" as "popular writers". But times have changed, they not only "reinvented themselves", but also took off the "popular" hat early; Moreover, he has become an unparalleled classic writer.

In view of such complexity and variability, the research community is constantly arguing and revising, not afraid, but also introducing various theories. One of them is the statement of the philosopher Marcuse (one-dimensional man), who believes that real art is the art of rejection, the art of * * *, that is, the rejection of existing things and * * *.

In other words, art is transcendent: the reason why art becomes art, or the reason why art has the value of existence, is because it provides another world, that is, the possible world; The other dimension is the poetic dimension. The former pursues or finds meaning in common use and makes it a "strange" spiritual world, while the latter shows deep-seated spiritual pursuit against vulgarity and utilitarianism in humanistic care and ultimate thinking.

The second is the statement of cultural critic Fiske (who understands popular culture). He believes that popular culture is the culture of daily life, and its consumption process is a process of resisting ideological hegemony by relying on cultural and economic autonomy. They affirmed the existence value of "serious culture" and "popular culture" from different angles.

On the other hand, the actual situation of literature also provides a basis for some theories. Therefore, those works that tend to be author-oriented, pursue deep expression and pay attention to form are called "serious literature" (or "pure literature"), while those works that tend to be reader-oriented, pursue market effect and pay attention to content are considered as "popular literature".

But this distinction is obviously very unscientific. Because any literary work is an externalization of the creative subject, it must also be oriented to readers.

The so-called deep expression and market effect are even less contradictory. Their relativity exists in literary classics and "popular literature". As for form and content, it is difficult to completely separate them.

The emphasis mostly depends on "degree" and specific literary concepts. It's hard to say that content (or theme) comes first.

What does Matthew effect mean?

"Matthew effect", that is, the strong will always be strong and the weak will always be weak; Christian Bible: "Give him what you have." From this, the saying of "Matthew effect" was derived. Matthew effect exists widely in society, especially in the economic field. Generally speaking, Matthew effect means that the good will get better and better and the bad will get worse and worse. In a sense, birds of a feather flock together.

Chapter 25 of Matthew in the Bible: "Whoever has it, give it to him to make it redundant;" No, even what he has will be taken away. "

The master gives the servants money-talent according to their abilities. No one gets more or less than he can handle. If he can't finish the task assigned to him by his master, he can't use his lack of ability as an excuse because he is lazy or hates his master. Money means all the resources we have here. God has given us time, talent, talent and other resources according to our abilities, and expects us to invest wisely until he comes again. We have a responsibility to make good use of what God has given us. The problem is not how much we have, but how we use what we have.

Believers should make full use of their time, ability and wealth. Whatever you do, you can serve God. This metaphor describes the different results of people's two attitudes towards Christ's return: a servant will use his time and talent to serve God faithfully and wait for his master to come back, and he will be rewarded; Another servant who has no intention of working for heaven will be punished. God rewards faithful people, and those who have not borne fruit for God's kingdom should not expect the same result as faithful people.