Lev tolstoy was born on September 9, 828 (August 28, Russian calendar) in Tula Xiaojin District. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

Tolstoy's family is an aristocratic family, whose lineage can be traced back to16th century. The distant ancestor was knighted from Peter I, and his father Count ilych participated in the 18 12 Great Patriotic War and retired with the rank of lieutenant colonel. Mother Maria nikolayev is the daughter of Duke Xie Ni Volkonski. Tolstoy lost his mother at the age of one and a half and his father at the age of nine, and was brought up by his aunt.

youth

Tolstoy began to receive a typical aristocratic family education at an early age. 1844 was admitted to the Oriental Language Department of Kazan University, studied Turkish and Arabic, and prepared to be a diplomat. I failed the mid-term exam and transferred to the law department the next year. He didn't concentrate on his studies and was addicted to social life. At the same time, he became interested in philosophy, especially moral philosophy, loved Rousseau's theory and his personality, and widely read literary works. In college, he has noticed the superiority of his classmates from civilian backgrounds. Dropped out of school in April, 1847, and returned to Jasna and Polynesia. This is his mother's dowry industry, which belonged to him when his brother analyzed the property. He spent most of his long life here. After returning to the manor, he tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he stopped because he could not get the trust of farmers. 1April, 849, I went to Petersburg to take the LLB exam, only took two courses, and suddenly went home. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy

The following autumn, a school was established for the children of farmers. 1 1 nominally worked in Tula provincial administrative bureau, and the following year 12 was promoted to the 14th grade civil servant, but actually he wandered between relatives and friends and the upper class in Moscow. However, he is getting tired of this kind of life and environment. At the end of April, 185 1 went to the Caucasus with his eldest brother Nikolai, who was in military service, to take part in the battle against the mountain people as a volunteer, and then served in the Caucasus army as a "fourth-class artillery corporal" for two and a half years. Although he performed well, he was promoted to warrant officer only with the support of his relatives. /kloc-0 joined the danube army in March, 854. After the Crimean War began, he voluntarily moved to Sevastopol, served as the artillery company commander in the most dangerous fortress No.4, and participated in the last defensive war in the city. In all kinds of battles, seeing the heroism and excellent quality of officers and men from civilian background strengthened his sympathy for ordinary people and his critical attitude towards serfdom. Tolstoy began to write when he was in the Caucasus, and published novels such as Childhood, Teenager and The Story of Sevastopol in Modern People magazine. 1855165438+1October, he came to Petersburg from Sevastopol. As a famous new writer, he was welcomed by Turgenev and Necrasov, and gradually got to know writers and critics such as Goncharov, Fett, ostrovsky, Drujinin, Annenkov and Botequim. Here he is regarded as an eccentric because of his inexperience and bohemian, and his dislike of Homer and Shakespeare surprises everyone. Before long, he got to know Chernyshevski, but he didn't agree with the latter's literary views. At that time, Drew Ning Ji and others advocated the so-called "beautiful art" for art's sake and opposed the so-called "teaching art", which was actually the exposed literature advocated by the revolutionary Democrats. Tolstoy was inclined to the views of Druzinin and others, but he thought that any art could not be divorced from social life. By 1859, he broke up with Modern People magazine. /kloc-retired with the rank of lieutenant at the end of 0/856. At the beginning of the following year, I went to France, Switzerland, Italy and Germany. France's "social freedom" won his admiration, and seeing the guillotine execute the death penalty in Paris made him deeply disgusted. Seeing the selfishness and ruthlessness of the British bourgeois gentleman in Switzerland also aroused his great indignation. However, this trip abroad broadened his literary and artistic horizons and enhanced his sober understanding of the backwardness of Russian society. 19 Tolstoy's thought is extremely contradictory to the serfdom reform and revolutionary situation at the turn of the fifties and sixties. As early as 1856, he drafted a plan to liberate farmers by means of labor rent and tried it out in his manor. But it didn't come true because farmers didn't accept it. He sympathized with the peasants and hated serfdom, but he believed that according to "historical justice", the land should be owned by the landlords, and he was deeply worried about whether the landlords wanted their lives or the land. He disagreed with the ideas of liberals, Slavs and even the die-hards of serf owners, and saw the hypocrisy of the "reform" carried out by the czar from top to bottom, but he opposed the revolutionary method to eliminate serfdom and fantasized about finding a way out for himself. Unable to solve the ideological contradiction, he tried to escape from reality in philosophy and art, but he was soon disappointed. 1860, the death of his eldest brother Nicholas deepened his pessimism. From 1859 to 1862, he almost dropped out of school. He founded more than 20 schools for farmers' children in Jasna Paulia and nearby rural areas, and studied the Russian and Western European education systems. From 1860 to 186 1, he also visited schools in Germany, France, Italy, Britain and Belgium. Later, he founded educational magazines such as Jasna Ya Pogliana. These activities are bound to attract the attention of the czar government. In addition, in the reform of serfdom, as a peace mediator in this county, he often sympathized with farmers when mediating disputes between landlords and farmers, but it also caused hostility from aristocratic serf owners. 1862 When he was out in July, his home was searched by military police for two days. Soon, he closed the school. During this period, the shock in his mind and their views on things were accepted by farmers who had frequent contact, which became the opportunity and beginning of his world outlook change. Tolstoy, 1862 is 34 years old, while Sophia A. Sonia (сояандеевнааае) He and his wife Tolstoy and his wife

The relationship between sons is still controversial. Bierce said, "He loves me, but only at night, never during the day." She complained, "No one will know that he never wanted to let his wife have a rest or pour a glass of water for the sick child!" " ".What is certain is that most of the time they have a good life. His wife helped him manage the manor. The whole manor covers an area of 380 hectares, including forests, rivers and lakes, and there are more than 30 hectares of apple orchards. Trees and beautiful scenery make life in order, which makes Tolstoy spend all his time on the fine carving of literary works. Here, Tolstoy left masterpieces such as War and Peace and Anna karenin to mankind. Each of his works has to be revised many times, and his wife is also responsible for copying and saving manuscripts. However, Tolstoy gave his wife a diary to record his youth behavior, which recorded Tolstoy's gambling before marriage, finding prostitutes, even contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and having an illegitimate child with a female worker, which made Beers very angry. She wrote in her diary: "I really want to burn his diary and his past." "I dreamed of a big garden ... I grabbed her child and tore it up. I tore off his head and legs-I looked like a madman. "Like Anna karenin, she went to' lie on the tracks' and even committed suicide by taking poison, which made the whole family restless. By her own admission, "I will commit suicide with jealousy one day." This made Tolstoy hate this marriage even more. He wrote in his diary: Sonia "became the source of my pain." "I don't know how to solve this madness. I don't see any way out. "In addition, Tolstoy's radical thoughts in his later years also caused a great gap between husband and wife, and even prepared to give up wealth.

Making pictures (4), quarreling with his wife through a simple life. His wife doesn't understand and can't accept it at all. She believes that "the whole philosophy is far-fetched, artificial and completely based on vanity, fame and publicity." The eldest daughter Tania said, "You care about his material life in all aspects, but you ignore what he values more. If you also care about his spiritual life, he will be moved and will repay you a hundred times. " The lack of communication between husband and wife makes the married life go from bad to worse. Gorky said that Tolstoy "likes talking about women very much, but always uses the rude tone of Russian farmers ... His attitude towards women is a stubborn hostility. What he likes to do best is to punish them. ..... This is a man's revenge for not getting the happiness he deserves. " After the wedding, the revolutionary situation gradually turned into a low tide, and he gradually overcame the ideological crisis. He divorced from social life, settled in the manor, bought real estate and lived a simple, quiet, harmonious and happy life. From 65438 to 0863, he wrote his masterpiece War and Peace in six years. The most important event during this period was that he attended the military court in 1866 to defend private Spening. Spinning was slapped by an officer because he couldn't bear to be abused. Although Tolstoy escaped, he was shot in the end. This incident formed his opinion against the court and the death penalty. Tolstoy's inner peace and harmony did not last long. 1In September, 869, I passed by Al Zamasu on business, and suddenly felt an unprecedented sadness and horror in the hotel late at night. This is the so-called "terror of Zamasu". Before and after this, he talked about his gloomy mood of waiting for death recently in a letter to a friend. From the autumn of 1868 to the summer of 1869, he became interested in Schopenhauer's philosophy and was once influenced. Since the early 1970s, "the destruction of all the' old foundations' in Russian countryside" has intensified, and the rise of social movements such as "depopulation" has led him to start a new ideological crisis and a new exploration period. He was nervous, doubted the purpose and significance of his existence, and was deeply distressed by the "terrible position" of his aristocratic parasitic life, and didn't know what to do. He studied all kinds of philosophical and religious books, but he couldn't find the answer. In order to get rid of it, he even hid the rope without a shotgun for fear of suicide. These thoughts and feelings were clearly reflected in Anna karenin. After that, he visited priests, bishops, monks and hermits, and got to know Kang Xiutayev, a farmer and independent. Finally, he completely denied the official church and accepted the belief of patriarchal farmers. Finally, under the strong influence of the new revolutionary situation and the great national famine at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, he abandoned his class, completed the transformation of the world outlook brewed in 1960s and turned to the position of patriarchal farmers. In Confessions (1879 ~ 1880) and other papers, he extensively expounded the process of his ideological transformation, strongly denied the life of the wealthy and educated class and its foundation-private ownership of land, and violently attacked the state and the church. However, he opposed violent revolution, advocated Christian fraternity and self-cultivation, and sought ways to solve social contradictions from religion and ethics. This is because he not only reflects the peasants' hatred and anger towards the ruling class, but also accepts the idea that peasants can't fight violence with violence because of their political immaturity. Lenin analyzed this amazing contradiction and said: "As a prophet who invented new technology to save the world, Tolstoy is ridiculous ... As a manifestation of the thoughts and feelings of millions of Russian farmers when the Russian bourgeois revolution is coming, Tolstoy is great. Tolstoy is original. study

From then on, Tolstoy hated himself and the aristocratic life around him, engaged in manual labor from time to time, farmed and sewed shoes by himself, built houses for farmers, refused luxury and became a vegetarian. He also changed his view of literature and art, denouncing his past works of art, including War and Peace, as "grandstanding games", shifting the focus of his creation to papers and political opinions, directly propagating his social, philosophical and religious views, and exposing the evils of landlord and bourgeois society. The scripts, short stories and folk stories written at that time were also for this purpose. He also engaged in a wide range of social activities: 188 1 year, because his children were studying, his family moved to Moscow, he visited slums, participated in the 1882 Moscow population survey, and got a deeper understanding of the life of the lower classes in the city; 188 1 year, he wrote to Alexander III, requesting pardon for the revolutionaries who assassinated Alexander II. 1884, his follower and friend F. Cserto-kov founded the "Media" publishing house to publish books close to Tolstoy's theory; 189 1, he wrote to the editorial departments of Russian News and New Times, renouncing the copyright of his works written after 188 1; From 189 1 to 1893 and 1898, we organized rescue activities for the affected farmers in Ryazan and Tula provinces. He also worked hard to protect the Morokan and Du Hobl persecuted by the official church, and decided in 1898 to use all the manuscript fees of Resurrection to help Du Hobl immigrate to Canada. From the mid-1990s of 19, Tolstoy strengthened his critical attitude towards social reality, and he often expressed doubts about his charity and anti-evil thoughts. This is reflected in Haze-Miao La and other works. The czar's government had long tried to imprison or exile him because of his article "On Famine", but it stopped because of his prestige and public opinion. At this time, because of the publication of Resurrection, he was accused of opposing God and not believing in Tolstoy.

In the afterlife, 190 1 was excommunicated in the name of the Russian Orthodox Church. This decision caused protests all over the world, but Tolstoy took it in stride. In the same year, because the Tsar government suppressed the student movement, he wrote "To the Tsar and His Assistant". The following year, he sent a letter to Nicholas II, demanding people's freedom and abolishing private ownership of land. 1904 writing against the Russo-Japanese War. He sympathized with the revolutionaries and welcomed the revolution, but he did not understand and avoid the 1905 revolution. After the failure of the revolution, he opposed the cruel killing of revolutionaries by the czar government and wrote I Can't Be Silent.

old age

Tolstoy tried to run away from home again and again in 1882 and 1884 after his world outlook changed dramatically. This intention is reflected in his works in the 1980s and 1990s. In the last few years of his life, he realized the awakening of farmers and was pessimistic and disappointed because he was far away from their thoughts and emotions. I feel very uneasy about the lifestyle of the landlord manor that I don't believe in. The dispute between disciple Tolstoy and his wife made him feel more bitter. Finally, I left Jasna Ya Pogliana secretly on 19 10 year1October 28th. He suffered from pneumonia on the way and died at Astabovo Station on June 7th165438+1October 20th (Gregorian calendar165438+1October 20th). According to his last words, the body was buried in the forest of Jasna Ya Pogliana. There are no tombstones and crosses on the grave. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (1828- 19 10) was born in a noble manor named "Jasnaya Boliana". What impressed him most in his childhood was the story that a little green stick could bring happiness to everyone. Tolstoy was interested in Rousseau's theory during his study in Kazan University. After leaving college, Tolstoy, who became a young landlord, tried to improve the lives of farmers, but he was not understood by farmers. This experience was later reflected in the novel A Landlord's Morning (1857). In the 1950s, Tolstoy began his literary creation during his enlistment in the Caucasus. The first novel, Childhood (1852), describes in detail the simple and poetic inner world of Irqianev, the little hero, and shows the spiritual growth process of a smart, sensitive, enthusiastic and self-analyzing child who comes from a noble family. Together with the later writer's Teenagers and Youth, it constitutes an autobiographical trilogy. During his stay in Caucasus, Tolstoy also published some novels reflecting battlefield life, such as Attack and Notes of Billiards Shooter. He was deeply impressed by the charming natural scenery and simple mountain people in the Caucasus. He had a new understanding of life, and the idea of popularization sprouted from it. This is clearly reflected in his later work Cossack. After the Crimean war broke out, Tolstoy stayed at the front for a year. For this reason, he wrote three close-ups entitled "The Story of Sevastopol" (1855- 1856), which attacked aristocratic officers who feared the enemy like tigers with harsh facts and praised the patriotic spirit of ordinary soldiers. After Tolstoy retired and returned to his hometown, he set up a school for farmers' children, but due to the intervention of the czar government, the school died. During this period, I went abroad twice and wrote novels such as Blizzard, Two Hussars, Lucerne, Albert, Three Deaths, Family Happiness and Polly Kuska (1863). In the 1960s and 1970s, Tolstoy successively completed the novels War and Peace and Anna karenin, which earned him a reputation as a world-class writer. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Tolstoy experienced a complete change in his world outlook. He denied the life of the aristocratic class and sided with the patriarchal peasants. At this time, he not only greatly changed his lifestyle, but also tried to make his works accepted by ordinary farmers. He has written many folk stories and people's dramas, as well as some excellent novels, among which the famous novels are Resurrection (1899), The Power of Darkness (1886), The Fruits of Education and The Promethean, and the novellas holst Rommel and Ivan. Resurrection is Tolstoy's most important work in his later years. The hero Nekhludoff is an image that repents for the sins of himself and his class. Maslova's misfortune deeply shocked him, and he was determined to make up for it with his own actions. Nekhludoff's sympathy for people's sufferings, his repentance for class evils, and his contradictions and hesitation in the process of repentance not only summarized the mental state of some progressive aristocratic intellectuals at that time, but also reflected the writer's own ideological contradictions. Katyusha Maslova, the heroine, is an image of a lower-class woman who gradually awakens from her bullied position and moves towards a new life. If the reunion with Nekhludoff shocked her numb soul, then the contact with political prisoners made her begin to explore a new life. Maslova's image has surpassed ordinary writers' description of the unfortunate experiences of the lower classes at that time in a sympathetic style, but profoundly demonstrated the indestructible strong will of the lower classes. At the same time, Resurrection also shows Tolstoy's determination to "tear off all masks" and his critical passion to thoroughly expose the old world. This novel mercilessly attacked Russian laws, courts and prisons, as well as the whole state apparatus and the official church. Therefore, Tolstoy was persecuted by the authorities and the church, and was also excommunicated. However, Tolstoy gained a higher and higher reputation among the people. Tolstoy lived a civilian life in his later years, maintained a strong creative energy, and completed novellas such as Cloudy Miao La and After the Ball. 19 10, he died on the way out. Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy is an outstanding representative of the great critical realism in the19th century and the greatest Russian writer. He created "the first-class works in world literature" with powerful brushwork and superb artistic skills, so he was praised by Lenin as "a genius artist with the most vivid realism". Tolstoy's thought is full of contradictions, which is a reflection of complex contradictions in Russian society and a vivid portrayal of a noble intellectual with a sense of justice who is awake and weak, struggling and hesitant, shouting and frustrated when seeking a new life. Tolstoy's works, even if they contain reactionary and utopian things, are still the pride of the world's progressive mankind, and he is recognized as a literary master all over the world. Romain rolland's Who's Who and three writers of Zweig described him.

Character image

He was born with a hairy face, with more vegetation than open space, and his thick moustache made it difficult to see his inner world clearly. Beards covered his cheeks, covered his lips, covered his dark face wrinkled like bark, and fluttered in the wind one by one, quite like an elder. A finger-wide eyebrow stands upright like a tangled root. A lock of gray curly hair piled up on his forehead like foam. No matter which angle you look at, you can see the thick hair like a tropical forest. Like Michelangelo's painting of Moses, Tolstoy's unforgettable image comes from his fatherly beard that day, which was like a white wave rolled up.