In the west, due to Bernstein's revision of Marxist scientific socialism, social democracy began to break away from the proletarian revolutionary track of Marxism at the beginning of the 20th century and was institutionalized in capitalism through reformism. The influence of the * * * production party in the western countries during the peaceful development of post-war capitalism gradually declined, except for its extensive influence in developed capitalist countries during World War II. Especially after the 1990s, the * * * production party has become a non-mainstream political party in major western countries. Therefore, what we want to talk about and compare here can only be the socialist practice of the Social Democratic Party.
Before World War II, the Social Democrats in more than a dozen European countries participated in the bourgeois government or were in power alone through parliamentary democracy. For example, Xie Deman of the German Social Democratic Party formed a cabinet in 19 19, and Albert also served as the interim president of the Republic; Leonard of the Austrian Socialist Party was also elected Prime Minister in 19 19; Si Tong Ninger of the Danish Social Democratic Party came to power twice in 1924 and 1929; Brand of Swedish Social Democratic Party served as Prime Minister for three times in 1920,1921923, 1924- 1925, and Hansen served in1932. MacDonald of the British Labor Party served as British Prime Minister three times during the period of 1924- 1935. Practice has proved that in the absence of a revolutionary situation in Europe, the reformist line of the Social Democratic Party can achieve certain results. For more than half a century after World War II, almost all social Democrats in western Europe have had the experience of being in power or participating in politics, and some have been in power for a long time, which plays an important role in the domestic political life of various countries. Although the Social Democratic Party gradually abandoned Marxism as a whole and became a capitalist regime party and a reformist party in the 1930s, they are still the center-left forces in developed capitalist countries and represent the will and interests of the middle and lower classes in class politics. It should be noted that the Social Democratic Party has not given up the ideal of social justice since the Enlightenment, nor does it support the neo-liberal creed that ignores social justice and pursues profits and efficiency naked. During their administration or participation in politics, they took some measures to seek nationalization of enterprises, expand social insurance, promote public works and housing construction, strengthen education, improve the economic situation of the working class and safeguard the interests of the working people. In foreign policy, it is also to safeguard regional security and world peace and oppose colonialism, imperialism, hegemonism and the threat of war. However, due to the multi-party system in most developed capitalist countries, the activities of the Social Democratic Party in Western Europe are mainly to participate in parliamentary elections, and the rise and fall of its political influence can basically be reflected by its votes. At the same time, influenced by the great "pendulum law", it is difficult to maintain consistency and continuity in the actual implementation of policies due to the coming and going of the Social Democratic Party. Although the times and national conditions have changed, the Social Democratic Party has constantly put forward countermeasures for change or reform. For example, in the early 1950s, the Social Democratic Party claimed to have found the so-called "third way" of democratic socialism between capitalism and realistic socialism, and in the early 1990s, it claimed to have found a new so-called "third way" between the new free and competitive capitalism and the social welfare state of the old Social Democratic Party. On the one hand, we can conform to the objective situation of world development, gradually promote the improvement route, rely on the coordination of the Social Democratic Party, the international organization of the Socialist Party International, promote democracy in many ways, constantly adjust policies, win the support of the masses, accept their supervision, abolish the privileges of senior officials, pay attention to economic development, and bring benefits to the masses, which are all beneficial to the working class for the time being; On the other hand, it also has its inherent limitations, limited to local social improvement, and taking some measures with socialist factors to make up for capitalism failed to solve the inherent contradictions of capitalism and touched the foundation of capitalist social system, but fundamentally stabilized the rule of capitalism.
Generally speaking, as long as the internal contradictions of capitalism in various countries have not intensified to the point of revolutionary situation, and as long as the production parties in various countries have not completely got rid of the disadvantages of the Soviet-style over-centralized system and the "Left" line, then the Social Democratic Party that pursues democratic socialism or social democracy still has room for further development and growth. The Social Democratic Party and its democratic socialism or social democracy will also keep pace with the times and constantly change with the development and changes of the new scientific and technological revolution and the world capitalist and socialist situation.
Oriental socialism came into being in the process of the development of the socialist world, specifically, under the influence of western socialism. However, the socialist revolution predicted by Marx did not take place in the capitalist developed west, nor did it advance along the road of "Western Revolution-Oriental Revolution-World Revolution", but it was successful in the backward eastern countries, and the East became the source of the world revolution in the 20th century. The first stop of oriental socialism is Russia. Lenin held high Marxism, won the victory of Russian October Revolution in the early 20th century, and established the first socialist state system in the world. When the "world revolution" was hopeless and fruitless, Stalin put forward the theory of "building socialism in one country" and put it into practice. After World War II, the rise of the Eastern Group in Eastern Europe and the victory of the China Revolution made the east wind of the world overwhelm the west wind after the 1950s. The victory of the Cuban revolution in the 1950s and 1960s and the victory of socialist Vietnam in the Vietnam War hijacked the national liberation movement and made Marxist scientific socialism popular all over the world. By 1975, the number of socialist countries in the world had increased to 16, namely, the Soviet Union, Mongolia, Yugoslavia, Viet Nam, Albania, China, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, North Korea, Cuba, the German Democratic Republic, Laos and Cambodia. When socialist countries were most prosperous in the 1980s, their land area accounted for more than 1/4 of the world's land area, their population accounted for about 1/3 of the world's total population, their total industrial output value accounted for about 2/5 of the world, and their national income accounted for about 1/3 of the world. However, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the collapse of the Soviet-Eastern Group dealt a heavy blow to the oriental Marxist socialism. However, after 20 years of reform and opening up, China has regained the vitality and vigor of socialism. A big setback and a new situation are a strange situation in the development of socialism in the East. However, it is undeniable that the mainstream development of scientific socialism in the East in the 20th century has become an indisputable fact.
Historically, the biggest, most important, overall and identical mistake in building a socialist country is not on this specific issue, but on the general guiding ideology. That is to say, under the influence of long-term "Left" dogmatism, it is urgent to transition to complete socialism or * * * productism, which has surpassed the development stage and divorced from the reality of socialist construction in backward countries. Other problems and mistakes, such as political and economic system, ownership, distribution and other issues involving line, principles and policies, are all derived from this "Left" guiding ideology. The main reason for this "Left" guiding ideology is that the basic theoretical problem of "what is socialism and how to build it" is not clear. As Deng Xiaoping pointed out: "We have learned many lessons, and the most important one is to understand this problem." [9]
Oriental socialism in the 20th century appeared by leaps and bounds without the full development of capitalism, so there is indeed a big gap with the classical socialist theory of Marx and Engels. The influence of western European countries' economic development, the achievements of eastern socialism development and the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe over the past century have provided us with a macro-thinking background to face the current global economic situation. Socialism with Chinese characteristics should not be regarded as the complete realization form of Marx and Engels' socialist thought in China, but as the socialism that should and may be realized according to the basic theory of Marxism and the actual situation in China at this stage. As the saying goes, "the theory is gray and the tree of life is evergreen."
The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: "We advocate maintaining the diversity of the world and promoting the democratization of international relations and the diversification of development models. The world is rich and colorful. All civilizations, different social systems and different development paths in the world should respect each other, learn from each other's strong points in competition and comparison, and develop together in seeking common ground while reserving differences. The affairs of all countries should be decided by the people of all countries, and the affairs of the world should be negotiated by all countries on an equal footing. " [10] What we are talking about here is international relations, which I think is also applicable to our research and thinking on contemporary world socialism. Recognition of diversity should include recognition of the diversity of domestic social conditions, recognition of the diversity of world civilization, recognition of the diversity of social systems in various countries and the diversity of world socialist movements. This is a breakthrough in our traditional concept and a fundamental change. The world socialist movement has a model, but there is no fixed model; Mode is a static concept, but it is a dynamic practice; Patterns can be learned and used for reference, but they must not be copied. "Mode innovation and various forms" should be the basic trend and trend of the future world socialist movement. This should also be the biggest and most beneficial enlightenment we have got from the practice and development of world socialism in the east and west for one hundred years.