Connect. 2. Classroom extension method. In the primary school science class "Animals and Environment", students studied the relationship between earthworms and light, temperature and humidity, and found that earthworms like dark, supermarket and warm environment, and learned to experiment with the difference method to judge the wrong causal relationship. After class, you can study the living environment of centipedes, crickets, ants and other small animals with the methods you have learned. You can continue to study other mysteries of earthworms: for example, does earthworms have eyes? Can earthworms open their ears? Earthworms' regeneration ability, soil loosening ability, etc. 3. Question inquiry method. The little fly is really annoying, it is the chief culprit of infectious diseases! But he's really weird. He often comes into contact with all kinds of bacteria. Why doesn't he get sick? Sleeping can relieve fatigue and restore energy. Do fish who wander leisurely in the water all day sleep? ..... In your daily life and study, you will definitely have some questions you don't understand. Can you use it as the research object of your thesis? Mao Dengsheng, a fifth-grade student in Daoxian County, Hunan Province, was playing with some classmates in the bamboo forest near the school one day, arguing endlessly about whether the bamboo was empty or what was in it. Careful Mao Dengsheng has always kept this problem in mind. After school, he consulted materials and did experiments, and concluded with a lot of evidence that bamboo is not empty, but contains air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and other gases. Based on this, the essay "What's in Bamboo" won the first prize of the first national youth scientific essay contest. 4. Teacher guidance method. If you have a small animal or some flowers, but don't know where to start, you can find a teacher to choose a topic according to your actual situation and conditions. If you join the school's science and technology group, you can tell the teacher the idea of the research and let the teacher determine the research topic, and then you can observe and experiment around the topic. For example, under the guidance of teachers, students from the Biology Group of Chongqing People's Primary School have selected some research topics, completed many small papers such as Investigation on the Characteristics of Yellow Horned Trees in Chongqing and Evergreen Water in Zhushengtian Reservoir, and won the first prize of the National Youth Small Paper for many times. 5. Scientific verification of idioms and proverbs. Most idioms are created by people in their long-term social life and practice, but some of them come from fables, folklore and established ones. A few of these idioms do not necessarily conform to the objective reality. It can be analyzed and verified by scientific methods. Everyone is familiar with the idiom "a drop of water wears away a stone", which means that a drop of water can wear away a stone. This is a metaphor. As long as you persist, you can do seemingly difficult things even if your strength is small. But common sense tells us that "water drop" is just a drop of liquid, with little force and not too fast impact speed. How can it go through hard rock? Members and students began to doubt the scientific nature of this idiom, and verified the scientific nature of this idiom by doing simulation experiments and consulting materials. "Spring breeze blows the east wind, and our ancestors get wet" is a well-known meteorological proverb. A classmate made a detailed observation record of the temperature, wind direction and weather in March, and then obtained the application scope of this proverb by using scientific statistics, which provided a reference for meteorological forecast. Sunflowers bloom to the sun. Is this still fake? However, Hunan native Jiang Linbo challenged this theory. Through two years' experimental observation, he came to the conclusion that "Sunflowers don't always turn to the sun" and "Sunflowers turn with the sun should refer to the bud stage, and don't move after flowering". From this point of view, even if it is a long-recognized conclusion, we should study it carefully and don't follow suit. Only in this way can we innovate. It is particularly important to note that subjective and objective conditions should be considered when choosing a topic. As the saying goes, "know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle." When choosing a topic, you should be clear about your strengths and weaknesses, whether you are interested in the research problem, whether you have the ability to study clearly, whether you have reached this level of knowledge and understanding, whether you have the perseverance to complete this topic, and whether you have experimental equipment and venues to study this problem. If you finish the topic of "Exploring the Mystery of Snakes", you must master the basic knowledge about snakes, have the ability to catch snakes, be able to distinguish poisonous snakes from non-poisonous snakes, and master the rescue methods of being bitten by poisonous snakes. In addition, it is necessary to have equipment for raising snakes. Otherwise, it is better to change a topic that is more in line with subjective and objective conditions. After the topic selection analysis of the four small papers is determined, the topic selection analysis can be carried out. The specific content is to make a research plan, collect and sort out data, conduct in-depth field visits, conduct observation experiments, analyze various data and draw conclusions. (a) 1, direct observation. It is a way for people to observe natural phenomena under natural conditions by looking carefully with their eyes. Be careful when observing, don't let go of any subtle details. Zhuang Yueping, a student from Yunnan, spent 2_0_ days observing the whole process of pigeon hatching in detail. Almost every day, new discoveries are made, even a black spot on the pigeon and wrinkles on its eyelids are not let go. Therefore, this article "Observing Pigeon Hatching" is true and rich in content. At the same time, the observation should be recorded in detail, otherwise it is impossible to get real first-hand materials. 2. Hands-on experiments. The experimental method is to artificially intervene and control the research object, which is more conducive to giving full play to the initiative of students to reveal hidden natural mysteries than observation. What do insects do with their hind legs? Zhang Jun, a student from Hubei Province, has successively caught more than a dozen insects such as locusts, grasshoppers and crickets, and cut off their hind legs. Through repeated experiments, observations and comparisons, many special functions of insects have been discovered. 3. Field trip. Including investigation, visit and field trip. Before the inspection, the purpose of the inspection and the necessary tools, instruments, medicines, daily necessities, etc. must be made clear. Must be prepared. In the process of inspection, it is necessary to record the time, place, process and inspection results in detail at any time and place, and sometimes bring back necessary specimens and samples to take pictures of more important phenomena. These are very useful first-hand information. 4. Get information. Due to the limitation of time, space or objective conditions, it is impossible to observe, experiment and investigate some materials in person, so we have to consult books and periodicals or consult teachers and parents. This indirectly obtained material is called second-hand material. Some problems can't be solved by your knowledge level, ability and conditions. This problem must be solved in your topic selection, so you have to check the information and find out. (2) After analyzing the obtained materials, it is necessary to conduct analysis and research, select materials that can be used as arguments, select the rough ones according to the arguments, sort out and analyze them according to the scientific attitude, and draw your own arguments and opinions. First of all, we should check the authenticity of various materials. Some of the materials we consult are outdated views, some explanations are only applicable to a certain range, some materials are not universal, some materials are recorded incorrectly or are fictional. This material should be used resolutely. Secondly, we should pay attention to the typicality of materials, that is, choose materials that can explain the problem, not too much, but fine, and discard materials that have nothing to do with the argument or have little to do with it. Thirdly, it is an argument to classify the selected materials, study their similarities and differences, and the relationship between them, and then draw a conclusion. The thesis argument comes from the analysis and research of materials, so we can't draw a conclusion first, and then find the materials suitable for proving the argument. For example, Xiong studied the eyesight of earthworms. She chose four materials (1) and shook them in front of earthworms with wooden sticks, red scarves and pencils. (2) the response of earthworms to various foods; (3) the response of earthworms placed at home; (4) Please ask Grandpa to get information about whether earthworms have eyes. Through the analysis of the first three experiments, it is preliminarily judged that earthworms have no eyes, rely on their sense of smell to find food and rely on photoreceptor cells to find dark places. The fourth material further confirmed her inference and made the argument fully demonstrated and convincing. 5. Writing of scientific papers After sorting out and analyzing the materials, you can start writing. Although there is no fixed format, writing should generally follow the steps of asking questions, making assumptions, researching and analyzing, and drawing conclusions. Generally speaking, scientific papers should include the following parts. The title is the "eyes" of the article. A good title is accurate, concise and attractive, which can give readers a fresh feeling and a deep impression, and play the role of making the finishing point. The so-called "exact" means that the title of the article must summarize the central content of the article, so that people can see it at a glance, and they can't digress or deduct the topic, let alone use exaggerated words. The so-called "conciseness" means that the index questions should be refined, comprehensive, and focused, so as to be concise. There are many ways to start, depending on the research content and your favorite writing style, but generally speaking, you should come straight to the point and ask the questions you are discussing. How did you come up with the idea of studying this problem? The article "Why Guiyang is the Second Spring City of the Motherland" begins: "I live in Guiyang, and I often hear people say that' Kunming is the Spring City and Guiyang is the Second Spring City'. As for why, I don't understand. I am determined to record the weather forecast and see if Guiyang is really the second spring city? " The desire to verify its scientific nature stems from such a sentence. The problems in some articles are produced and discovered by accidental observation. You can also describe the process in chronological order from the beginning, and then ask questions at the right time. Text is the part of analyzing and solving problems. It includes hypothesis, observation, experiment, investigation process, discovered phenomena, judgment, reasoning and conclusion. This is the core part of this paper. It should be noted that the research steps should be carefully written, the experimental process, data and the origin of phenomena should be clearly written, and the narrative should be in a certain order. The data materials should be accurate and can be designed into tables and charts that can explain the problem. If necessary, photos and collected specimens can be attached to enhance persuasiveness. The conclusions drawn should have their own unique opinions, be consistent with the arguments and have strict logic. Words should be concise and vivid, with distinct levels and clear organization. At the end of the article, you should write down your conclusions and suggestions on a certain problem. At the end of the article "Vision of Earthworms": "Oh, I see, earthworms are completely blind. They rely on their sense of smell to find their favorite food, and use photoreceptors to distinguish the intensity of light. "The conclusion is the end, which echoes the questions raised at the beginning and has received good results. After the first draft of the paper is completed, it will be revised repeatedly. See whether the beginning is concise, whether the argument is typical and true, whether the argument is logical, whether the argument is novel and coherent, whether the paragraphs are naturally connected, and whether the language is smooth and accurate. Let the classmates and teachers help to revise, and gradually improve after the revision. Finally, send it to the newspaper for publication or participate in small paper competitions at all levels.