Xiangxi Tusi System, which lasted for more than 800 years.
Is the chieftain system in Xiangxi ruled by the feudal dynasty in China? Yidi? By enfeoffment, local leaders can be hereditary to prevent? Yidi invasion? The political system is the product of ethnic minorities.
The court appointed Peng as the leader, and the local people respectfully called him the toast. The toast has supreme power in the local area. In other words, local tyrants. The chieftain system began in the Five Dynasties and ended in the Qing Dynasty. It has existed in China for nearly 800 years, ruling nearly 2 million square kilometers in southwest China. Its vast imperial territory and the prosperity of the ancient city are impressive. Peng Shiduo, a tribute student in Qing Dynasty, marveled at Zhuzhi Ci. In the city of pumice, there are brocade nests, water waves next to the land palace, red lights and thousands of people, and a lingering hand-shaking song.
1. Have you ever heard of the toast system in Xiangxi? A lifetime?
Before the Yuan Dynasty, there was no chieftain system in China, but as early as the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Central Plains court set up Jimizhou to control the southern barbarians with Jimizhi policy. Build its chief and make the town caressed to realize its rule over foreigners? . After the development and evolution of the local official system in Yuan Dynasty and the perfection in Ming and Qing Dynasties, a relatively complete chieftain system was gradually formed.
Wang Peng, the toast, is the founder of the toast system in western Hunan. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the clansmen became independent, and Peng Shizhen and Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, contended, and the battle of Xizhou was noisy. The toast king is brave and good at fighting, and his reputation is far spread.
Although Peng was defeated in the Battle of Xizhou, he was forced to sign a covenant with Nan Chu, but because of his high prestige, the King of Chu could not, not only could not kill him, but wanted to seal his position as the secretariat of Xizhou. This is equivalent to the court's disguised recognition of some autonomous regimes in Xizhou, a minority area, thus further establishing the Tusi system.
Peng, the toast king, signed a covenant with the king of Chu.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the chieftain was subordinate to the Central Plains court and subordinate to the feudal dynasty. The imperial court even allowed some Tusi to incorporate a certain number of Turkish troops, which were subordinate to Tusi and incorporated into the national military system, managed by the central government, and sent by the imperial court for conquest when necessary. So-called? At the end of the lotus, there is nothing to plow, something to repair and fight, and the army is too far away to defend, and the official has no cost to raise troops? . Therefore, in history, the Turkish army was a great help for the imperial court to resist foreign enemies.
The chieftain system of the Ming Dynasty followed the system of the Yuan Dynasty, and all those who joined the clan were given heavy use by officials. During the Ming Dynasty, the relationship between Tusi and the imperial court was very close, and the Tusi system was more complete.
In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the influence of Tusi became stronger and stronger, and the threat to the government increased day by day. If ignored, there will be a danger of division. The internal contradictions in the area under the jurisdiction of the chieftain have also continued, and there have been many riots in the area. As the center of local rights, Tusi is extremely hedonistic. The chieftain's life is luxurious and decadent, the ruling method is cruel and tyrannical, and the people are miserable and complain, even reaching? Is it nature to take their cows and horses and their children? The degree of.
In order to weaken the feudal separatist forces of the chieftain system, the Qing government launched? Change the soil and return to the flow? The government abolished the chieftain system on a large scale in southwest China and began to reform the governance of floating officials. In the end, the imperial army of Qing Dynasty was under pressure, and the toast system collapsed.
2. Persistent hatred of the barbarians in the south
In the ancient southern barbarian areas? Strike the enemy? Bad habits are the internal diseases of ethnic minorities. The two families will fight because of the bad blood between Silk and Chestnut, and killing and injuring are common. The murdered family is the enemy of the family. You're here. I'll die. Those who have not reported their revenge, plant a tree symbol, and father and son will never forget it. After revenge, they will cut down trees and cut traces. There is an old saying:? Miao family feud, IX Hugh? It can be seen that his hatred is long and his resentment is far-reaching.
Although the barbarians in the south have the habit of killing each other, their purpose is not to kill each other, but to adjust social relations and maintain the relative stability between resources and interests through this violent way. The court seized the crux of the barbarian society and provided protection for the toast. In exchange, the toast was allowed to run for the court. This provided an opportunity for the court to contain and intervene in the southern barbarian society. In the southern barbarian society, the wars caused by competing for resources and family conflicts were also effectively controlled through the intervention and adjustment of the Central Plains court.
During the reign of Tusi, Tujia people had frequent exchanges with the outside world, which promoted the traditional exchange and integration of language, culture and folk customs among ethnic minorities and formed a unique Tusi culture in western Hunan.
Ancient and unique folk culture
Xiangxi folk culture is the inheritance of the life practice of Xiangxi ethnic minorities from generation to generation, and it is a unique cultural pearl. There are about 40 ethnic minorities in Xiangxi, among which Tujia and Miao have the largest population and the widest range. Therefore, the folk culture of Xiangxi mainly refers to Tujia and Miao.
1. Mandarin
Tujia language is divided into Biji and Monzi. Tujia language has no characters, but is passed down by word of mouth. Few people use Tujia dialect. With the popularization of Putonghua, many national languages have gradually disappeared.
Miao language originally had no characters, but at the beginning of the 20th century, some Han intellectuals created dialect characters in order to develop Miao language education, translate the Bible and record folk stories. However, due to the complex internal system and great language differences of Miao nationality, it is difficult to unify for a while.
2. National costumes and diets
Clothing reflects the characteristics and traditions of this nation to some extent. Xiangxi's national costumes have unique patterns, bright colors and strong contrast. The Miao people's clothing is mainly red and blue. Women wear shawls and ribbons around their waists, embroidered cloth shoes under crimson pleated skirts, and men wear embroidered flat-topped hats and robes with colored embroidered blocks.
Tujia costumes are simple and elegant, mainly red, white and blue, with narrow top and wide bottom, and harmonious and beautiful colors. Ethnic minorities in western Hunan worship totems, so they embroider auspicious patterns to avoid disasters. We can even learn about the cultural geography and religious beliefs of ethnic minorities from the embroidery of clothes.
The diets of ethnic minorities in western Hunan are mostly pure natural ingredients, among which wild ingredients are relatively healthy and unique, such as bracken, bamboo shoots, pupae, mussels, frogs and rabbits. Miao and Tujia people have the habit of curing and smoking meat. The ethnic minority cuisines in Xiangxi are mainly hot and sour, and what else? No pepper, no food? Said. There are many famous dishes in Xiangxi: spicy chicken, Xiangxi sour fish, Xiangxi bacon and so on.
Xiangxi bacon
Xiangxi is located in the subtropical zone, surrounded by mountains and rich in biological resources. However, the land is stony and the farming conditions are extremely poor, so we can only rely on mountains to eat, and the cooking techniques and cookers are extremely primitive.
3. Diaojiao Building by the Mountain and Waters
Diaojiaolou is a traditional building of ethnic minorities in western Hunan, which conforms to both nature and national aesthetics. Practical and beautiful, it embodies the wisdom of ethnic minorities from the eaves to the roof. The front row of the house is suspended, which is a typical dry-walled building. It is divided into upper and lower floors, with people living on the upper floor and firewood or livestock on the lower floor. Diaojiaolou, antique and surrounded by mountains and waters, has become a major feature of Xiangxi. Looking down from a height, the diaojiao building is strewn at random, row upon row, perfect and natural.
It is reported that the diaojiao building has a history of more than 4,000 years in China. Xiangxi is mountainous and watery, with low valleys and high humidity. The design of the diaojiao building can prevent moisture, poisonous snakes and mosquitoes. People will carve auspicious patterns on the railings in the corridor, and the decoration in the house is also full of national characteristics.
A wooden/bamboo house supported by wooden supports, with ladders extending upward.
Diaojiaolou conforms to Xiangxi ethnic minorities? Harmony between man and nature? The philosophical concept and housing distribution inside the diaojiao building also fully embodies the ethical concept of orderly aging.
Miao people's worship of totem is not only reflected in clothing, but also in architecture. Therefore, the interior decoration of Miao Diaojiao Building is mostly related to these national totems.
Tujia people have? People have souls, and houses have souls. A person's soul leaves his body, and he suffers. Without a good soul, he suffers? There are gods everywhere in front of and behind the house. Therefore, there are gods in the main room of Tujia Diaojiao Building.
4. Song Quyi and Dance
Xiangxi ethnic minorities are hospitable and can sing and dance well. Does Xiangxi know? Hagrid? It's called "narrative with songs, lyric with songs", a Miao proverb cloud? Han people can't live without books, and Miao people can't live without three? ,? Sa? Is it in Miao language? Folk songs? The meaning of. Therefore, the ethnic minorities in western Hunan have left many songs and dances that have been passed down to this day.
Tujia people have the habit of crying marriage, and all Miao women should sing "crying marriage songs" when they get married to express their complaints about arranged marriages in feudal times. Women usually cry and sing for seven days to a month until their voices are hoarse. In addition, there are Tujia Daliu, Tujia folk songs, Yongshun fishing drums and so on, all of which have Tujia characteristics.
Tujia waving dance originated from an ancient sacrificial ceremony, and its performance style is changeable, rough and primitive? Sacrificial dance? Live a fishing and hunting life? Hunting dance? Is it for fun again? Banquet dance. Wait a minute.
Miao nationality's inspiration is in Miao language? Baolong? It also originated from a sacrificial activity, and encouragement can be divided into flower encouragement, monkey encouragement, single encouragement for men and women, and so on. Miao drum is regarded as a national sacred object in Miao nationality. There are many unique ancient dances of Miao nationality, such as dragon dance and towel dance, which have been listed in the national intangible cultural heritage list.
Miao songs in Xiangxi have a long history. Five tones and ten tones? Beautiful and beautiful, Miao people have integrated history, love, religion and life into Miao songs, which have been sung to this day.
5. Unique festivals in Xiangxi
On the basis of traditional festivals in China, there are many festivals unique to ethnic minorities in Xiangxi. Like Tujia? Tujia year? . Tujia people will celebrate the new year on the day before the new year and become? New year's day? . At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the enemy invaded the Central Plains, and Ming Xianzong sent local troops in western Hunan to defend their homes against the enemy. The imperial edict arrived the day before China New Year, so Tujia people decided to celebrate China New Year one day in advance. Later, Tujia children heroically killed the enemy and were given royal gifts? The first merit in southeast China? This plaque, Tujia to commemorate this disciple, so there is? Tujia year? .
Tujia nationality year
Miao people also have festivals such as Miao Year and Dragon Boat Festival, which are huge and lively.
abstract
The chieftain system in China lasted for nearly eight centuries, including the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty. In this long time, it has inherited and spread its own unique folk tradition and culture. From food, clothing, housing and transportation to singing and dancing, the folk culture of ethnic minorities in western Hunan has long been self-contained.
The success and long-term existence of the chieftain system in China is due to the fact that the government has grasped the internal problems of ethnic minorities in the southern region, grasped the balance of barbarians in the south, and used the chieftain power for its own use. Although the Tusi gradually got out of control in the late Ming Dynasty, the Tusi forces did make great contributions to China's fight against the Japanese invaders and other invaders.
Now the toast system has died out, but the folk culture left by the toast system is still brilliant. They have become the inseparable flesh and blood of the Chinese nation, showing unique vitality.
References:
1, "Investigation on the Present Situation of Folk Culture in Laosicheng, Xiangxi"
2. One of the dual dimensions of Tujia Tusi music.
3. Tusi system and foreigner governance in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.