Comprehensive application of various expressions

1 Narration: an expression of characters experience and the development and change of things. It is the most basic, common and main expression in writing.

Description: it is a concrete and vivid description of the appearance, action, nature and shape of things, and the appearance and changes of scenery.

3 explanation: it is an expression to explain things objectively and accurately in concise language.

Lyric: It is a written expression that the author expresses his subjective feelings and pours out his feelings through the central figures in his works, which can be divided into direct lyric and indirect lyric. To express one's mind directly is to express one's mind directly. Indirect lyric is to express love and hate in narration, description and discussion.

Discussion: Write your own opinions or reasons according to the work.

Summary:

1. Six narrative elements: people, time, place, cause, process and result of events.

The narrator refers to the first person and the third person.

3. Narrative clue: 1 Take time transfer as the clue 2 Take a person as the clue 3 Take one thing as the clue 4 Take one thing as the clue.

4. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback, insertion and supplementary narration.

5. Narrative is divided according to the development process, spatial transformation, content change, character, scene change, emotion change and expression change of the event.

6. Narrative expression: narration and description (language, action, appearance, psychology, expression, environment, etc. Or front, side), discussion, lyric, explanation, etc.

7. Features of narrative language: accurate and vivid.

8. Narrative techniques: sketching, setting off, rendering, contrast, bedding, bedding, etc.

Summary:

1. The answers to the reading questions of narrative and literary works mainly start from two aspects:

First of all, summarize the content of the article and grasp the following points:

(1) To grasp the elements of narrative, the main writer should specify what to write, and the main writer should specify what kind of person to write.

(2) Grasp the key sentences and try to figure out why the author wrote these people and things.

(3) Analyze the relationship between layers, clarify the context of the article, and then summarize.

The second is to find out the structural characteristics and forms of expression of narrative and literary works. Master the following methods of dividing paragraphs:

(1) divided by time and space change

(2) according to the changes of the author's thoughts and feelings

(3) According to the change of narrative content.

(4) According to the change of description angle and development stage.

2. In terms of content, paragraphs are answered with the center and meaning (thoughts and feelings).

Structurally: total score

Opening paragraph: Always start with the full text.

Middle paragraph: connecting the preceding with the following.

Concluding paragraph: summarize the full text or quote the theme or echo from beginning to end.

Supplement:

Fairy tales are generally narratives, but they can also be written by discussion.

When reading a narrative, we should make clear the relevant knowledge points and grasp its stylistic features.

First, the concept of narrative: narrative is an article with narrative and description as the main forms of expression and people, narrative, scenery and things as the main contents. In middle school, for the convenience of teaching, news, communications, biographies, memoirs, fables, fairy tales, novels, etc. Often classified as narrative teaching.

Second, the classification of narrative: from the content and way of writing, it can be divided into two categories: simple narrative and complex narrative. According to the different writing objects, it can be divided into four categories: 1. Write people's narrative; 2. Narrative narration; 3. Narrative writing of scenery (prose); 4. the narrative of the matter.

Third, the elements of narrative: narrative has six elements-time, place, people, the cause, process and result of events.

Fourth, the narrative order: there are three commonly used-direct narrative, flashback, and interpolation.

5. Narrative clues: Generally, there are the following types-human line, material line, emotional line, event line, time line and ground line.

Sixth, the narrator: generally speaking, the first person or the third person is used, and sometimes the second person is used.

Seven, narrative center and details: overall perception, accurately grasp the center of the article. Analyze the relationship between materials and center, and understand the detailed arrangement of materials.

Eight, narrative expression: there are five common-narrative, descriptive, explanatory, argumentative, lyrical.

Thinking and skills to solve problems:

Do narrative reading questions, you can start from the following aspects:

One, benefit from the law class, benefit after class:

In the three years of junior high school, we learned a lot of beautiful narratives in textbooks. Mr. Ye Shengtao said: "Wen is just an example." We should learn the general methods of narrative reading from these examples, and then apply these methods to the reading of extracurricular paragraphs.

Narrative is the most commonly used style in our life and study. Therefore, we must master the reading and writing methods of narrative. The information revealed by the examination questions in recent years shows that reading more books and thinking more will be beneficial to study and examination.

For example, from 1999, the State Education Commission advocated reading more books and reading good books. The National Chinese Curriculum Standard published on 200 1 lists the recommended books for middle school students' extracurricular reading. It can be seen that broadening your horizons and enriching your reading life are beneficial to you in many ways.

Second, the specific steps are as follows:

1. Perceive the content of the article as a whole and define the center.

2. See the relationship between the parts of the article, get a general idea of the article, clarify the structure of the article, and divide the level of the article.

3. Feel the thoughts and feelings expressed in the language of the article.

4. Understand the meaning of words and sentences in the context, and understand the meaning and function of words in a specific language environment.

5. Find out the most deeply felt sentences or paragraphs in the text, grasp the center of a paragraph, find out the key sentences and understand the deep meaning of these sentences.

6. Appreciate the beautiful and incisive sentences in the article, initially appreciate the images and descriptions in literary works, and appreciate the vivid images of the language.

7. When reading prose, we should understand the thoughts and feelings contained in the people or things written by the author, understand the characteristics of material selection and composition of the article, and understand the characteristics of prose that "the form is scattered and the spirit is scattered".

8. When reading a novel, we should grasp the personality characteristics of the characters, analyze the description of their appearance, language, movements and psychological activities, understand the plot of the story, understand the role of environmental description and understand the author's writing intention.

Browse, read, reread,

1 Get a rough idea first.

Read carefully with questions.

Reading more books can better grasp the thoughts and feelings of books.

4. Grasp the main content of the article and clarify the writing ideas.

Writing attention

Narrative order

Direct narrative, flashback, insertion, supplementary narrative, sub-narrative.

means of expression

Narration, description, discussion, explanation and lyricism.

portrait

Appearance, language, manners, details, movements, psychological description.

Environmental description

Description of natural environment and social environment.

Narrative writing

1, time

Step 2: Location

3. Characteristics

4. Events and event background

5. Reflect the truth (theme)

6. My epiphany, experience and feelings in this incident.

These are all equally important. Lack of one of them is not narrative, just like a person without a heart, a liver and a lung.

General rhetoric

1. Metaphor is to explain abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar things with concrete, simple and familiar things according to the similarity of things, that is, metaphor. Function: It can make the expressed content vivid and concrete, give people a vivid and profound impression, explain abstruse and unfamiliar things with simple and common things, and help people understand them deeply. There are three types of metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy. Simile A is like B, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like a little girl is like a flower. Metaphorically, A is B, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like, like.

2. Personify people to write things as adults, endow things with people's words and deeds or thoughts and feelings, and describe things with words that describe people. Function: write animals, birds, insects, flowers, trees or other inanimate things into adults, so that specific things are personalized and the language is vivid. Such as: peach trees, apricot trees, pear trees, you won't let me, I won't let you, they are all full of flowers to catch up with.

3. Exaggeration deliberately exaggerates or reduces the essence and characteristics of things. Function: prompt the essence of things, contrast the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power, and cause associative effects. Category characteristics: Magnification exaggerates the shape, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, and even the bronze medal in front of the store seems to have been shrunk by the sun. Exaggeration narrows the image, nature, characteristics, function and degree of things, just to see a palm-sized world in advance. Exaggerated, the latter appeared first, and the former appeared later. She was drunk before she picked up her glass.

4. Parallelism is to arrange sentences or components with the same or similar structure, consistent tone and related meanings. Function: Enhance the language atmosphere and enhance the expression effect. For example, their quality is so pure and noble, their will is so tough and strong, their temperament is so simple and humble, and their mind is so beautiful and broad.

5. A pair of phrases or sentences with the same number of words, the same structural form and symmetrical meaning express two opposite or similar meanings. Function: neat and symmetrical, strong sense of rhythm, high generality, easy to remember and beautiful in music. Such as: frown coldly at a thousand fingers, bow down and be a willing ox.

6. Repeat a word or sentence repeatedly to emphasize a certain meaning and express a certain feeling. Types of repetition: continuous repetition and interval repetition, with no other words in the middle of continuous repetition. There are other words in interval repetition. There was an echo from the valley. He just left. He just left. (Repeatedly) It seems that after the loss of the three provinces, the party and the country are more and more like one country. Without the three northeastern provinces, no one will ring, but the party and the country are more and more like a country. (Repeat at regular intervals)

7. Ask questions in order to attract others' attention, deliberately ask questions first, and then answer them yourself. Function: Remind people to think, and some highlight some contents to make readers pay more attention to the effect expressed by this question. Why are flowers so red? First of all, it has its material basis.

8. There is no doubt that rhetorical questions are beyond doubt. Express clear meaning in question form, express negation in affirmative form and express affirmation in negative form. What about me? Have I nothing to blame?

9. Quoting ready-made words to improve the effect of language expression can be divided into direct quotation and indirect quotation. For example, "modesty makes people progress, and pride makes people lag behind", and we should remember this truth.

10. Replace what you want to express with something related. Types of metonymy: characteristic substituting for things, concrete substituting for abstraction, part substituting for whole, and whole substituting for part. For example, don't take a needle or thread from the masses. Sir, can't you give me cash, Yuan Shikai?

1 1. Irony expresses the original intention with words or sentences that are opposite to the original intention, and enhances the expression effect through irony. Some satirize and expose, while others express intimate and friendly feelings. For example, (students studying in the Qing Dynasty) also have broken braids, which are flat. Except for the hat, they are all shiny and visible, just like a little girl's bun, and you have to twist your neck a few times. It's really beautiful.

12 contrast is a figure of speech that compares two different things or two aspects of the same thing together. For example, some people are alive but dead; Some people died, but he is still alive. (Cang Kejia, "Some People")

Using contrast, we must have a deep understanding of the contradiction of what we want to express. Two things to be compared or two aspects of the same thing should be opposite, otherwise they cannot be compared.

Narrative ending

The ending technique of narrative

If the beginning is compared to "firecrackers", then the end is like "bells". The ancients said: "A good ending is like chewing dried fruit and tasting fragrant tea, which makes people memorable." Like the beginning, the ending is also very important. It would be a pity if an article with a clear theme and a novel angle was ruined by an ominous ending when it was finished! The ending should not only serve the content and center of the article, but also be restricted by the "beginning", which increases the difficulty of writing the ending. People call the end of a good article "leopard tail". Judging from the composition of the senior high school entrance examination, although the ending of the article is not necessarily required to be "leopard tail", it is also required to be concise, vivid and just right. Generally speaking, the common mistakes at the end of students' compositions are:

1. That is to say, the full text is over, which should be thought-provoking, but the author is still uneasy and determined to shake a few words, leaving the whereabouts of people who don't need to be explained one by one and piercing the meaning that could have been realized.

Empty slogans. Finally, in order to show his position and attitude, he shouted something irrelevant to the content of the article, which is the big problem at the end.

3 sloppily. The meaning of the ending is clear, but it is too late to finish, which conflicts with the theme of the article.

Commonly used composition in senior high school entrance examination

From this point of view, the ending of the senior high school entrance examination composition is particularly important. How to write a good ending and improve the quality of exam composition? The following are the commonly used ending techniques for senior high school entrance examination compositions.

1, natural beam. No matter what style of article, after expressing the content, it naturally closes the full text, instead of designing profound philosophical sentences and carving rich symbolic forms. This ending is called "natural ending". It completely avoids the end fault of gilding the lily and moaning without illness, which is concise, lively and unpretentious, and is widely used in the composition of the senior high school entrance examination. The composition atmosphere in the examination room is tense and the competition is fierce, so we should not pay too much attention to "form" and "law". As long as you have passion, write freely and fully express your feelings, it is a good article. But paying attention to "nature" does not mean being arbitrary and hasty, but ending the overall situation along the natural trend of literary thinking development. There are many such examples in the learned text, so I won't repeat them here.

2. Echo from beginning to end. The end should echo the beginning, write a sentence that echoes the beginning, and don't simply repeat it. This way of ending is a common way of ending all kinds of articles. This method can arouse readers' psychological aesthetic feeling and produce a feeling of rounded head and tail. For example, A Precious Shirt says, "In my house, there is a white shirt, which is really cool." Finally, I wrote: "I have carefully collected this precious shirt for four years, and I have never been willing to wear it once." Praise the end of the poplar and the beginning echoed at a distance: "I want to praise the poplar loudly!" "

3, the pawn Zhang Xianzhi style. This way of ending is to express the theme clearly at the end of the article, relying on the content of the full text and using concise language, or to explain the writing intention clearly at the end of the full text, so this way of ending is also called "making the finishing point". For example, at the end of Jujube Kernel, it reads: "Changing the nation does not mean changing the national feelings. No nation is so attached to its homeland as we are." At the end of "Remember a Spinning Wheel", I wrote: "It is a pleasure to struggle with difficulties. -Remember a spinning wheel. "

4. Famous sayings and epigrams. Ending with famous aphorisms and poems is intended to extend the article and reveal the true meaning of some kind of life. It often appears at the end of essays, narratives and essays. In a few words, it expresses profound and thought-provoking philosophical or warning content, which is deeply imprinted in readers' hearts and has the effect of "endless words and endless meanings". At the end of "Pear Blossoms in the Post Road", it reads: "Pears in the Post Road are everywhere."

5. Lyric discussion. Ending an article with lyrical comments can express the feelings of the author, arouse the emotional waves of readers and arouse their voices, which has a strong artistic appeal. This way of ending is mainly used in narrative, explanatory and argumentative writing. There are various forms of the ending of lyric discussion, so the ending is more free. A good lyric discussion ending will inevitably bring true feelings and give readers a sense of reality and sufficiency. For example, at the end of Flower Market, it says, "She stands among hundreds of flowers with a smile, like a flower, like a beautiful and elegant orchid." Another example is the two natural paragraphs at the end of "Missing Mother", which is a typical lyric ending.

The composition should be done in one go, and the ending should be in the same strain as the previous text, which is indispensable. The end of a composition is the same as the beginning, although it is different, it also has its own rules to follow. The above ending methods are just some common ending methods, so don't copy them mechanically. The really good ending lies in the students' solid training at ordinary times, in the candidates' improvisation and in the candidates' "extra-poetic merits".

for instance

Please look at the end of the examinee's composition:

If life is no longer green, we are still looking for it, why not take action to protect green and the environment, so that we can have green forever. At that time, green will sing: "I come gently, just like you (desert) walk quietly ..." (Anonymous "If Life is Without Green")

Comments: The author naturally thinks of green from the environment, and then starts a topic around "If life is no longer green". Starting with the comparison of "past", "today" and "tomorrow", the article emphasizes that the environment is deteriorating and the green is decreasing, which will naturally lead to anxiety. Then, he skillfully used the beautiful sentence in Xu Zhimo's Farewell to Cambridge, which triggered thinking about life without green, leaving room for imagination. Middle school students' friends, there is no fixed method for writing. Which ending method you use depends on the stylistic requirements and your own preferences, and you can't copy dogma. If some can be discussed, some can be described, some can be suspended, some can be quoted, and so on. Middle school students' friends also need to exercise more and experience more in practice, and try their best to explore in order to achieve the same effect. In this way, I believe that the students will be able to write the ending of "When the bell rings, the reverberation will be around the beam".

model essay

Embrace happiness

Brilliant happiness:

Hello! I know that when I write this letter, you have been jumping around me and can't wait to know what I have to tell you.

I know you are the spring of nature. You make winter snow melt into a running stream with a beautiful smile; You touch the flowers with soft songs; You use your warm arms to make the grass appear excited green; You filled the world with the breath of spring with a warm breeze.

I know you are the spring of mankind. You walk into the lives of desperate people and let them pick up their love for life; You pass by the world of frustrated people and make them full of confidence in the world again; You stay in the hearts of the fallen, let them be baptized and find their original self; You are stationed in this beautiful world, so that it will always be full of spring-like warmth.

You, endless happiness, will always miss us. When we were children, you turned into interesting games, beautiful parks, sweet ice cream and endless love, which made our childhood life have beautiful memories; When we grow into teenagers, you turn into sincere friendship, rich knowledge and lofty ideals, which makes our life full and meaningful; When we reach middle age, you have become a warm family, with a successful career and constant struggle to make our life happy and harmonious; As the sun sets, you become a concerned greeting, a leisurely walk and a feeling of life, which makes our old age look the same. It is you who accompanied us in childhood, adulthood or old age, and walked through the lightness of spring, the lush summer, the golden autumn and the snow-white winter together. You are a kind of demeanor, white clouds change for you, the breeze leaves you fresh, and the sunshine illuminates a bright world for you.

I know that you make our life thrive in setbacks and difficulties; You let our thoughts mature in vagrancy and frustration; You have steadied our will in cruelty. Here, I want to say to all mankind: "embrace happiness!" " Since pain can't solve the problem, why not try to make yourself happy? Perhaps, from the moment you are happy, the problem will have the key to solve. "

Happiness is the upward motivation, happiness is the vitality of youth and happiness is the true meaning of life. Let's embrace happiness together! Believe that happiness will make our future not a dream!

Comment: This is an essay in the form of a letter. The screenwriter explained happiness with emotional brushstrokes, which really gave people a feeling of happiness after reading it. The full text is permeated with a happy and uplifting emotional tone. The use of rhetorical devices such as parallelism and metaphor makes the article more vivid. (Recommended by Zhang Jiangang of Qingyuan Shengxing Chinese and English School)

Argumentative writing

abstract

A style that proves and expounds the author's position and viewpoint. This kind of article either puts forward some views and opinions from the front, or refutes others' views. Comments, essays, statements in newspapers and periodicals or thoughts and feelings in daily life all belong to the category of argumentative writing.

Argumentative writing, also called argumentative writing, is a style of analyzing things, discussing things, expressing opinions and putting forward opinions. By presenting facts, reasoning and distinguishing right from wrong, the author can determine whether his point of view is right or wrong, and establish or deny a proposition. Argumentative writing should have clear thinking, sufficient arguments, concise language, reasonable arguments and strict logic.

Stylistic introduction

Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way of expression, and directly expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning. Using vivid narration to indirectly express the author's thoughts and feelings is different from narrative writing, which focuses on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, causes and functions of things, and is also different from explanatory writing. In short, argumentative essays convince people with reasoning, narrative essays touch people with things, and explanatory essays teach people with knowledge.

Argumentative writing is an expression in which the author analyzes, comments and persuades objective things to show his views, opinions and attitudes. It usually consists of three parts: argument, argument and argumentation. Argumentative topics are divided into topics, arguments and implications. The topic is the author's point of view, but it is mainly concise, so the central argument can't copy the topic directly. Topics are generally impartial, such as a friendship between gentlemen is as light as water. Implication generally coexists with the theme argument and cannot be directly used as the central argument to restore the original intention.

language feature

① Accuracy and strictness ② Generalization and conciseness. (3) Use rhetoric to express its vivid, vivid and emotional words.

Edit the category of this paragraph (according to the presentation method)

1. Make a paper

1. Definition: an article genre that takes discussion as the main way of expression and directly expresses one's views and opinions by telling facts and reasoning.

2. Requirements: ① Have a correct view of the issues discussed; ② Use sufficient convincing arguments; ③ Be reasonable and logical.

Step 2 refute the paper

1. Definition: Debate is to refute the other side's point of view and explain your own point of view at the same time.

2. Methods: ① Propose arguments; ② Prove arguments; ③ Summarize arguments.

Refuting the combination of breaking and standing in the paper

Definition: first point out the essence of the other party's mistake, then refute the wrong argument that has been pointed out, and at the same time or after refuting, put forward your own correct point of view to demonstrate.

Edit the three elements of this paragraph-Introduction 1

Three elements of argumentative writing: 1, argument 2, argument 3 and argument.

1, article example

success belongs to the persevering

People hope to succeed in their careers or studies. Edison invented the storage battery and was awarded the reputation of "the king of invention".

Dickens and Edison won the final victory by persistence. Insist that Dickens left many excellent works for people and added many fine works to the treasure house of world literature. Persistence enabled Edison to overcome many difficulties and made indelible contributions to the progress of mankind. It can be seen that persistence can make people achieve career and academic success.

Those losers often give up their efforts at the last minute and miss success. I remember that when a German chemist extracted iodine from seawater, he seemed to find a new element, but in the face of this complicated extraction and experiment, he chickened out. When another chemist spent a year, after numerous experiments, and finally added a new member of the element family-"bromine" to become immortal, the German chemist could only watch each other silently immersed in the joy of victory. Two chemists, one of whom persevered and won; The other one didn't hold on and didn't succeed. It can be seen that persistence is the last obstacle to victory. In the darkest moment, that is, the moment when the light comes, the more you need to persist at this moment. Because persistence is victory. (Chang Tianqi)

(The scientists who missed the opportunity to discover bromine by introducing Cl into the immersion liquid were German chemist Justus von Liebig and French scientist Bagra) 1. Argument is the author's view, viewpoint and proposition on a certain problem or a certain kind of event in the article, which requires correctness, distinctiveness and pertinence, and is generally manifested in the title, the first sentence or the end of the article. For example, the article "Persistence is Victory" holds that persistence is an important condition for a person to achieve academic or career success.

Step 2 argue

Argument is evidence to prove the correctness of argument. In order to prove the correctness of the argument, first of all, the argument must make people feel authentic and can fully prove the argument. Secondly, the argument should be typical, which can achieve the effect of "taking one as ten". Third, the arguments should be novel, and try to find some fresh arguments that can give people new feelings and enlightenment.

For example, the positive and negative examples of Dickens, Edison and German chemists quoted in the article Persistence is Victory are all arguments used to prove the argument, which are both typical and credible.

3. Demonstration process

Argumentation is the process of proving an argument with arguments, and the purpose of argumentation is to reveal the internal logical relationship between arguments.