Academic papers are articles used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research achievements, which are referred to as papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems in scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, etc. , collectively referred to as academic papers. Academic paper is an academic paper that colleges and universities require students to complete every academic year, and it is a primary form of academic paper. Its purpose is to guide students to learn to conduct scientific research on the professional knowledge they have learned in a school year. Write an article every academic year to gradually cultivate students' scientific research ability and lay the foundation for writing graduation thesis in the future. Writing academic papers should be carried out under the guidance of a tutor. Graduation thesis is a summative academic thesis independently completed by recent college graduates. Here are a few points that need everyone's attention: first, fresh graduates; The second is to complete it independently, of course, under the guidance of the teacher; The third is summative. The so-called summative, that is, the purpose of the topic in the future, such as the Chinese department, may choose Chinese or literature. Language, you may prefer ancient Chinese, or modern Chinese, or applied linguistics. In literature, you may like classical literature, or modern literature, or contemporary literature and foreign literature. Foreign literature, you may like eastern Europe or western Europe, or Japan. Generally speaking, the professional point is stronger. Why is it summative? Although the topic you choose may be the most interesting topic you have studied in the past four years, you need to mobilize all kinds of basic knowledge to really write a decent and qualified graduation thesis. So we can check the level of basic knowledge, basic theory and basic skills you have learned in four or three and a half years through your graduation thesis. Therefore, in this sense, the graduation thesis is summative. An academic thesis written by a degree applicant is called a degree thesis. This kind of thesis is an important condition for evaluating whether an applicant can be awarded a degree. So what kind of people can apply? Degree applicants will be awarded if they can pass the required course examinations and pass the thesis examination and defense. If an applicant for a degree passes the course examination, but his thesis is rated as unqualified in the defense, then he will not be awarded a degree. Let me put it in a popular way: what is the popular view in schools at present? That is, you have to pass all the courses and get full credits. This is a test of your basic professional knowledge, professional knowledge and basic skills. What is a hard indicator now? A very hard indicator is English. If you haven't passed CET-4, then you are not a person who can apply for knowledge. I repeat, you can't apply for a degree in two cases: one is that you haven't passed CET-4 and all professional courses, but you are not eligible to apply for a degree only if you haven't passed the foreign language exam; In the second case, you have passed CET-4, but you are not qualified to apply for a degree even if you make up the important courses in this subject. To put it more clearly, anyone who is qualified to apply for a degree in an undergraduate course must first complete all the credits required by the school within four years, and then pass Band 4 before you can apply for a degree. Articles describing scientific and technological achievements in the field of science and technology, that is, we separate literature, science and engineering, are all macro views. Scientific papers are taken out separately. In different scientific research fields, there may be different references. Scientific papers are also included in the framework of academic papers. I just take them out separately. There is a difference between scientific papers and academic papers in liberal arts. The general liberal arts are from books to society, and from society to books, which are two-way, especially literature. Literature basically comes from books and materials. If it is history, it is historical data. If it is realistic, such as contemporary literature, it is easy to understand the ideological trend of arts and sciences in contemporary society. For history, you can't experience it personally, so it's still data and books. Science and technology, such as agriculture and forestry medicine, are different from literature. Scientific papers, based on scientific experiments and research, scientifically analyze and expound some phenomena or problems in the scientific field (for example, this SARS, in the medical field, is still tirelessly conducting scientific research. From the perspective of scientific research, it often involves many years and a long time. When it comes to scientific experiments, it may take longer. ), an academic paper that reveals the essence and law of this phenomenon, we all call it a scientific paper. General discipline

The writing requirements of scientific papers are also applicable to scientific papers, but considering that different disciplines and technologies have different characteristics, scientific papers also have their own special requirements for writing. In other words, scientific papers are more experimental reports, and some are separate experimental reports. We also think this is an academic paper. The writing of scientific papers is not easy, which requires very accurate data and a complete process. Sometimes experimental reports and theoretical explanations are combined to form a complete academic paper, generally in these two forms. This is the first big problem. People's Republic of China (PRC) national standards VDC 00 1.8 1 and CB 77 13-87 define academic papers as follows:

Academic papers are the knowledge and scientific records of an academic subject with new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas in experiments, theories or observations; Or apply the known principles to the scientific summary of the new progress made in practice for reading, communication or discussion at academic conferences; Or published in academic journals; Or written documents for other purposes.

In the field of social sciences, people usually refer to papers expressing scientific research achievements as academic papers. Academic papers have four characteristics: ① academic; ② scientific; ③ Creativity; 4 theoretical.

A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable. The order of each composition is: title, author, abstract, keywords, English title, English abstract, English keywords, text, references and appendix.