(1) knowledge information; (2) the way of writing;
(3) the text;
(4) material carrier;
(5) the technique of writing;
(6) Binding form.
According to these six standards, there are several ways to measure the source of many books: "On Pottery" overemphasizes the role of Wen Tao, but Wen Tao is a dispensable ornament; The Book of Hutuluo is only from ancient myths and legends, which is not sufficient; Oracle Bone Inscriptions, bronzes and stone carvings can't be called books.
Qian Cunxun, a famous book historian, pointed out that the origin of books can be traced back to bamboo slips and wooden slips, which are woven into a book rope and gathered together, just like today's books.
Explain the "book" of "ancient books" first. "Ji" is a book here, and "ancient books" is an elegant name for ancient books. What kind of thing is a book? The characters on tortoise shells and cattle shoulder blades in Shang Dynasty are only Oracle Bone Inscriptions carved after divination, and do not constitute books. The inscriptions on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the so-called "bronze inscriptions", are descriptions of the origin of casting vessels by princes and nobles. Although the text is sometimes very long to boast of its merits, its nature is still similar to the inscription of praise for virtue in later generations, and it cannot be counted as a book. China began to write on bamboo slips in Shang Dynasty. Todos in Shangshu said: "Only the ancestors of the Yin Dynasty had books and classics." The ancient characters of "book" are like a row of bamboo slips tied with two belts, and "Dian" is like holding a book or putting it on several cases. However, this kind of canon was not a book in Shang Dynasty, but words like imperial edicts, which were preserved like the so-called archives in later generations. In the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, more files were left behind. During the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, people wrote many four-character poems and drafted the procedures or detailed rules of various etiquette among nobles. There are also divinations made by Zhou people with yarrow; During the Spring and Autumn Period, the memorabilia written by the vassal states on the dates of the year were called Spring and Autumn Annals or Historical Records. These are all in the charge of Zhu Heshi. Among them, except for memorabilia, which is the embryonic form of later history books, the rest are not compiled into books and can only be regarded as files or documents. It was not until the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the early Warring States Period that academic culture was liberated from Zhu and Shi, and only then did Confucius and scholars in the Warring States Period organize the accumulated archival documents into textbooks such as Poems, Books, Rites, Yijing and Chunqiu for philosophical interpretation. These textbooks are called Jing, the records explaining Jing are called Zhuan or Shuo after compilation, and the records except Jing, Zhuan and Shuo are called Ji. At the same time, various schools in the Warring States period, that is, the so-called pre-Qin philosophers in later generations, also had many works and monographs on natural science and technology appeared. These classics, biographies, quotations, notes, works of pre-Qin philosophers and scientific monographs are the earliest books and ancient books in China. These ancient books are the earliest books recorded in Hanshu Yiwenzhi. Later, various works included in the public and private bibliographies of North Korea belong to classics, history, books and collections, and are also recognized as ancient books today. Academic point of view: China has a history of 6,000 years of civilization, and books, as an important symbol of civilization, keep pace with the ancient civilized society in China. From wall stones, Zhong Ding, bamboo slips, letters and slips to paper, they are all spreading civilization and knowledge to the society. However, after years of dynasty changes and natural and man-made disasters, there are not many ancient books that can be preserved. Therefore, it is very necessary for collectors of ancient books to recognize the definitions of rare books, rare books and rare books in ancient books. The concept of orphans is relatively clear. Anyone who has only one collection in China but no collection or description is called an orphan in China. The definition of rare books and rare books has always been a controversial issue among edition appraisers. Teacher Song Xiaoxian once published a paper in 1987, pointing out: "Rare books are rare or precious books, and rare books are books with useful content, excellent proofreading and artistic value." In Li Zhizhong's view, "rare edition" is a precious, valuable and rare copy of western concepts and vocabulary. In fact, the concept of "rare edition" has replaced the meaning of "rare edition". Books with a long history and handed down from generation to generation are naturally precious. Even if there are obvious words, it is a precious version, and there are examples in ancient and modern China and abroad. Originally, "Jane" is not equal to "goodness", and rare things are not necessarily good, but no one will treat precious things as dirt. This actually combines "Jane" and "goodness". Mr. Peng Ling believes that in a broad sense, all excellent ancient books that benefit the country and the people should be regarded as rare books; The core value of rare books is literary value, which is based on cultural relics. Cultural relics are mainly obtained on the basis of determining the authenticity, age and version of ancient books, and artistic value is a form for ancient books. Ancient books with high cultural value, documentary value and artistic value are undoubtedly rare books; Sometimes, an ancient book with outstanding value should also be regarded as a rare book. The traditional classification of ancient books in China adopts four categories: classics, history, subcategories and collections, and the four categories are subdivided into forty-four categories:
Confucian classics and their interpretations are the mainstay of the classics department, such as the Imperial Book of Songs, as well as books on ancient music and writing.
The history department mainly includes various genres of history books, as well as geography, politics and catalogue books.
There are a wide range of subjects, including schools of thought contend, arithmetic, astronomy, biology, medicine, military, art, religion, divination, geomantic omen, fortune telling, notes, novels and books. Collect and then record poetry collections, literary reviews and works about lyrics and songs; Individual works are called "collections" and collective creations are called "collections" (such as Selected Works of Six Scholars). The evolution of printing in China:
Engraving printing originated in the Tang Dynasty, and became an important way to make traditional books in China after the Song Dynasty. Early woodcuts can only print one color at a time, which is called "single printing"; If several pages of paper with exactly the same specifications are painted with different colors in different parts and printed repeatedly, two-color, three-color, four-color or even five-color effects can be produced, which is called "overprinter"; Books printed by overprinting technology are called "overprinting copies", which is the most distinctive color printing technology in ancient China. Movable type printing is to use copper casting or wood to make independent fonts, and then spell them into layout printing (Figure 4, Imperial Number and Refinement). Emperor Qianlong called the books printed with wooden movable type in the palace "Juzhen Edition". Slate printing is a western technology, which was introduced to China in the late Qing Dynasty. Because of its speed and low price, it quickly became popular. The structure of ancient books refers to the specific names gradually formed in the process of circulation of the external forms and contents of a specific ancient book.
1. Book cover: commonly known as book cover, also known as cover. (Repair Technical Specification 2.28) is the cover of the protective book added on the front and back of the book. The material of the book cover is generally hard paper, and the book cover is inscribed with the title.
Bookmark: a rectangular piece of paper used to write the titles of ancient books, usually attached to the upper left corner of the cover of ancient books. Sometimes there are volumes and the author's name. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2.29)
3. Page: A written and printed sheet arranged in the order of the manuscript. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2.9)
4. Cover: located behind the leaves and in front of all the leaves. The title, author, time and place of publication are often engraved. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2. 18)
5. Leaf protection: also known as secondary leaves, used to protect the book block or connect the book coat. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2. 19) is usually a blank sheet of paper. Before or after the title of the book.
6. Book block: refers to books that have been bound together in front of the book cover or in front of the book cover. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2.20)
7. Block: The part of the block that is twisted and nailed to the right. (Repair Technical Specification 2.24) That is, where the thread of the taper hole sleeve is tied.
8. Back of the book: also known as the spine, which is opposite to the mouth of the book. The part where the upper and lower covers are separated or connected is equivalent to the thickness of the book. (Repair Technical Specification 2.25) That is, the side of the book binding is like the back of the book, so it is called the spine.
9. Book head: the cut at the top of the book. Maintenance technical specification 2.2 1) is also called the beginning of the book.
10. Book root: (The term used in Repair Technical Specification 2.22 is called "book foot", which is interpreted as: the cut at the lower end of the book, also called book root. ) Some ancient books have titles, volumes and pages at the root of the book, but these titles are not necessarily accurate, some are printed rigidly, and some are written by bibliophiles themselves for convenience of reference, reading or protection, and most of them are abbreviated names. 1 1. Corner: right end of head and foot. (Maintenance Technical Specification 2.27)