social etiquette
Manners and Etiquette Local women have a kind of "fan talk", for example, women open a fan to cover the lower part of their faces, which means: I love you, do you like me? If you open it and close it for a while, it means: I miss you very much. Therefore, women who have just arrived in Spain, if they don't understand the language of fans, it is best not to use fans. Meeting etiquette Spanish people usually shake hands when meeting guests in formal social occasions. Boyfriends often hug each other when they meet acquaintances. Spanish names usually have three or four parts. The first two sections are my name, the penultimate section is my father's surname, and the last section is my mother's surname. Usually it is the father's surname. Business etiquette Spaniards attach great importance to credibility and always try their best to fulfill signed contracts. Even if they later found out that there were disadvantages in the contract, they were unwilling to admit their mistakes publicly. In this case, if the other party can help them sincerely, it will win the respect and friendship of the Spanish. Spaniards are punctual only when they take part in bullfighting, but guests should also be punctual, even if the other party is late, don't blame them. Tourism etiquette Spaniards are cheerful and enthusiastic, but they are easily excited. Sometimes it is normal to quarrel, and they are used to it. When a Spaniard eats, he usually politely invites people around him to share with him, but this is just a gesture of etiquette. Don't accept it easily, or they will think you are uneducated.
News and publication
National newspapers 155 and national magazines 170, with a sales volume of * * * 4.2 million copies. Daily average circulation of major newspapers: El Pais, with a circulation of 460,000; Le Monde, 3 1 10,000 copies; Abesai, 280,000; Pioneer, 200,000 copies; Catalonia, 6.5438+0.7 million copies; 654.38+500,000 copies of truth. Main news agency: Effie, the official news agency, was established in June 1939. There are also private European news agencies and Rogos news agencies. The State Administration of Radio, Film and Television is in charge of radio and television. There are more than 200 radio stations in China, mainly Spanish National Radio, private Spanish Broadcasting Company, Intercontinental Radio and Spanish People's Broadcasting Station. Television: Spanish television is a state-owned national television station with two channels. There are also local TV stations in Andalusia, Catalonia, Galicia, Basque and Madrid. 1989, the government approved the establishment of three private TV stations: multi-channel, antenna -3 and TV 5. 1997 two digital TV stations began to operate.
Diet type
It varies from place to place, but most dishes need olive oil.
[Edit this paragraph] Physical geography
Climate: Meseta Plateau in the middle has a continental climate, the coastal areas in the north and northwest have a maritime temperate climate, and the southern and southeast have a Mediterranean subtropical climate. The northwest is humid, and the inland and southeast are dry. Average monthly temperature from north to south:1October 65438+9.4-10.3℃; July19.1-28.1℃. The annual precipitation is generally 350-500mm, and the mountain area is as high as 1, 500mm. The central part of Madrid has a plateau climate, with dry heat in summer and dry cold in winter. Barcelona in the northeast is the most typical Mediterranean climate, which is mild and humid all the year round, hot and dry in summer, and the precipitation is mainly in winter, which can guarantee sunshine for more than 250 days a year. Mineral resources: Mercury reserves rank first in the world, including coal, iron, bauxite, molybdenum, pyrite and oil. The forest area is vast, including European oak, oak, chestnut and Chinese fir. Rich in sardines and lobsters. Location: Iberian Peninsula in southwest Europe. It borders the Bay of Biscay in the north, Portugal in the west, Morocco in Africa across the Strait of Gibraltar in the south, France and Andorra in the northeast, and the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast. The total length of Spanish coastline is 792 1km, and Spain's Sun Coast is a famous representative, including the Mediterranean coastline of 2058km, the Atlantic coastline of 1.728km, the northern Cantabria coastline of 1.086km and the Balearic Islands coastline of the Mediterranean of1.428km.. The coastline of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean is1583km long, the coastlines of Ceuta and Melia in North Africa are 20km and 9km respectively, and the coastlines of some small islands in North Africa are 9km long. The territory is mountainous and is one of the alpine countries in Europe. Plateau and mountains alternate with each other, with the national average elevation of 660m, 35% of the country's areas are above 1000m, and the plains only account for 1 1%, making it one of the highest countries in Europe. The main mountain ranges are Cantabria and Pyrenees in the north and morena and Andalusia in the south. The Mullah Peak in the south is 3478 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in China. Border: Spain's land border is 20 13km, including 720km with France and Andorra, 0/292km with Portugal, and 0/km with Gibraltar. Spain is located in the southwest of Europe and shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal. Spain lies between 36 and 44 degrees north latitude, 9 degrees west longitude 18 minutes and 3 degrees east longitude 19 minutes. It is 840 kilometers long from north to south and 1000 kilometers long from east to west. With a land area of 504,750 square kilometers, the Spaniards say that their country is shaped like a cooked cowhide. After Russia, Ukraine and France, Spain ranks fourth in Europe, equivalent to one twentieth of the total area of Europe. Outside the peninsula, Spain's territory includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The northern coast of Spain is the Bay of Biscay, and the northeast borders France and Andorra. The towering Pyrenees mountains separate these countries. Facing the Mediterranean Sea in the east and southeast, you can reach Morocco in Africa by crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, which is only 14 km wide. Rectangular Portugal is Spain's neighbor to the west. The Strait of Gibraltar is the main route from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic Ocean, and its strategic position is extremely important. Spain and Britain have long been fighting for sovereignty here. Excluding Balearic Islands and Canary Islands, the Spanish coastline surrounded by the sea on three sides is about 3,904 kilometers long, but the coast is relatively flat, and the real natural harbors are concentrated in the north, such as ferrol, Ponte Vidra and Vigo. Cartagena is the only natural port in the Mediterranean. The coastline in the southeast is not a port, but a beautiful beach resort. The famous bays in Spain are Cadiz Bay and Valencia Bay. Spain has not only the famous Spanish Sunshine Coast, but also towering mountains. In Europe, she is the tallest country except Switzerland. Most of Spain is an ancient plateau. The famous Central Plateau stands in the middle of Spain, accounting for about 60% of the national area, with an altitude of 600-700 meters. The central plateau is surrounded by mountains on three sides: the Cantabria Mountains in the north and the Morena Mountains in the south, and the Iberian Mountains in the east separate the central plateau from the Aragon Plain. The west side of the plateau slowly extends, the terrain gradually flattens, and finally disappears along the Atlantic coast. If you drive around Spain, you will see snow-capped peaks and rolling hills from time to time. The whole territory of Spain can be roughly divided into five geographical regions: the northern mountainous region: there is the famous Pyrenees in Europe, and the whole mountain range stretches for thousands of miles with picturesque scenery. Throughout the year, whether on the mountains or on the plains, green is everywhere. Especially in asturias, the mountains are continuous, the pines are boundless, and the forests are gloomy. Mount Cantabria, near the Pyrenees, is more than 2,000 meters above sea level, facing the endless Bay of Biscay in the north, with lush trees and charming scenery. There are many wide valleys between them, and the lake is as clear as a mirror. What's more worth mentioning is that there are countless waterfalls, which pour down from a height and are filled with water mist all day long, which is spectacular. It is not only an important cork producing area, but also a pastoral and industrial area where cattle and sheep are everywhere. Central Plateau: The Cordillera Mountains in the middle of the plateau divide the Meseta Plateau into the old Castilla Plateau in the north and the new Castilla Plateau in the south. There are many famous olive groves and animal sanctuaries in this rolling mountain. The northwest of the central plateau and the northern coast of the Atlantic Ocean are mostly mountainous areas and mountainous areas. The mountain road is connected end to end, and the car sometimes travels in the mountain for a long time, as if it were still in its original position. Aragon Plain: Aragon Plain is located in the Ebro River valley in the southeast of the Pyrenees, and it is a roughly triangular wavy plain. In the paleogeological period, it used to be a vast inland lake. Later, the lake flowed into the Mediterranean Sea and gradually became a dry land. Aragon Plain enjoys a pleasant climate, abundant rainfall and fertile soil all year round. Known as the "land of abundant water", it is not only a natural granary in Spain, but also an important producing area of grapes, oranges and other fruits. Mediterranean coastal mountains: The coastal mountains extend from Andalusia in the southeast to Catalonia in the northeast, with a total length of 1.500 km. Walking on the soft beach, the sea and the sky are the same, and tourists are like a tide. Murata in the southern Andalusian Mountains is steep and towering, with an altitude of 3,478 meters. It is the highest point of Iberian Peninsula and is known as the "national backbone" of Spain. This mountain is full of mist and breezes all year round, and it is a good place for summer vacation. Andalusian Plain: Located between the Mo Leneutre Mountains and the Andalusian Mountains. Here is a Ma Pingchuan, open and honest; Gwadar Keevil River runs through the whole plain from west to east, irrigating ten million mu of fertile land. Because the towering Andalusian mountains block the humid air from the ocean, the climate here is dry and the summer sun is like fire.
[Edit this paragraph] National history
Brief history: Celts migrated from Central Europe in the 9th century BC. Since the 8th century BC, Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreigners and ruled by Romans, Visigoths and Moors for a long time. The Spaniards fought against foreign aggression for a long time and won the "Recovery Movement" in 1492. 15 16, Juan, Queen of Castilla, and Charles I (Spanish name: Carlos), son of Philip I, as grandchildren of the family of Trastamara, inherited the throne of Castilla, Leon, Aragon and Wagner for Carlos. Established the earliest confederate country in Europe to unify the central kingship. /kloc-was a maritime power in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, and then gradually declined. 1837, Isabel Ii formally merged it into a country after passing the constitutional monarchy bill, and decided to use the Spanish word "Espa? A "(Phoenician, meaning" hare ") naming, ended the * * * main confederacy mode after more than 300 years. 193 1 year, the dynasty was overthrown and the Republic was established. 1936, the coalition government led by the People's Front was established. Franco launched the Spanish Civil War in 1936, seized power in 1939, and declared the monarchy in 1947. 1492 In June, Columbus discovered the West Indies. Since then, Spain has gradually become a maritime power with colonies in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. 1588, the "Armada" was defeated by Britain and began to decline. 1873, the bourgeois revolution broke out and the first Republic was established. 1874 65438+ February Dynasty Restoration. In the Spanish-American War of 1898, the last colonies in America and Asia-Pacific-Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines were lost. Remain neutral in the first world war. 193 1 In April, the dynasty was overthrown and the Second Republic was established. 1936 In February, a coalition government with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Producer Party was established. In July of the same year, Franco launched a rebellion. After three years of civil war, he seized power in April of 1939 and practiced dictatorship for 36 years. 1943 In February, it entered into a military alliance with Germany and participated in the war of aggression against the Soviet Union. 1947 In July, Franco declared Spain a monarchy and became a lifelong head of state. 1in July, 966, Juan Carlos, grandson of the last king Alfonso XIII, was appointed as the heir. 1975 1 1 Franco died of illness, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne and the monarchy was restored. 1in July, 976, the king appointed the former secretary-general of the National Movement, A Suarez, as prime minister, and began the transition to western parliamentary democracy. Prehistoric history The earliest archaeological remains of human beings found in Spain can be traced back to around 30,000 BC to 50,000 BC. The prehistoric rock paintings of Neanderthals provide us with the life scenes of prehistoric civilization in Iberian Peninsula. The most important relics found in Spain include dark caves and pine caves, and of course the famous Alta Milla cave. Celtic Spain's latest theoretical research holds that Iberians came to the peninsula from North Africa, and they mainly settled in the Mediterranean coast and further south, where Iberians created many different cultures, which are of great significance to archaeology. In the history of ancient Greece, the most important one was recorded, and the Greeks called it "Turdog". They are a tribe of Iberians, and have established a splendid kingdom in Gwadar Keevil Valley. In 1200 BC, Celts from Central and Northern Europe entered the peninsula from the north. Blonde Celts intermarried with dark-skinned Iberians and spread to the whole peninsula. The only area in the history of Iberian Peninsula that has not been invaded by any foreign forces is probably the northern mountainous area where Basques live. Historians and sociologists have not yet figured out the origin of Basques, who are not related to any neighboring ethnic groups. However, some people have found similarities between Basque and Japanese. The only thing they know now is that the Basques are a very old ethnic group. Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians In BC 1 100, the Phoenicians, a powerful maritime nation, established colonies on the peninsula, the most important of which was Gadir, which is today's Cadiz. At the same time, the Greeks established their own rule in the south and the Mediterranean coast. During the Punic War, the Carthaginians took the opportunity to occupy most of Spain's land, leaving famous cities including Cartagena, which means "New Carthage". After the Romans and Goths defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic War, they also extended their colonies to Spain and soon occupied the whole peninsula. The famous heroic story of Numancia was born in the process of Iberian resistance to Roman invasion. Since then, the peninsula has existed as the "Spanish province" of the Roman Empire on the Megatron Sea. The Spanish province is very important in the empire. Two Roman emperors, Tragano and Adrian, and Seneca, the great Stoic philosopher, were born here. Spain completely absorbed Roman culture, including Greek Latin and Jewish Christian politics, law, family, religion and customs, and Roman began to be used on the peninsula. Merida is the most complete Spanish city that preserves the remains of ancient Rome today. In segovia, you can also see ancient Roman canals passing through the city from mid-air. A unified civilization appeared on the peninsula for the first time. In 409 AD, powerful Gothic barbarians invaded the declining Roman Empire, and in 4 19 AD, they established their own kingdom in Iberia, with Toledo as its capital. But the Goths did not make much contribution to the development of Spanish civilization. The rule of Muslim Spain and Visigoths in the War of Recovery lasted until 7 1 1. At that time, 50,000 Muslim soldiers crossed the Strait of Gibraltar, defeated the Gothic soldiers who frightened the Romans with machetes, and won the great victory in the Battle of Guadalet. Four years later, Arabs swept across the peninsula, turning her into an Emir country and a part of the huge Arab empire, known as "Andalus country". In ancient China, it was called "green food". Although the resistance movement in the northern part of the peninsula never stopped, from the eighth century to the eleventh century, the strength of the Muslim empire continued to be amazingly consolidated. Spain absorbed splendid Arab culture during this period, but gradually broke away from the central rule of Damascus. Abdullah III finally turned Spain into an independent caliphate. Under his rule, Spain ushered in an unprecedented cultural prosperity. Great progress has been made in urban construction and commodity economy, which has even promoted the development of Europe as a whole. Arabs brought the most advanced knowledge in medicine, mathematics and astronomy, and left a deep impression on Spanish music, art, literature and architecture. Alhambra Palace is the pinnacle of Arab art, at the same time, Arabic has left many words in Spanish. The most important cities at that time were Valencia, Zaragoza, Seville and Có rdoba. With 500,000 residents and a huge library, Có rdoba was the largest city and cultural center in western Europe in the tenth century. However, in the 1 1 century, the constant infighting among the royal families (39 princes) led to the disintegration and decline of the Muslim empire, and the recovery movement intensified. The king of the north won one victory after another. By the14th century, only Granada was the last stronghold of Muslims in Spain, and they persisted for nearly a hundred years until the "Catholic King" incorporated her into the territory of the Kingdom of Castilla.
[Edit this paragraph] Cultural heritage
In 2008, Spain had 37 World Heritage Sites, ranking first among countries. The Alhambra Palace in Granada, the historical center of Cordoba, Burgos Cathedral in Hennellali Garden, Burgos Cathedral in Escurial Monastery, Gul Park, Gul Palace and Milla Architecture in Barcelona, altamira Cave, segovia Ancient Town and Elevated Canal in the Kingdom of Asturias, Mudhar Architectural Calendar in Santiago de Compostela, Avila Ancient Town and teruel Outer Church. Historic city Toledo Gallagher National Park Spanish altamira Cave caceres Ancient Town Seville Cathedral Alcazar and West Indies Archives Ancient City Salamanca Poblete Monastery Merida Archaeological Site Guadalupe Santa Maria Royal Monastery Santiago de Compostela Donina National Park Wall Cuenca Valencia Silk Market Las Madras. Catalan Concert Hall and St. Paul's Hospital in Barcelona, Yuso and Su Suo Monastery in San Milan, Iberian Peninsula, Mediterranean Basin, Rock Painting Art, University and Historic District of Alcala de Nares University in Alcala, Ibiza Landscape, Archaeological Site of Sancristobal Atta Pilca in Catalonia, Romanesque Church in Wildbuy, elche, Roman Wall in Lugo, Pamela, Alain Huez Cultural Landscape, Renaissance Architecture.