から also means cause and effect, but から only states a causal relationship/phenomenon, because. . . So ... . However, personally, I think the verb て has a strong emotional color. So the first situation given in lesson 39 is followed by words expressing feelings, indicating the reasons for the first half of the sentence, leading to. . . . , caused by. . . Consequences, so that. . . . This strong emotional color in it means that things have a lot to do with themselves. から' sentence is only a narrative, and the emotional color is not strong. If the reason is stated, it can be said that "から" is simply to state the events that occurred in the result. Using the verb て is the reason why I came here. . . Bad influence or something.
2. In sentences containing personal opinions and ideas, such as the final notice, request and suggestion, the verb て should be used instead of the verb から. For example, このまでのテス. Such a sentence with the speaker's strong will and suggestive tone should use から instead of the verb て.
My understanding is that when you are explaining something, or when it happens for some reason, you'd better use the verb て. When you give advice to others instead of explaining it, you will use から.
3, noun+で, this is very simple, that is, how to express the reason when nouns, I think you should understand. I won't say any more.
As for the final "ので", you don't need to think too complicated. The usage is similar to the general meaning of expressing reasons. It's just that when writing a paper, changing "から" to "ので" is a more formal usage to express reasons. Verbs of から or て type are often used in daily conversation.
で literally means something that happens suddenly while doing something.
The above is just my personal understanding. For reference only.