The topic of 1 itself is the argument of "frugality and morality"

3/>； Two parameters. The argument "thinking and doing" in the middle of the article is inseparable and must be combined into one.

4。 Argument 5 of "Born in Worry and Died in Happiness" is summarized from the argument of "From Three Pavilions".

First, look at the target.

& gt 1。 Let the students know the exam requirements.

2。 Discussion on mastering relevant knowledge.

3。 It is important to be able to use knowledge to guide the reading of argumentative papers and solve related problems.

4 can successfully complete the reading of argumentative papers and compare them.

Second, the main points

Grasping several common problems in argumentative teaching research

Three difficulties

Use the main points of discussion to solve the problems related to argumentative reading and improve students' reading ability.

Fourth, review ideas and contents.

1。 Explained the requirements and brief description of the exam.

2. Clearly understand the style of argumentative writing:

(1) argumentative paper; (2) Three elements of argumentative writing; (3) argumentation of argumentative papers;

(4) argumentation; Discuss the structure of (5); (6) Discussion methods; Language features (7) Discussion.

3。 Complete a comprehensive training discourse.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) recovery process

1。 According to the curriculum reform pilot area? The examination requirements of Zhangzhou junior high school graduation examination include the explanation of nine requirements for students to explain modern Chinese reading.

2。 A clear understanding of the argumentative text.

On the concept of (1);

The main expression of discussion is to express one's views and opinions directly in the same style by putting facts and reasoning. It is argumentative reasoning.

(2) Discuss three elements:

Argument, argument and argumentative reasoning are indispensable.

① Parameters: The text of the author's carefully conceived and verified ideas is the soul of the article. There is generally only one central point in the discussion. Some argumentative papers also put forward the central argument around the debate, supplementing and proving the central argument with several points. Arguments and arguments

How to find its center?

A. read the title of the article. There are also two types of topics: argument type and e type. This method is suitable for parameters of parameter type, such as "Keep working hard"

The main idea embodied in a sentence

B. It is found that this method is suitable for theme narration. The general beginning of the world regional discussion center, such as "Talking about the Backbone", "Our people are the backbone of China's central argument and the full text; Finally, some central arguments, such as "remembering Bethune", we learn the so-called "selfless spirit" from Comrade Bethune, even in the end, there are parameters. For example, the first phenomenon in the article "Thinking and Walking" is often encountered in life. The theme of "fantasy" and "don't" is put forward, and then the central argument goes forward. " What you want to do is inseparable and must be combined. ""five forms.

Argumentative paper appeared:

The title of 1 is an argument in itself. "Cultivate morality by frugality"

The argument begins with "on the back"

3。 The argument is in the middle of the article. What you want to do is inseparable and must be combined.

At the end of the article, I put forward the argument that "born in sorrow, died in happiness"

5 Summarize the argument of the article "Cong San Fang"

Argument: Yes. Parametric auxiliary materials are arguments used to prove correct reasons and basis. As long as they are completely proved, any statement made by the author will have explanatory power, even if it is correct or even profound, it will not be convincing. Therefore, the author's attitude of expressing his views is strong enough to make well-founded reasoning based on, for example, what he agrees with, why he disagrees with, a very good phenomenon and what he is based on.

-Two forms of argument: facts and the truth of argument.

Argumentative essays are divided into two types: A: factual arguments: arguments, including facts, historical facts, typical cases, statistical data, etc. For example, Wen Tianxiang's "backbone theory" is unyielding, and the hungry people who don't like food handouts, Wen Yiduo angrily denounced three facts in the face of Kuomintang spy pistols.

As a major fact

The parameters must be true and decisive, which can represent the selected examples and viewpoints, otherwise it will lose the persuasiveness of factual arguments and affect the discussion results.

B. Argumentation of truth: including finding out the truth, ancient and modern expositors, aphorisms and proverbs, principles, concepts, laws and formulas of natural science and social science.

Clear reasons should pay attention to parameters: descriptive words, even if leaders and celebrities tell the truth, can not be counted as parameters. For example, the words "frugality and morality" used by Lu Xun and Gorky are descriptive words, and Lu Xun's words show his frugal lifestyle; Gorky's words show Lenin's frugal life style, both of which are factual arguments.

Argument: Arguments and arguments in argumentative essays are organized by arguments, which are the logical ties between arguments and arguments, and prove that arguments are the processes and methods used.

The argumentation process of the central argument in argumentative writing can be divided into two categories:

A. Deductive argument: the central argument at the beginning, the argument put forward first, that is, the common thinking process of argumentative writing: asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems. For example, On the Backbone is a process of argumentation. Deductive argument is the statement at the beginning, which comes straight to the point and affects the whole body, making the advocate's point of view more prominent and distinctive, so rational argument is closely centered.

B. perceptual statement: that's the truth, and then draw a conclusion. For example, The Spirit We Should Explore first puts forward how China students should understand natural science, and introduces the ancient cultural background of China, Confucian educational theory, the development process of education and science in China, and the present situation of the development trend of modern society. In enumerating negative examples, for example, Wang Yangming thinks of himself as an example of physics in a dragon university in the United States; Positive examples are also cited, such as the appropriate research methods of bamboo. Finally, we naturally sum up the argument of this paper: we should have a real spirit of inquiry, which needs to cultivate the spirit of experiment. Regardless of natural science, humanities, academics or personal actions, we should keep a pragmatic and skeptical attitude towards research and rely on practice to discover the truth. This reasoning process, true truth and facts, reliable, open and mature, gives an irrefutable statement.

(3) Argumentative argumentation mode:

Argumentative reasoning has the following two ways:

① Argument: Direct and clear reasoning puts forward parameters to call parameters. Writing an argumentative essay in this way is called an "official document". "Continue to maintain the style of hard struggle" is an established paper.

(2) Refutation: use opposing arguments to refute your own statement and clarify the way of the so-called refutation point. This kind of argument is often called "split thesis".

After reading "Split Archives", we must first understand the points to be refuted in the article, such as "Have China people lost confidence?" For some time, China people have lost confidence in the Japanese's refutation of future pessimism.

Second, there are generally three ways to refute: refuting arguments, refuting arguments, and refuting arguments. Because the argumentative essay is composed of three parts that are demonstrated through argumentation, the effect is the same if you refuse to demonstrate and directly refute the argument. Refutation paper can be refuted in several ways to strengthen the combination of refutation and persuasion.

A. Refuting the argument: that is, refuting the other party's argument and pointing out its absurdity and hypocrisy. This is the most commonly used division method, which can be divided into direct refutation and indirect refutation.

Pointing at each other and directly refuting the absurdity. This method refers to some irrefutable facts and some in-depth anatomical analysis theories.

Indirect rebuttal can be divided into two methods: one is to launch some other logical arguments to expose the enemy's statement, which Mufa has in order to refute the other side. The other is to prove that the argument opposed by the other party is correct, then the other side also proves that the other party's argument is wrong, which is contradiction.

B. Refuting parameters: other parameters display errors, thus achieving the purpose of refuting each other with parameters. Because parameters are supported by parameters and called by parameters, they make arguments untenable.

C reduction to absurdity: other logical errors exposed in the discussion process, such as the contradiction between major premise and minor premise and conclusion, and the contradiction between contradictory arguments and arguments.

Although there are arguments, they can be divided into two ways, but apart from the incomplete division, because its purpose is also to break the position, the use of refutation points is often interrelated and replaceable. that sort of

(4) Discussion: Scope

There are many forms of discussion, including the following:

(1) Political articles: views on the political issues of this commentary. For example, "China people seek truth to save the country."

② Comments: The last incident commented on social phenomena, ideological tendencies, and * * * shared the same concern about discussing public issues. Such as In Memory of Bethune.

3 Composition: This is a literary paper that directly reflects social facts. It is short-lived, lively, sharp and eternal, and it is a very powerful fighting style. For example, "Have China people lost confidence?"

Ideas: comedies such as reading, reviewing and thinking are the experiences and feelings people get from exhibitions after reading books, watching TV dramas or life experiences, and they are stated in combination with problems in real life.

(5), the structure of the argumentative paper:

The basic structure of argumentative paper is: theory-company introduction-conclusion.

"Introduction", also known as "introduction", is part of the question. The introduction should be concise and a good novel.

"Theory" is also called "positive" theory, and the part of analyzing problems and proving arguments with arguments is the theme of the article. In the introduction of ordered products, goods should be strictly inferred vertically and horizontally, which is tense and compact. The argumentation structure of this theory mainly includes the following forms:

(1) Parallelism: The relationships developed at all levels are equal, and there is no primary-secondary relationship, no parallel presentation between strong and weak arguments, and no relationship between the same arguments developed from different angles and levels around an argument.

② Contrast type: Comparing the two viewpoints not only highlights one aspect of the correctness of the argument, but more often, on the one hand, pen and ink are the focus of its performance, on the other hand, pen and ink are seldom used as a foil.

The third layer is the type: the article goes deep layer by layer and gradually goes deep into all levels between steps. From the outside to the inside, starting from this phenomenon, we can analyze its causes, find out the crux, and assign the nature of solution to this problem.

(4) Style: the parameters of different levels and between different levels, and the parameters of commanding generals at all levels. You can always say that the relationship between Gao Qiao's articles is the first and the last minute.

"Conclusion" is a part of the problem, usually placed in the last article, and the introduction echoes it. Well, the introduction can deepen the statement and take care of the beginning.

(6) Proof method: ① Differentiation method: the way of overall argument, that is, a discussion document expounds its own views and methods on an event or problem, which is mainly positive or based on refuting one-sided, wrong or even reactionary deeds, that is to say, this parameter can be divided into two categories: refuting arguments and.

Proof method is the parameter of proof process and method, and it is the logical connection between argument and argument. The basic difference lies in its way and argument: argument is the basic form of discussion documents used in parameters, and reasoning refers to various methods used in the process of argument.

② The common reasoning methods are as follows:

Basic argumentation methods: facts and common sense

Argumentation methods: for example, argument, reason argument, citation argument (for example, a story as a reference belongs to argument, and a famous saying as a reference belongs to truth), comparative argument, figurative argument, and analogical argument (often words like "same" and "image").

& gt See the four common argumentative writing methods mentioned below for details.

1 instance

Case proof, also known as case law, is a typical example of a way to prove one's rights with convincing arguments. This is the most commonly used argument method. In the face of the typical case of "actually better than eloquence", the reason is self-evident.

With a good legal example, we must pay attention to the following aspects:

1, a typical example, is decisive and influential. In general, priority should be given to celebrities or trivial cases such as campus, family and market street. 2. Narrative examples should be concise, avoiding procrastination and being too detailed. Examples prove this point, without clarifying the facts and avoiding putting the cart before the horse.

3. The single case should not be narrow, and it has a rich combination of ancient and modern glory. A similar example can be regarded as a list of parallelism sentences that took a long time to master.

4. After a brief analysis, citing examples cannot become examples of case law, and there are unlicensed taboo cases.

5. The selection of professional knowledge lies in diligent accumulation. "When users don't hate books so much" is the main means of reading newspapers, taking notes and editing. If you accumulate more, you will naturally achieve mastery.

II. References

Enumeration is also called reasoning. By quoting, famous ancient poems, famous sayings and proverbs to reflect scientific laws, you can prove your own views and aphorisms, such as appropriate and credible proof methods.

The method of quoting classics, because the method of quoting classics, the practice of quoting classics, and the use or frequency of examples of pen and ink testing are all the ideological crystallization of the recognized world, which can profoundly reflect the essence of things and have proved countless facts, is very convincing.

How to use a good quotation method?

1, quote epigrams, etc. More targeted. Proverbs are produced in a specific context, applied to a specific communicative purpose, and even talk about the same problem. There are many famous choices. We should carefully analyze the specific function of each token parameter, which will refer to the most suitable language environment.

For example, "the three armed forces can win the handsome position, but ordinary people can't win the ambition", emphasizing the importance of yearning, choosing to emphasize noble ambitions, using "sparrows to become swans", and using "playing with things to get tired", students should not only persevere, but also choose a bushman. "For some people, Li Changzhi, people's inaction is always certain."

2, simple, not too much. The purpose of discussion is to express one's views, not to introduce them to others. The purpose of quoting others' words is to make readers more convincing. Using your own words should be the topic of discussion, and it is also the most eye-catching part of the full text. It's easy to drown out your own analysis by quoting too many.

3. Pay attention to the difference between direct quotation and indirect quotation. Whether the directly quoted text is correct and punctuated; Indirect reference only refers to the effect of, but be careful of the so-called transformation. Third, Yu Yu.

Proof is set as a metaphorical method to prove an argument.

.

Speaking of words, setting metaphors can make arguments easier to understand, more interesting and more easily recognized by readers. Proof can be profound metaphor, purely abstract to concrete, boring to vivid.

When permitted by law, it is important to use the following three metaphors:

1, look at the recent analogy. Living in something familiar to a small number of people is a metaphor for vehicle design. Vehicles are usually known, and if they are not readers, there will be no metaphorical purpose of cards.

2. I don't ask for a figure, I just ask for similarity. Authentication metaphor is different from metaphor metaphor. The vehicle emphasizes characteristics, describes things, pays attention to modeling and forms concrete forms; Clear the vehicle license plate, clarify the point of view, set the record straight, and strive to bring it to justice. We must set the corresponding relationship between ourselves and the controversial metaphor object between smells, and try to figure out the subtle differences.

3. Small crossing vehicles crossing the road. Mr. Lu Xun's "ism" is proved to be very classic by metaphor. He compared "big house" to "cultural heritage"; Treat cultural criticism with three wrong views and attitudes: "coward", "bastard" and "waste"; We use "shark's fin", "Opium War", "management, shining" and "concubine" to describe several components of cultural inheritance, and use "hiding", "picking" and "innovation" to describe the three steps of cultural critical inheritance. Very suitable, seamless, eye-catching, can not help but amaze.

4. Comparative method

Comparison method is also a common method to demonstrate two kinds of comparison, and it is also a simulation method.

1, so-called analogy

Metaphor is to create one or several similar stories, occasions or situations from here.

Generally speaking, there are several metaphors: ancient and modern historical facts, myths, legends, fables, scenes created by writers themselves, etc.

When using analogy, we should pay attention to the similarity of the selected "types" rather than opposition or opposition; After metaphorical analysis, we should be good at revealing a broken word and a bloody knife.

2. The so-called comparative method

On the contrary, it is the positive argument and evidence to analyze the purpose and negative aspects of controlling and denying wrong views and establishing correct statements.

Pay attention to using comparison to choose right and wrong, right and wrong, old and new. There must be obvious mutual opposition, and the object must have a deep understanding of the nature of the contradiction. It may be those who oppose it, or it may be relatively vertical or horizontal control.

Of course, the above argumentation method only uses one of these categories, and sometimes it is too thin. To strengthen persuasive argument, many arguments are combined by several methods. However, the application of various methods must show outstanding attention to one of them, which left a deep impression on people.