Zhou Haoran Huang Chan.
(Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 6 10 10 1)
The exploration and research of contemporary art higher education at home and abroad have their own characteristics in specialty setting, curriculum setting, the relationship between school and society, and the relationship between society and art essence.
Has its own distinctive characteristics. By comparing the present situation of Chinese and foreign art higher education, especially Russian art education, this paper puts forward the idea of reforming China art higher education.
It is expected to provide some reference for the reform of higher art education in China.
Keywords:: Chinese and foreign art higher education reform
The article number is1671-0703 (2010)10/98-03.
Just as China's "Academy of Fine Arts" is a modern specialized art education machine in China.
Structure, no matter from its name or its system, belongs to the western "exotic"
Products ". Since 1950s, China's art education has been contracted by the Soviet Union for a long time.
The influence of Sakov system, although in the period of art reform, China's art higher education
In order to meet the needs of the times and society, education has carried out relevant reforms, but they are all big.
Art teaching in some art colleges is in the following aspects: curriculum, teaching objectives, teaching content
The content and methods are still old-fashioned, and students are still doing so-called skills.
The training of technology and skills rarely explores and studies the essence of art.
The art of serving the people and life has become the "skill" of a few people.
This trend is not optimistic. Based on some of the most famous art colleges at home and abroad,
Through the comparative analysis of the present situation of Chinese and foreign art higher education,
It provides some references for the reform of higher art education in China.
First, the status quo of art higher education in China
China's fine arts institutions range from the Eight Fine Arts Institutes to the Fine Arts Institutes of comprehensive universities.
Or the art department, the art course is similar, except for the compulsory political science.
Theory and foreign languages, etc. , in professional courses, art history theory, fine arts and various
Design major, including the application of computer multimedia and other courses. As mentioned above, technology
The training of methods and skills and the use of computers are still the main contents of art teaching.
Rong. In terms of time arrangement, the first one or two school years are mainly basic courses, with sketches,
Color is the main subject, while Chinese painting, oil painting and design are minor subjects, with the purpose of learning and consolidating.
Some basic knowledge. In the last two academic years, I have entered a professional course, which is generally divided into beauty.
Technology, design, historical theory, students according to hobbies and majors.
The ability to choose independently.
There is almost no systematic and overall arrangement for creative courses, and most colleges just
Graduation creation is carried out in a relatively concentrated period of time and in daily teaching activities.
There is little about Genesis 2. Of course, it is worth paying attention to the present situation of creative forms.
Yes, more freedom. Classical, modern, abstract, concrete and even decorative paintings and multimedia can be used.
Can be comprehensively utilized. The advantage is that the form is richer than before, and the disadvantage still exists.
Existence: there is no consistent aesthetic norms and standards.
For China's traditional arts and folk arts, it is almost difficult to promote them in universities.
This is a great regret of art education in China. Academic circles have rejected folk art and have become
An indisputable fact.
Although courses such as art history theory are generally offered, due to the shortage of teachers,
Due to the lack of time, short time and rigid teaching mode, each course is generally only
After a semester, once or twice a week, students swallow dates and taste them. Only.
Remember the names of some artists and works, the aesthetic connotation and culture of works of art.
Lack of clear understanding and overall grasp of the context, unable to deeply understand the content conveyed by the work.
Artistic spirit, even just to cope with the exam, so face art
However, works of art often feel at a loss and say nothing, and even many students feel conscious.
I can only do multiple-choice questions mechanically. In addition, students visit art galleries and art museums.
Students seldom get a chance to see the original works of art.
There are few opportunities to go out for sketching practice, lacking cultural connotation and artistic level.
Lack of life elements is the main problem faced by higher art education.
Finally, the so-called putting into practice has become a simple form. basis
It should be an important part of art education, some of which are scripted and some are perfunctory.
Things, and even some directly resort to deceit, so that the internship lost its real practice.
Meaning. Although the relevant departments are aware of this and concentrate on arranging students' internships,
Due to the lack of practice bases and too many interns, some school teachers pursue it unilaterally.
We didn't get good results in the end, which is an urgent problem to be solved.
problem
Second, the present situation of Russian art higher education
Lie Bin National Academy of Fine Arts in St Petersburg, Russia is the best in Russia.
Academy of Fine Arts, whose fine arts department represents the highest level of Russian fine arts. art
The main teaching tasks of the college are: engaging in strict art teaching activities and
Cultivate first-class Russian artists. Mainly painting department, architecture department, sculpture department,
Printmaking Department and Art Theory Department. Mainly set up sketches, colors, decorative arts, and metals.
Technology, pottery, sculpture, plastic arts teaching method, computer painting, Russian art history,
Foreign art history, Russian history, philosophy and other courses.
In teaching arrangement, sketch and color teaching (mainly oil painting) are the most important.
Learning tasks. From freshman year to graduation. Generally, it is from 9 am to 165438+ 0 am.
Sketch teaching, after a short lunch time, followed by color.
Teaching, from 3 pm to 5 pm, sketch teaching again. Master of sketch teaching activities
Wide perspective of education
10 10 199 in Anhui literature 2.
It should be done indoors, because the long winter in St. Petersburg makes them have to.
Choose indoor teaching. Anatomy classes are very strict and often arranged on a piece of paper.
Draw the front, side and 3/4 side of the same person's head, or next to the head.
Draw bones and muscles on the picture. The school has a special anatomy classroom to show the human body.
Students can write all parts of bones and some animal bones here at any time.
Under the guidance of special teachers, students generally use Sotheby's, Xie Biya and Sang for sketch assignments.
Based on Kina, it is made into various shades of gray, and the portrait is integrated with the environment.
Strong sense of space, which is also a good connection with oil painting courses. And in
Painting materials are also very extensive: from charcoal pens, charcoal strips and charcoal sticks to Russian special supplies.
Some are Sotheby's, Shebia and Sankina, including colored chalk and crayons. Art teaching
Attach great importance to the composition class, and the composition should conform to the norms of beauty and be weighed and revised repeatedly.
Seek the best result. Creation class is set from freshman year, and the way is class counseling.
After-class painting composition, final evaluation and techniques require realistic methods and subject matter scope.
It is real life, personal survival experience, Pushkin's poems, the Great Patriotic War, Russia.
History and religion absolutely forbid modern art and some "non-art"
Art "attempt.
Teaching syllabus is the "highest criterion" of higher art teaching, which is biased in teaching.
Poor, immediately corrected by the syllabus, students also have rules to follow, honest.
Just follow the outline, but it's a pity that the outline hasn't changed for decades. this
It is also closely related to the tradition of the Russian nation.
The school pays attention to the cultivation of students' practical ability, and the fine arts department has industrial modeling.
Practical workshops such as pottery, sculpture and carpentry, from drawing design to production completion.
Meticulous, from which we can see the rigorous and solid style of study of Russian students, this kind of learning
The cultivation of students' serious style is not only to make one or two works, but also to
In order to let students form excellent quality of work and life.
It also mentions the construction of most indoor teaching in China.
Discussion, because most parts of China have sufficient sunshine, which is related to
Russia. Therefore, they suggest that students in art colleges in China should take vegetarian food.
The teaching of painting and color pays more attention to the outdoors and perceives the purest art of nature.
Every year in June, when the graduates reply, the students' works are divided into two parts:
One is his own graduation creation; The second is to collect the opinions of primary and secondary school students in teaching practice.
Integrate into the homework. This is an evaluation of creative ability and teaching ability.
Repin Academy of Fine Arts also communicates with local art colleges, exchanges students and gives feedback.
Graduates' work situation, and constantly improve and adjust their teaching plans.
Third, the National Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, Italy.
Florence National Academy of Fine Arts is the highest academy of fine arts in the world, which was founded in 1886.
1339, the world's first academy of fine arts, initiated the world fine arts education.
1562 was formally established. They have many kinds of colleges, such as the College of Art and Vision.
School of Applied Art and Design, School of Communication and Education, Bare School.
The courses of the National Academy of Fine Arts in Florence, Italy are rich and varied. study
The courses arranged by the school are like banquets, and the school will count the students' "consumption". If it arrives
According to the standards of the school, you are allowed to take exams and graduate. Schools usually have a lot of class time.
Art forms are not limited to tradition, but all kinds of contemporary art forms have forms of expression.
And get involved. The school will arrange many activities, exhibitions, movies, lectures and so on.
Wait a minute. As a student, besides attending classes, you must take part in various artistic activities.
Move it. In various places, there are signature forms of schools and signature forms of these places.
Ming students participated, and then summarized them to colleges or teachers, and then teachers and schools.
The hospital reevaluates whether the nutrition absorbed by the students is sufficient, and judges and assesses the students on this basis.
There are also various forms of expression, including animation design, performance art, lighting and creativity.
Everything is open here, of course, daily regular classes are also necessary.
However, the courses will be distributed in various locations in Florence, such as museums and contemporary art.
Museums, galleries and so on.
If there are exams, there will probably be more than three professors present at each exam, and then
Show the work, ask and answer questions, express ideas, then discuss, evaluate and give points. Major inspection
Examine various aspects, such as the number of courses and activities students take part in, and students' art.
The level of artistic works and the concept of understanding artistic works. In addition, the old college
Teachers are also very strict with students, which makes it difficult for students to "fall behind"
Door ",muddle through.
Fourth, the National Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, France.
The National Academy of Fine Arts is the most famous school in the French art world.
A large number of excellent artists. In addition to art and oil painting, the school also provides
Major in sculpture, computer image and video image, with a schooling of 5 years. When students graduate,
You can get DNSEP, a nationally recognized fourth-year college diploma (homologu
Bac+4). The school teaches the skills and concepts of traditional and modern art, with the purpose of
Cultivate high-level and versatile artists. 13 of the students in the school are foreign students.
Health, which enables the art of various countries to fully communicate and actively influence students.
Artistic level.
Students work in the studio, and each student has a special professor to guide them. study
Students choose sketch, oil painting, multimedia and other majors 1 or above.
In the first year, students should complete four credits, one of which is assigned by the professor and the other two are
Painting technology, and the other is art theory. Students should complete 12 courses within five years.
Graduation requires credits, including 1 thesis and defense.
At the same time, the enrollment of the school is very strict, and only 150 of the 700 candidates were admitted.
Take it. First-year students are required to be between 18 and 24 years old. First of all, mention
Hand in your own portfolio, about 20 works, of which at least 10 is original.
Work. After the works are selected, students have to pass three exams: physical objects
Sketch, text description, comments and interviews on works. School acceptance qualification
Admission, if the candidate is under 26 years old and has completed the second year of college.
Industry, then you can submit your portfolio to the admissions Committee and the school according to your study situation.
Students in grades two, three and four have appropriate level of works.
Grade.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Royal Academy of Fine Arts
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts, 1768, has 237 schools since its establishment.
In 2000, with Florence Academy of Fine Arts in Italy, Paris Academy of Fine Arts in France, Russia.
Repin Academy of Fine Arts is also known as the four most outstanding fine arts academies in the world.
The Royal Academy of Fine Arts said that students at home and abroad who intend to apply must have painting skills.
Wide perspective of education
2 0 1 0 Anhui literature 10 200
Bachelor degree in painting, sculpture, digital printing or photography. This school was proposed by Britain.
The only art school that offers three-year advanced courses in these fields. Use data tables to show the discerning eye
There used to be only one China student in the school. The difficulty of entering can be imagined.
The majors offered by this school cover almost all fine arts and related disciplines.
Class. Their pursuit lies in its artistic juxtaposition in an unusual performance.
Design in specific design environment and artistic environment. The principle of art and design is
For the progress of knowledge, they pay attention to the specific process of industry and commerce and think that
Knowledge can produce faith. Their students get it by analyzing and answering questions.
Scholarship. At school, they constantly try and innovate examples of works of art and design.
Focus on developing basic projects, encourage interdisciplinary learning and promote rapid development.
Rapid growth in research results. The above is the general idea of the school.
The school also has high requirements for teachers. Most full-time teachers are in universities.
The first is professional artists and designers. That's what they learn.
Schools, as professionals in art and design work, believe that only constant hugs and
Only by constantly exploring new ideas can their academic work develop forward. study
The school provides various lectures, seminars, master classes and individual counseling every year. they
Including former famous artists and designers, knowledge points from various countries on the international stage.
Children and business people will come to university because they like to share their knowledge and knowledge.
Experience. They think that students will find inspiration and benefit a lot from it.
This school adopts this kind of high-intensity and high-freedom learning.
Learning and teaching mode. Make their education system the shortest in the world.
Sixth, the teaching reform of art higher education in China.
Understanding the current situation of Chinese and foreign art higher education aims to provide reference for China art higher education.
This reform provides some reference opinions for promoting the development of higher art education in China. In view of our country
The author thinks that the problems existing in the current art higher education can be solved from the following aspects.
Reform:
1, the cultivation of literary literacy. For art history, cultural history, especially China
We should attach importance to the study of art history and China cultural history. We should let
Students have a comprehensive understanding of the language of human visual arts, rather than standing still.
Stay on the surface of "knowing", but we should deeply understand its social background.
Analyze the language and modeling characteristics of his artistic era, and analyze the painter's thoughts. Why?
To create in this way, we must understand how these modeling languages express the spiritual feelings of modern people.
The potential value of. Students should always be encouraged to improve their comprehensive knowledge.
Read literary and philosophical works, understand and appreciate music, dance, drama, etc.
An art.
2. With regard to the theme and content of painting, we should pay more attention to what kind of effect the picture should achieve.
A high degree of spirit, human art from birth to the present, styles and techniques emerge one after another.
Great changes have taken place in poverty, but the fundamental thing has not changed, that is simplicity and greatness.
Fang, a pure character, is expressed in different forms in different times.
To reflect, each form is branded with a deep imprint of the times. Whether it's a model
Art or plastic arts, this is a truth.
3. The process of art basic education should be to put everything in the history of visual art..
Experience and creation are introduced to students, so that students can see the diversity of plastic arts.
The examination system under exam-oriented education makes students fall into single prematurely or even blindly.
In the repeated teaching mode, although they have certain modeling ability, but
Generally, it is behind closed doors, forming an artificially closed environment. Realistic modeling training
It is still the most important content of art basic education in today's art colleges, with strict requirements.
It is necessary to standardize teaching. Through practical training, students can master and control.
The ability to make languages is also critical. We can't cherish the past and cherish the present, but
It's not the other way around. We should look at the basic teaching of modeling from a broader perspective.
Learn to shift attention from accurate reproduction to understanding and mastering modern modeling language.
Lift it. For sketches, colors, sketches, etc. We are not only concerned about ourselves.
Besides language, we should pay more attention to its spiritual expression. These should not only be in the big
Learn things that are repeatedly and intensively trained in the lower grades. Basic training is not only to be able to
To accurately reproduce the image, it should also include the structure diagram, structure color and management information.
Ability, which is the basic ability necessary for contemporary artists. For example, as oil
Students majoring in painting, such as Tampere technique, classical oil painting technique, direct drawing and so on.
Language must be understood and mastered. Free and open modeling training enables students to
In skill training, gradually explore the language means suitable for personal spiritual expression, and learn
The potential artistic imagination is induced. Another example is sculpture, architecture, etc.
Besides mastering the most basic technology and skills, students should also be encouraged to go out and get to know China.
A good model of both internal and external training, instead of blindly taking the "stylism" route,
At the same time, it is not blind innovation. Should reflect the country's own cultural heritage.
Connotation. As the saying goes, "The more national it is, the more cosmopolitan it is". Generally speaking, work
Students majoring in fine arts should master the following three abilities: (1) General figurative modeling.
Ability, this refers to the valuable concrete-can truly reflect life, valuable.
The characteristics of. (2) Grasp the abstract laws in modeling and extract them rigorously and accurately.
The most basic law of painting language. (3) Understand the ability as an art world and learn from it.
So is studying art history to understand how an artist understands the social life of his time.
How to express the life of that era and apply this law to understand the present.
Walk into life. (4) Actively learn cultural knowledge and improve culture and art..
Degree of unity.
4. Traditional folk art should be included in compulsory courses, and students' practical ability should be improved.
Enhance students' labor production skills and social adaptability.
5. Strengthen the construction of teaching practice base. Make fine arts colleges and universities and all kinds of arts
These art units have formed a good interactive relationship and closely followed the artistic needs of China society.
Adjust the teaching ideas and learning direction accordingly.
6. To improve the quality of teachers, only teachers have profound culture.
Accumulated and skilled art skills can teach them what they have learned. Just very
One important point.
References:
Xing Li. Consciousness and norms. Renmin University of China Press, 2004.
[2] Li ping Russian academic sketch skills. Jiangxi Fine Arts Publishing House, 2008.
[3] Tao Sun and Ye Nan. Neva looked back. People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 2000.
[4] Chang Ruilun, Tang Bin. Art education. People's Fine Arts Publishing House, 2007.
[5]http://www.rca.ac.uk/。