? Paper Keywords: undergraduate teaching reform cognitive ability, practical ability, practical application ability

? Aiming at the shortage of cultivating undergraduates in colleges and universities, and the problems existing in their learning attitudes and methods, this paper makes some explorations and reforms to improve their cognitive ability and practical application ability. Judging from the results of the reform, it has achieved good results and has been well received by students and recognized by the society.

1. Introduction

With the expansion of university enrollment and the influence of social environment, some college students are not studying very hard now. In order to cope with the exam or get the diploma, they are blind about what to learn and how to learn, especially in the experimental and practical teaching, which leads to low vision, poor hands-on ability and practical application ability, and need secondary training in the unit. In view of the contradiction between the current situation and employers' demand for graduate students, as well as the requirements of the Ministry of Education for undergraduate teaching quality, the current "popular education" has not adapted to the needs of cultivating new talents and needs to be reformed. To become a qualified engineer, contemporary college students must improve their practical ability and ability to solve practical problems, and have certain innovative thinking ability, which shows that the research in this field has very important theoretical and practical significance.

2. Present situation and existing problems

In recent years, many colleges and universities have rapidly expanded their enrollment, but the number of teachers is limited, and newly recruited teachers need further training. Because there are few teachers and many students, they often attend large classes and have classes together, which leads to the decline of class quality. At the same time, the relevant hardware facilities of the school can't keep up with the development of the school, so many experimental courses are varied in experimental content, including simulation experiments and various experimental platforms. The simulation experiment mainly uses simulation tools (such as MATLAB) to verify the learned theory, which is helpful for students to further understand the theory and is not conducive to the cultivation of students' innovation and practical ability; Experimental platform experiment, students are mainly familiar with the experimental principle, according to the experimental instructions for system connection, system parameter adjustment and verification. The computer control system software is provided by the equipment itself or the teacher. This kind of experiment is only a confirmatory demonstration experiment, which does not meet the requirements of talent training. Mainly has the following shortcomings:

2. 1 Students attend more classes and learn more theories, but they rarely see the real thing, and sometimes they can't connect the theory with the real thing.

2.2. Low thinking and poor hands-on ability.

2.3 When students do experiments, they don't know the performance of the experimental system, so debugging experiments is blind. They just follow the experimental instructions, but they don't understand the principle of analytical experiments and how to solve specific problems.

2.4 Students' practical ability can not be cultivated. Experimental class is the first step to cultivate students' practical ability, and it is necessary to do exercises, designs and operations well. However, in the process of experiments in many schools, students can only do experiments by wiring and adjusting parameters step by step because of the detailed experimental instructions provided by the experimental equipment manufacturers, and they have no detailed understanding of how the system is composed and operated.

2.5 Students' comprehensive ability to use knowledge is poor. The connection and difference between courses are not clear. If a comprehensive experimental platform experiment is to be designed and developed by itself, it needs the foundation of several related courses.

3. Teaching reform

In view of the existing problems, many experts and scholars in colleges and universities have carried out teaching reforms to varying degrees. Such as curriculum adjustment, teaching method reform, experimental content reform, experimental method reform, and the design and application of comprehensive, design, research and innovative new experiments. This paper analyzes and reforms the experience of teaching, experiment and various competitions in recent years, which is divided into two aspects.

3. 1 Reform measures to improve college students' cognitive ability

In view of the fact that many colleges and universities have more courses and students learn more theories, but they seldom see real objects, and sometimes they can't link theory with real objects, we should change this situation, increase students' knowledge and strengthen training in this respect. Specific measures are as follows:

3. 1. 1 Change the situation that only textbook knowledge and book theory are taught in class, strengthen the explanation of the application of book knowledge, and explain it to students in combination with the physical objects around them, so that they can experience the application and how to apply perceptual knowledge.

3. 1.2 Try to show physical objects or photos and videos in class. If there are experimental objects with them, they can be brought to class, so that students can look at each other between classes and understand the structural principle of the objects; Some photos and videos can be prepared for students to show and explain the inconvenient instruments and equipment related to the course, so that students can have a perceptual knowledge and improve their interest in learning.

3. 1.3 Visit the relevant laboratories, open the lid of the experimental equipment, let the students know the composition and principle of the experimental equipment, explain to the students according to the functional blocks, tell the students the courses they have learned or will learn, and let the students remember what they have learned, or remember what they have seen in some future courses. Naturally, learning is much easier.

3. 1.4 During the experimental class, enhance the understanding of experimental equipment, components and instruments, and don't do experiments for the sake of doing experiments.

3.2 Reform measures to improve the practical application ability of undergraduates

At present, many students have the shortcomings of poor hands-on ability, mainly in comprehensive experiments and actual design and production. Therefore, experiment and practice classes are good ways to cultivate students' practical ability. The specific reforms are as follows.

3.2. 1 Strengthen the application of background knowledge in specialized course teaching, and try to learn theoretical knowledge with engineering examples.

3.2.2 Reduce demonstration experiments and "fool" experiments, and increase innovative experiments and development experiments. Open experiments and innovative experiments should fully reflect students' dominant position in experimental teaching and cultivate students' self-study ability. The key is to let students practice and master knowledge and methods in practice. In the course of the experiment, don't give students detailed experimental instructions, only explain the experimental principle and matters needing attention in the use of experimental equipment. In this way, on the one hand, students will find ways to be familiar with the experimental system and do experiments well, on the other hand, students will have enough time to debug experiments themselves. There is no doubt that students' self-study ability and practical ability will be well exercised.

3.2.3 Pay attention to cultivating students' innovative consciousness and the ability to dare to start work. In the process of experimental teaching, the explanation should be interspersed with relevant theoretical contents at any time and place to make up for the lack of theory. However, teachers' requirements for experiments should not be too rigid, only the experimental results should be required, and the experimental process should not be forced to give students full play. In this way, students will make some summaries and find some problems during the experiment. In order to solve the problem, students will try to debug the experiment and solve the problem. Therefore, they may find some new methods and experimental equipment and try to improve them. This is innovation.

3.2.4 Pay attention to cultivating students' comprehensive application ability. Build several representative platforms of small practical topics related to majors, such as intelligent racing, tracking robots for electronic competitions, development of experimental system boards, etc., to fully mobilize students' self-learning ability and application ability of what they have learned. In the production process, teachers can give appropriate guidance for students to get started and help students solve problems in time. Through this exercise, students' self-study ability and practical ability are greatly improved, their interest in learning is stimulated, and the purpose of comprehensive application is achieved.

3.3 Impact of reform

Through the implementation of cognitive ability reform and practical application ability reform, from the actual situation of students in recent years, it has received good teaching effect, improved students' interest in learning, cultivated students' practical ability and enhanced students' comprehensive application ability, which is reflected in the outstanding performance in graduation design, graduation defense, written test and interview with employers, and is well received by students, recognized by employers and affirmed by peer experts. Especially in the unit interview, if you participate in the design of related topics, you can sign the agreement directly without saying much, which is undoubtedly the greatest affirmation for students.