Family life, when the birth of Dolly the cloned sheep shocked the whole world, when people marveled at the magical function of modern technology.
At that time, did you know the outstanding role of separation science, a branch of chemical engineering, in modern science and technology?
What is its contribution and status in development?
Information science, material science and bioengineering are called three frontier sciences, and new materials are also called the pillars of modern civilization.
One. This is because there are no new materials with various patterns, complete varieties, unique functions and high purity, only high and new technologies.
It can be a castle in the air, a computer, a robot, a spaceship, etc. It can only be a fantasy, so no matter how high-tech.
, are based on the development and utilization of natural resources, and then separate or synthesize high-purity materials. Chemical separation and purification technology
As an integral part of science and technology, technology provides a reliable guarantee for the realization of various human needs. Modern separation
Technology has been able to make the impurity content of products less than one billion, which is called solvent extraction (liquid? liquid
Extraction is one of modern separation technologies. For example, in the post-treatment of nuclear fuel, irradiated nuclear fuel is treated by extraction separation technology.
Nuclear fuel is processed and artificial nuclides are extracted. 239, including uranium and plutonium.
The rate can reach 99? 9%。 The effect of removing high-level radioactive substances (decontamination coefficient) can reach 106~ 108.
As a noun, solvent extraction may not be familiar to many people, but as a practical separation method, it has long been used.
People put it into practice. The history of solvent extraction for separating inorganic compounds is well documented. Pierre Goth (P
Eligot) first of all,
It is found for the first time that uranyl nitrate can be extracted from nitric acid solution with ether. Then people found some other inorganic substances in practice.
Things can also be extracted by some organic substances, and based on this, a semi-empirical liquid is initially established. Quantitative relation of liquid equilibrium. To19th century
Finally, Nernst uses the basic principles of thermodynamics to study liquids? The liquid equilibrium relationship is further expounded, and the famous Nernst distribution law is put forward, which lays an early theoretical foundation for the development of extraction chemistry and chemical industry. From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century,
People began to apply extraction separation technology to the fields of organic chemical industry and petrochemical industry, such as extracting acetic acid with ester extractant, using
Removal of aromatics from kerosene with liquid sulfur dioxide as extractant. In 1930s, people tried to apply extraction separation technology.
However, due to the constraints of the conditions at that time, no substantial progress was made. In the 1940s, the atomic energy industry
Born in the war, based on the need of producing nuclear fuel, extraction separation technology is feasible in theory and practical application.
With the rapid development, especially the application of tributyl phosphate as an extractant for nuclear fuel, extraction separation technology has entered.
A whole new stage. Subsequently, extraction separation technology was used in rare earth separation, hydrometallurgy, inorganic chemical industry, organic chemical industry and medicine.
Medicine, food, environment and other fields have been continuously applied and achieved good results. Up to now, extraction separation technology can involve almost all elements in the periodic table of elements and has become one of the main members of separation technology. So, as long as you are serious.
Understand the glorious history of extraction and separation technology, and you will be attracted by its outstanding functions.
We are in a historical period of transition from an industrialized society to an information society. In this context, modern science and technology is also changing from the era of big technology to the era of super-large technology. The development of science and technology in this era is different from the era of small science and technology led by individuals and the era of big science and technology led by the government. This is an era of diversified scientific and technological development with enterprise scientific and technological innovation as the main body. The development of unconventional science and technology will gradually replace conventional science and technology and become the mainstream of future science and technology development.
In such a historical transition period, the development of science and technology in China is facing severe challenges and good development opportunities. The super-large era of scientific and technological development will inevitably lead to the adjustment of scientific and technological development strategies and policies in various countries. As a researcher who is concerned about the development of science and technology in China, I would like to have an interactive discussion with netizens on "ultra-high-tech" and the construction of independent innovation road with China characteristics, with a view to making suggestions for the development of the country.
It is urgent to study the history of modern science in China.
"People create history, but they know nothing about the history they are creating." This famous saying of western philosophers seems to tell the reality we are facing. /kloc-for more than 0/00 years, our ancient civilization with a long history and tradition has experienced ups and downs in the wave of modernization and is still catching up with the advanced. Therefore, for their modern history, they often feel lackluster, unbearable, or dismissive, or too busy to take care of, or deliberately avoid, or even deliberately fabricate. The sharp contrast between modern times and ancient times, especially the history of science and technology, and the flood of ultra-left thoughts for a period of time, make people have nothing to say about modern history. Therefore, for a long period of time, the ancient history of science and technology was the mainstream of the research on the history of science and technology in China, while the modern history of science and technology was ignored and remained hidden in the fog of history to some extent.
Modern science and technology has experienced an extraordinary tortuous process since it was introduced to China in the19th century. From the self-improvement movement in the middle of19th century, to the ideological trend of "saving the country through science" and "saving the country through industry" in the early 20th century, and then to the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" in the 1950s, how many hopes, dreams and longings have China people given to science and technology! From 65438 to 050, China's scientific and technological progress is remarkable, but in the modern science and technology building created by all mankind, the contribution of China people is still quite limited, and China's scientific and technological modernization has not been completed. Standing on the threshold of the new century, how should China develop science and technology, catch up with the international advanced level and realize the historical task of "rejuvenating the country through science and education"? Faced with such an important issue, we should not only deeply understand and learn from the experience of developed countries in science and technology, but also deeply study the history of modern science and technology development in China and its relationship with social culture, so as to accurately grasp the characteristics and development mechanism of science and technology and summarize the historical experience and lessons of modern science and technology development in China. Regrettably, when we are committed to solving the immediate scientific and technological problems and catching up with the international advanced level, we rarely systematically discuss and summarize our experiences and lessons in scientific and technological development in the past one or two hundred years. For a long time, we have lacked due understanding of how to promote China's scientific and technological progress and create social conditions and cultural atmosphere conducive to scientific and technological development. As a result, it is not only difficult for us to fully draw lessons from history, but also possible to repeat inappropriate policies and measures in the past. Therefore, in the face of today's heavy responsibilities and challenges, it is not only an urgent task for academic research to systematically study the history of modern science and technology development in China, but also an important task entrusted to us by reality.