It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusions of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. This is an independent and complete paper. According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportable abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportable indicative abstracts.

According to different contents, abstracts can be divided into the following three categories: reportorial abstracts, indicative abstracts and reportorial indicative abstracts.

Summary of report

It is also often called informative abstract or informative abstract, which is characterized by a comprehensive and concise summary of the purpose, methods, main data and conclusions of the paper. Or simply refine the paragraph sentences to reveal the whole picture of the paper concisely and logically. Usually, this abstract can partially replace reading the full text.

Indicative summary

It is also often called descriptive abstract, descriptive abstract or subject abstract. Generally, only two or three sentences are used to summarize the theme of the paper, and arguments and conclusions are not involved. Mostly used for summary, meeting report, etc. This abstract can be used to help potential readers decide whether they need to read the full text.

Report-indicative summary

Express the part of the document with high information value in the form of report summary, and express the rest in the form of indicative summary.