This paper introduces the characteristics of bill of quantities quotation, and according to these characteristics, tells that the project quotation after the implementation of bill of quantities quotation should be carried out according to enterprise quota and unbalanced quotation method, so as to improve the probability of winning the bid. After winning the bid, strictly manage the engineering cost factors such as labor, materials and machinery, record and sign the design changes or other places that are inconsistent with the contract and bill of quantities during the construction of the project, and prepare for future claims. At the same time, this paper also emphasizes the need for reasonable claims.
Keywords:: Bill of Quantities project quotation project management
1 Introduction
As a national standard, the Code for Valuation of Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects has been officially implemented nationwide since July 1 this year, which indicates that China's project cost management has undergone a major change from the traditional planning mode of "integrating quantity and price" to the market mode of "separating quantity and price", and also shows that China's bidding system has really begun to integrate with international practices.
The guiding ideology of "Code for Valuation with Bill of Quantities of Construction Projects" is "government macro-control, market competition forms prices". Mainly reflected in:
Government macro-control. First, it is stipulated that all large and medium-sized construction projects that use state-owned funds or mainly invest with state-owned funds should strictly implement relevant regulations; Second, the Valuation Code unifies the names of subdivisional projects, measurement units, calculation rules of quantities and project codes, which provides a basis for establishing a unified national construction market and standardizing valuation behavior; Third, there is no consumption of people, things and machines in the Pricing Code, which will inevitably prompt enterprises to improve their management level and guide enterprises to learn to compile their own consumption quotas to meet the needs of the market.
Market competition forms prices. Because the "Valuation Standard" does not stipulate the consumption of labor, materials and machinery, it provides independent space for enterprises to bid. A bidding enterprise may bid in accordance with its own production efficiency, consumption level and management ability, as well as its own reserve quotation data, and in accordance with the principles and methods stipulated in the Valuation Code. The final determination of the project cost is determined by both parties to the contract according to the law of value in market competition.
According to the characteristics of the above pricing standards, how can the contractor reduce the quotation without reducing the expected profit, so as to improve the chances of winning the bid? How to improve the expected income of the project invisibly under the condition that the quotation is basically unchanged? After winning the bid, how to manage the factors that affect the project benefit? When the project is completed and settled, how to claim for compensation according to the pricing standard and contract. This paper expounds these problems.
2 project quotation and project management
2. 1 tender offer stage
2. 1. 1 valuation based on enterprise quota.
For bidding enterprises, it is necessary to analyze the unit project cost and profit, make overall consideration, carefully select the construction scheme, reasonably determine the input and configuration of labor, materials, construction machinery and other elements according to the enterprise quota, optimize the combination, reasonably control the site cost and the cost of construction technical measures, and determine the bidding price. Obviously, these are the most basic quotation materials that any enterprise will gradually accumulate in the usual construction management, and they are the business strategy and business secrets of the enterprise. Therefore, in the competition, the bidding enterprises must reasonably determine their own quotation according to their own evaluation, combined with their position in the bidding competition environment and their expectations of expected profits.
2. 1.2 quoted by unbalanced quotation method.
In order to adapt to the bill of quantities quotation, bidding enterprises need to reasonably analyze and determine the unit price to ensure the overall competitiveness of the quotation. On the premise that the total bid price is not much different, some unit prices in the bill of quantities are slightly higher than the normal level by using the unbalanced quotation method, and some unit prices are slightly lower than the normal level. After winning the bid, the bidding enterprise can recover more project funds than the regular quotation in the early stage of contract performance, and try its best to realize the negative occupation of internal management funds, which is in a favorable position in the event of project disputes. If it is obviously unreasonable to judge the engineering quantity of the bidding project during the quotation process, the unbalanced quotation method can also make the actual settlement of the enterprise more than the quotation.
2. 1.2. 1 realize "collecting money early"
Although the Supreme People's Court promulgated the judicial interpretation of Article 286 of the Contract Law in 2002, it is still a matter of great concern for every contractor to recover the project payment as soon as possible and reduce the occupation of the enterprise's own funds. Therefore, after the project starts, in addition to the advance payment, we must strive to get the money in advance when completing each single project. Because the settlement of project funds is generally carried out according to the progress of project construction, the unit price of the work content completed first in the bill of quantities can be increased and the unit price of the work content completed later can be reduced when bidding. Although the unit price behind may be lost, the cost has been recovered in the early stage of contract performance, which reduces the capital occupation of internal management, is conducive to the turnover of construction liquidity and improves the financial contingency ability, so as long as the whole project can finally make a profit.
Adopting this quotation method can not only balance and alleviate the financial pressure of the contractor, but also put the contractor in a favorable position when the project disputes, so it is of great significance to claim compensation and prevent risks. If the contractor is always in a state of living beyond its means, the initiative is in the hands of the contractor in the case of the other party's breach of contract or uncontrollable factors, which reduces the pressure on the contractor's on-site personnel, is also conducive to future construction, and can form a virtuous circle.
2. 1.2.2 Realize "overcharge"
According to Article 4.0.9 of the Valuation Code, whether there is any mistake or omission in the bill of quantities, or the increase or decrease of the new bill of quantities or the number of items in the bill of quantities caused by design changes, it shall be adjusted according to the actual situation. Therefore, if the contractor judges that the bidding quantity is obviously unreasonable in the process of quotation, he can get the opportunity to overcharge. For example, the quantity listed in the bill of quantities of a project is 1000m3, and it can definitely be determined that it should be 1500m3 after reviewing the drawings. At this time, the unit price in the bill of quantities can be increased from 10 yuan /m3 to 13 yuan /m3, thus making more money than the general quotation. If you think that the number of items in the bill of quantities is more than the actual number of items, which is absolutely impossible in actual construction, then you can quote the unit price lower. In this way, it seems that there is a loss when bidding, but because there is not so much workload actually completed, it will lose a small part. Similarly, through the review of construction drawings, if it is found that the engineering design is unreasonable, and it is convinced that it can be changed through later operation, then it is necessary to make appropriate adjustments to the quotations of projects that may be changed in order to obtain better benefits.
2.2 Construction stage "money management"
Under normal circumstances, the project cost of the bid-winning project quoted by the bill of quantities has been basically determined, and adjustment calculation can only be carried out when there is a design change or a change in engineering quantity. Therefore, the key point of cost element management of BOQ quotation project is to control the cost of labor, materials and machinery under the premise of fixed income.
2.2. 1 labor cost management
Labor expenditure accounts for about 15%-20% of the cost of building products, and it constantly changes with the fluctuation of market prices. It is the premise of controlling labor cost to make a realistic forecast of labor price during the whole construction period. The control index of labor cost is mainly controlled in quantity, with emphasis on the process control of projects under construction.
First of all, at the beginning of the month, according to the construction progress plan determined by the construction organization design, the reasonable number of employees is determined, and the control index of this month is calculated by combining the market labor price.
Secondly, in the process of construction, according to the engineering division and sub-project, the daily labor consumption is continuously recorded. After completing a sub-item, compare it with the labor quantity quoted in the bill of quantities, find out the existing problems, and go through the corresponding procedures in order to correct the control index. After completing several sub-projects every month, compare the labor quantity with the quotation in the bill of quantities to assess the completion of control indicators. Through this control, the number of workers is saved, which means that the labor cost is reduced and the corresponding income is increased. If the project is cleared, the number of settlement workers must be considered within the control index. If it does exceed the control index, it is necessary to find the problem engineering part in time and go through the relevant formalities with Party A in time. In the expenditure of labor costs, we should put an end to the expenditure outside the bill of quantities, because these expenditures mean that the control indicators are out of control and the control results are reduced.
2.2.2 Material cost management
Material expenditure accounts for about 60-65% of the cost of building products, which is the focus of cost factor control. The material cost is influenced by the way of material supply, mainly for the materials provided by the employer and the materials purchased by the contractor. From the point of view of procurement, the materials provided by the employer are generally priced, while the materials purchased by the contractor itself have the problem of high and low material prices. Therefore, the contractor should reduce the unit price of materials in the procurement process. At the end of last month, the materials needed for this month's construction were distributed to the purchasing department, and the goods were compared under the premise of ensuring the quality of materials. In the process of purchasing, the material price in the bill of quantities quotation is taken as the control index to ensure that the purchasing process generates income. Provide materials and materials for employers, ensure that there are enough pounds and two feet, and strictly control acceptance and warehousing. From the point of view of construction management, in the process of construction, the quality procedure documents should be strictly implemented, so as to make the material stacking layout reasonable and reduce the secondary handling. The specific operation is to evaluate the control effect after completing a sub-item according to the project progress. It is necessary to put an end to the expenditure without income and minimize the loss of rework. Because rework not only increases the cost of materials, but also seriously affects the reputation of enterprises, which will inevitably have a negative impact on future investment attraction. At the end of the month, the controlled dosage and price should be compared horizontally with the actual dosage and price, and the excess dosage should be made clear. For the problem of material price difference, the employer shall go through relevant formalities as soon as possible.
The key point of material cost management under bill of quantities quotation is to keep abreast of market price changes during the whole construction period and reserve high-quality and cheap materials in time. Establish your own material supply base, reduce the material loss rate in the process of material transportation and strengthen the utilization rate of materials in the construction process. Extend the service life of self-owned turnover materials, accurately calculate the use days of leased turnover materials according to the construction period, and return them to the leasing unit in time when not in use, so as to reduce the number of days occupied.
2.2.3 machinery fee management
The expenditure of machinery cost accounts for about 8%- 10% of the construction output value, and its control index is mainly to calculate the number of machinery shifts used according to the bill of quantities. Because machinery is generally owned by the contractor or rented by the contractor from outside, its price will not change generally, so the control of machinery cost is mainly the control of dosage. For leased equipment, the site conditions should be fully considered, the layout should be reasonable, and the equipment should be fully utilized, especially the access time of large equipment should be reasonably arranged to reduce the cost. In the process of construction, make detailed handover records every day. If the machinery cannot operate normally due to the employer's reasons or other external non-contractual factors, such as on-site power failure, the on-site visa formalities shall be completed with the employer on the same day. At the end of the month, compare the actual number of machine shifts with the absolute number of console shifts, and analyze the reasons for the difference. For self-owned or financial leased equipment, it is necessary to make daily shift records, pay attention to daily maintenance to prolong service life, improve equipment utilization rate, ensure full-load operation every day and do less useless work.
2.2.4 Other expenses management
In addition to labor costs, material costs and machinery costs, there are also management fees, temporary facilities fees, taxes and fees, insurance fees and so on that need to be controlled during construction. This part of the cost will become a fixed figure after winning the bid. Therefore, the following points should be paid attention to in the construction process:
1, saving management expenses is the key point, formulating feasible budget indicators, and carrying out the examination and approval procedures for each expenditure in strict accordance with the budget; Improve the comprehensive quality of managers, be efficient and capable, and advocate multi-skills. Office expenses management, from saving a piece of paper, reducing the time of each call and so on. , is carefully calculated and controlled.
2, the focus of temporary fee management, reasonable layout according to the construction period and site conditions. As far as possible, use local materials to build temporary facilities, and reduce the occupation of temporary facilities in time when the project is nearing completion. Reuse of temporary materials should be handled carefully during each installation and disassembly to prolong the service life. Timely maintenance of vulnerable parts in daily use to prolong service life.
3. Taxes and insurance premiums are strictly controlled by national policies and should be paid in time according to the progress payment.
2.2.5 Management of design change and engineering visa
In the process of construction, we often encounter some unexpected actual situations in the original design or the owner's request to change some construction practices and material substitution, thus causing design changes; Similarly, the content outside the construction drawing, water and electricity cuts, or work stoppage or slowdown caused by the untimely supply of materials, also need to apply for a project visa. First of all, there must be technicians responsible for on-site construction to confirm the quantities. If there are any construction contents that are not included in the bill of quantities, the technicians shall be informed in time to clarify the contents that need to apply for the project visa. Secondly, the budget personnel review whether the change or visa signature is clear and complete, and whether the procedures are complete. The tender offer is based on the established construction scheme.
2.3 settlement stage "claim"
Construction claim refers to that the contractor requests the employer to compensate for its losses in the construction through legal channels and procedures due to the employer or other reasons. This is a normal phenomenon that often happens in international contracted projects, and it is the embodiment of strengthening contract consciousness. In the past, there was a phenomenon of "winning the bid at a low price and claiming for compensation at a high price". With the increasingly fierce competition in the construction market, this practice will seriously damage the contractor's image. Therefore, reasonable opinions should be advocated.
Common claims in contract execution: file modification after bidding; Factors restricting the progress of the project; Changes in quality and standards during project implementation; Interface between parties and disciplines; Work instructions of the employer; Measures to avoid risks, etc.
The contractor must make the original basis for the construction claim, otherwise the claim has no basis and everything is empty talk. The claim procedure is to file a claim in time according to the time stipulated in the contract. According to international practice, the contractor shall submit an application letter of intent within one month after the claim event, so that the supervision engineer can investigate and handle it in time.
The calculation of claim amount must be based on sufficient facts, accurate and reasonable. Related expenses shall be calculated using the specified comprehensive unit price. If other unit prices are used, there must be sufficient basis.
3 Pay attention to the problem
When using unbalanced quotation method, we should also pay attention to the appropriate scale of unit price imbalance. When most of the unit prices in the quotation sheet deviate from the market price by many times or more, or the unbalanced ratio is too wide, which makes the unit price of the preliminary work obviously unreasonable, the employer may require the contractor to provide the unit price analysis and calculation basis, or even judge it as a waste bid, but the contractor will bring disgrace to oneself.
When bidding for a project, don't blindly quote the bill of quantities, but have a deep understanding and understanding of the construction organization design of the whole project, audit the engineering quantity, and adopt certain methods and skills to quote according to the actual situation of the enterprise.
4 conclusion
For a long time, project budget quota has been the main basis of project contracting and pricing in China. The consumption of people, materials and machines in the quota is determined according to the relevant national standards and social average level, and the actual consumption that cannot be reflected cannot fully reflect the technical equipment level, management level and labor efficiency of the enterprise. Therefore, it is extremely urgent to formulate a feasible enterprise quota.
After the implementation of bill of quantities quotation, unbalanced quotation and other methods should be adopted in the project bidding, so that the contractor can recover the funds as soon as possible and as much as possible after winning the bid. In the construction stage of the project, according to the optimized construction scheme, the labor, materials and machinery are strictly managed, and at the same time, the design changes, construction conditions changes and external factors of the project are recorded and confirmed. In the project completion settlement stage, claims should be made according to the terms inconsistent with the contract recorded and confirmed in the previous period. To sum up, it is "take money early, take more money, manage money well, and claim money".