First, the meaning of environmental technology policy
There are different opinions about the concept of policy, and there are dozens of literature reports about policy science at home and abroad, but there is no unanimously recognized definition so far. American scholar Woodrow? Wilson believes that policies are laws and regulations formulated by politicians, that is, people with legislative power, and implemented by administrative personnel; American Canadian scholar David? Easton pointed out that public policy is "the authoritative distribution of the value of the whole society; Harold, the main advocate and founder of policy science? Lasswell and Abraham? Kaplan believes that policy is "a large-scale plan with target value and strategy"; Robert? Eyston believes that policy is "the relationship between government agencies and their surrounding environment"; Thomas? Dai believes that "whatever the government decides to do or not to do" is a public policy; James. Anderson thinks that policy is "a purposeful activity process, which is taken by one or a group of actors to deal with a certain problem or related affairs;" "Carl? Friedrich believes that policy is "a planned activity process of individuals, groups or governments in a certain environment, and the purpose of proposing policies is to use motivation and overcome obstacles in order to achieve a set goal or achieve a set goal."
China's Ci Hai defines policy as "the code of conduct stipulated by the state and political parties to realize the line and tasks in a certain historical period"; Sun Guang, a policy scholar, believes that policy "is a code of conduct set by the state and political parties to achieve a certain general goal, which is manifested in political measures and complex processes to distribute and adjust people's interests"; Wang Fusheng believes that policy can be interpreted as "the code of conduct and strategy determined by people to achieve a certain goal" and "in short, policy is the rule and strategy of governing the party and the country"; Zhang Jinma believes that policy is "a policy or guide used by the party and the government to regulate and guide the behavior of relevant institutions, groups and individuals." Its manifestations are laws, regulations, administrative orders, written or oral statements and instructions of heads of government, as well as action plans and strategies. "Chen Zhenming believes that policy" is the political behavior or code of conduct adopted by state organs, political parties and other political groups to achieve or serve certain social, political, economic and cultural goals in a specific period, and it is the general name of a series of strategies, decrees, measures, methods and regulations "; Wu Qiyuan, a scholar in Taiwan Province Province, China, believes that public policy is "the guiding principle adopted by the government for public and private behaviors. "
Science and technology policy has become a technical term, which is adopted by both economically developed countries and technologically developed countries. It started from 1963 after the United Nations conference on applied science and technology in development zones held in Geneva. Although science and technology policy has been widely used and has become an important means for the state to control science and technology activities, there is still no clear and unified definition. Lou Chengwu, a professor at Northeastern University, believes that technology policy is "a policy formulated for developing an industry (technology field) and regulating technology development, which is mainly reflected in the changes in the development direction and composition of an industry (technology field) and the changes in the proportional relationship". Xu believes that technology policy "is a technical policy formulated by the state to adjust the input, operation, output and transformation of technology activities in a planned and organized way and a system to realize it". According to 1986 "Guide to Science and Technology in China" issued by the former State Science and Technology Commission, technology policy is a principle that should be followed in ecological environment protection and economic, technological and social development, aiming at promoting economic development through technological progress. 1988, the blue book of science and technologyNo. 1 issued by the State Science and Technology Commission-"Essentials of National Technology Policy in Fourteen Important Areas" clearly pointed out in the preface: "Technology policy is an important basis for formulating science and technology development plans and economic and social development plans, and it is a powerful means for the state to guide and regulate economic construction activities in a macro way, especially for technological breakthroughs, technological transformation, technology introduction and key construction projects.
The main content of technology policy generally includes four aspects: development goal, industrial structure, technology choice and the way, route and measures of technology progress; Technology policy system is the development and concretization of science and technology policy, which embodies the attitude of the state and government to technology activities and their control over all aspects, as well as the state's control over the direction and scale of technology development. When formulating technical policies in a certain field, we should grasp the main contradictions that affect the overall situation and put forward corresponding measures according to the characteristics and existing problems in this field.
Qu, former director of the State Environmental Protection Bureau of China and director of the Environment and Resources Protection Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, believes that the environmental technology policy is a series of technical action guidelines in environmental protection formulated by the state according to the requirements of socialist modernization. Professor Cai Shouqiu of Wuhan University believes that environmental technology policy is the principle, approach, direction, means and requirements of environmental protection technology formulated and released by state organs in a specific form in order to solve environmental problems in a certain historical stage, implement the strategic policy of environmental protection, achieve the expected environmental protection objectives, and adjust the relationship between man and the natural environment and related interpersonal relationships. Professor Li Kang of china environmental science Research Institute believes that environmental protection technology policy refers to the collection of scientific and technological means and methods that adapt to the contradiction between economic and social development and resources and environment in a multi-,fast, good and economical way under the premise of economic capacity. Associate Professor Zhu Gengshen of China Institute of Environmental Management believes that the technical policy of environmental protection refers to the policy of guiding enterprises to adopt production and pollution prevention technologies that are beneficial to environmental protection within the scope of industrial policies. The technical policy of environmental protection is the basis for enterprises to formulate pollution prevention and control countermeasures and the starting point of environmental supervision and management. Due to different industries and fields, the ways and means to solve environmental problems are different, and the pollution control technology and production technology used to solve environmental problems are also different, which determines that there are different environmental protection technologies.
Environmental technology policy is also an important part of environmental policy system. In addition to environmental technology policy, environmental policy also includes environmental management policy, environmental economic policy, environmental industrial policy and environmental diplomacy policy. These policies are actually the result of the intersection of environmental protection and economic, scientific and technological, scientific management, industrial and diplomatic activities, and are related to environmental economics, environmental technology, environmental management, environmental industry and environmental diplomacy. As an extension of sustainable development strategy, policies include not only environmental technology policies, but also other environmental policies and policies in many other fields (such as regional macroeconomic layout and industrial development policies, scientific and technological development policies, foreign trade policies, investment and tax policies, financial policies, etc.). Other environmental policies and policies in many other fields are directly or indirectly related to environmental technology policies, and some specific policies are indispensable supporting conditions for the implementation of environmental technology policies. Therefore, when studying the theory and practice of environmental technology policy, we must also consider the relevant policy issues that are suitable for environmental technology policy, mainly the synergistic effect between them.
Environmental technology policy is usually an important basis for a country to formulate environmental science and technology development plan and medium-and long-term environmental protection plan, guide environmental science and technology research, technology development and introduction and the development of environmental protection industry, and is an important technical guarantee for realizing the coordinated development of environment, economy and society. Therefore, under the guidance of the concept of sustainable development, the environmental technology policy in the new century should be constantly revised, improved and timely innovated on the basis of the coordination between environment and development.
Second, the holographic characteristics of environmental technology policy
Holography means that many things contain the same information between parts, or between parts and the whole, or that the lower part of something contains all the information of the higher whole. The environmental technology policy formulated under the guidance of sustainable development strategy covers the multi-level relationship between man and nature, economy and resource environment, resource environment and social development, and its holographic characteristics are obvious.
1. Diversification and infiltration of policies
The holographic nature of environmental technology policy is determined by the interactive relationship between environment, economy and society and the holographic nature of sustainable development strategy. First of all, it is manifested in the multiple intersections and infiltration within the environmental technology policy system and between environmental technology policy and other environmental policies, economic policies and social policies. The height, breadth and depth of this intersection and penetration are incomparable in many other fields. For example, extensive economic's growth mode, industrial structure and production management mode, as well as unsustainable production and consumption mode, directly cause high consumption and waste of resources and energy, as well as serious environmental pollution and ecological damage; Due to unreasonable macroeconomic layout and spatial distribution of population, inefficient allocation of regional resources, blind investment and repeated construction lead to serious similarity in industrial structure, lack of overall planning of polluting township industries and other small, scattered and backward processing industries, serious shortage of land and fresh water resources in some areas with high population, industry, resource and energy consumption and environmental pollution, air and water environmental pollution has reached the level of environmental pollution, endangering the health of urban residents and deteriorating the quality of living environment.
These multi-level, multi-factor, multi-link complex factor relationship chains, as well as the resulting negative effects and results, are precisely the inevitable results of the previous implementation of environmental technology policies, other environmental policies, economic policies and social policies that are not coordinated in many aspects, and even violate the law of sustainable development, which negatively proves the characteristics of multiple intersections and infiltration between environmental technology policies and other environmental policies, economic policies and social policies, and also proves that sustainable development strategy is the premise to ensure the comprehensive and benign intersection and infiltration of these policies.
2. The multidirectional relevance and integrity of the policy system.
The interdependence and interaction between natural resources and ecological environment, and the holographic relationship between economic and social development and resources and environment determine the multidirectional correlation and integrity of the environmental technology policy system, that is, the vertical and horizontal correlation within the environmental technology policy system, the vertical and horizontal correlation between some environmental technology policies and their external systems, and the integrity of mutual correlation and interaction. For example, when studying and formulating energy development and air pollution control policies in China, we should not only examine the correlation between non-renewable resources such as coal, oil and natural gas and sustainable energy development, but also examine the relationship between technological progress, scientific management, overall decline of energy prices and energy consumption, and production costs and sustainable consumption. It is also necessary to study the economic and technical problems of converting more coal into electricity, developing hydropower and nuclear power generation, and developing renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass energy, so as to increase the proportion of clean energy as much as possible and provide guarantee for alleviating the increasingly serious contradiction between energy development and air pollution from the source.
It can be seen that the multi-directional relevance and integrity of the environmental technology policy system not only reflects the high complexity of environmental technology policy and the systematic role of policy regulation, but also reflects the deep intersection and infiltration of environmental technology policy.
3. Outlook on development and values are the soul of policy thinking.
Historical experience shows that resource depletion, environmental pollution and ecological destruction are becoming more and more serious. Moreover, in many countries and regions, the population growth, the scale and intensity of economic development, the total social consumption, the total consumption of resources and pollutants exceed the maximum allowable carrying capacity of resources and environment, and a series of external diseconomy of economic and social development, that is, the cumulative effect of resources and environment losses. The fundamental reason is that people only care about development, ignore resources and environment, and even abuse them, thinking that "natural resources are inexhaustible" and have no original value. Although this is a great historical misunderstanding, it is a historical fact in the industrial economy and the era of "black industry" in the past 200 years, and in a sense, it is inevitable.
The sustainable development strategy based on the concept of sustainable development and scientific values of resources and environment, as well as the resources and environment policies that serve it, have conceptually innovated the traditional concept of development and wrong values, and are changing people's mindset and way of thinking about the relationship between development and resources and environment. The new concepts of harmony between man and nature, harmony between development and resources and environment, protection and improvement of the ecological environment on which human beings depend for survival and development, and rational development and sustainable utilization of natural resources are being formed in people's minds.
The above development concepts and values are the soul of environmental technology policy thought. Moreover, whether the new environmental technology policy system researched and formulated to achieve the goal of sustainable development can be effectively put into practice and whether it can play a regulatory role in coordinating with the development of resources and environment in practice depends on whether people, especially decision makers at all levels, can consciously accept and grasp the soul of environmental technology policy thinking.
4. Stability and variability of policies
After the sustainable development strategy was established and implemented, the environmental technology policy was quite stable. At the same time, in the era of the new round of industrial revolution, scientific and technological revolution and great social change, because the objective conditions will change faster than people expected, and people have not fully realized some deep-seated changes at present, and there are some uncertainties objectively, so the environmental technology policy also has essential variability with the passage of time.
The stability of environmental technology policy means that the basic policy framework, main and long-term policy contents will exist for a long time under the condition that sustainable development is the only choice of human beings and needs the unremitting struggle of present and future generations, and there will be no substantial changes in this time span; The variability of environmental technology policy refers to the normal changes of some specific policies after the economic, scientific and social basis of policy formulation changes, including the adjustment and supplement of policy content, the update and substitution of some clauses, etc. Correctly understand and grasp the relationship between the stability and variability of environmental technology policies, including improving the ability to understand and deal with the stability of the policies studied and formulated, grasping the level, content and timing of policy changes, adjusting or denying the suitability of the original policies after the changes, adjusting the coordination between the updated policies and the original policies that continue to be implemented, and so on. These are all important issues faced by policy scholars and people who study and formulate environmental technology policies.
5. Chain reaction and ripple effect in policy implementation
Multi-dimensional cross-infiltration, multi-directional correlation and integrity of environmental technology policy, as well as the influence of development concepts and values on policy implementation, will have a chain reaction and ripple effect in the implementation of environmental technology policy. For example, in the policy of controlling environmental pollution of construction projects, it is stipulated that environmental impact assessment should be carried out before the project is established; In the process of project construction, it is necessary to review whether the pollution control facilities are synchronized with the main project and its control effect; Then, after the construction project is put into operation, it is necessary to further implement the total pollutant discharge control policy and the pollution charge policy; Then according to the actual situation and relevant policies, carry out cleaner production audit, formulate cleaner production plan according to the basic policy of saving resources and controlling pollution, and implement it step by step. If these environmental technology policies and other relevant control measures can be strictly implemented and adopted, the contradiction between the production activities of these polluting construction projects and the development and utilization of resources and environmental protection can be coordinated to a great extent, so that environmental technology policies will have a positive chain reaction of a series of activities, links and consequences on the virtuous circle of development and resources and environment, and will have a ripple effect when all pollution sources are under the control and management supervision of relevant environmental technology policies and regulations; On the contrary, there will be a series of reverse chain reactions and chain reactions in the vicious circle, which will make environmental pollution more and more serious.
After understanding the above-mentioned main characteristics of environmental technology policy, some regular things will be derived from it, thus providing favorable conditions and scientific basis for further study of environmental technology policy theory.
refer to
1 Gu Haibo. Innovation of environmental technology policy based on the concept of sustainable development. Shenyang: Northeast University Press, 2004;
Zhang Lansheng. Applied environmental economics. Beijing: Tsinghua University Publishing House,1992;
Chengwu on the third floor. Several problems in the current research of science and technology policy in China. Journal of northeastern university. 2002；
Energy Strategy Research Group of China Academy of Sciences. Special study on sustainable development strategy of energy in China. Beijing: Science Press, 2006;
The above is the literature I refer to, and I believe that writing a paper also needs the assistance of literature.