Analysis:

Answer Wang Mo: Dickens is an English novelist and Huygens is a Dutch physicist, astronomer and mathematician. A more detailed introduction is as follows.

Dickens:

Charles John Huffam Dickens (1865438+February 7, 2002 ~ 65438+June 9, 20870) was a famous novelist in Victorian England. His works are still popular today and have played an important role in the development of English literature.

one's early years

Dickens 18 12 was born in Portsmouth, England. He is the second child of John Dickens and Elizabeth Barlow, naval staff officers. Dickens' family moved to Chatham when he was 5 years old, and moved to Camden Town (now London) when he was 10 years old.

Dickens received a period of education in a private school when he was a child. However, at the age of 12, Dickens' father was imprisoned due to debt problems, and Dickens was sent to a shoe and oil factory in London as an apprentice, working 10 hours a day. Perhaps it is because of this experience that Dickens' works pay more attention to the living conditions of the working people at the bottom of society.

But later, because his father inherited an inheritance, the family's economic situation improved, and Dickens had the opportunity to return to school. /kloc-graduated from Wellington College at the age of 0/5, then worked in a law firm, and later transferred to a newspaper to become a reporter covering parliamentary debates. Dickens didn't receive much formal education, and he was basically self-taught.

Journalist career

Dickens later became a parliamentary reporter for the Morning Post, covering policy debates in the British House of Commons. He often traveled around Britain and covered various election activities. He began to publish articles in various journals, and finally collected and published Boz's Sketch, which was his first collection of essays. But what really made him famous was the Pickwick paper published in 1836.

Creative profession

After that, Dickens published several popular novels, including Oliver Twist, Nicholas Nicholby and The Old Antique Shop. After 184 1 finished barnaby Lurgi, Dickens went to the United States he longed for. Although Dickens was warmly welcomed there, he was disappointed in the New World in the end. His experiences in the United States are included in the American Notes published by 1842.

1843 published A Christmas Carol, which caused great repercussions. This novel is the first in his series of Christmas stories. Then he published another novel, Martin Chuzwitt, based on his American behavior background. From 1844 to 1846, Dickens traveled all over Europe and continued to write on the road. From 65438 to 0849, he published the autobiographical novel david copperfield, the content of which is closely related to Dickens' personal experience. Dickens' later novels are sharper and more critical, among which Bleak House, Hard Times, Little Dooley, A Tale of Two Cities, Great Expectations and so on are more famous.

From 65438 to 0850, Dickens founded his weekly Family Vocabulary, which included novels by himself and other writers. 1859, another publication, Perennial, was published. Many of Dickens' own works were first published in these two magazines in serial form.

Dickens is not only a prolific writer, but also an active actor. He turned the public reading into a two-hour solo drama performance, and the "prompt book/prompt book" was his preparation record: marking the original text, selecting what is needed, omitting branches, and occasionally adding some new jokes-for this talented performer, character expression marks are unnecessary. Dickinson's reading/acting sessions started from 1853 to 12, and spread all over the Atlantic for more than ten years. Kuaishu is a stage description written by Dickens for himself, which provides a vivid reference for Dickens' research and later derivative drama/film creation. (Source: Dickens Museum, London)

1on June 9, 870, Dickens died, and his first detective novel, The Mystery of Edwin Druid, had not been finished. After his death, he was buried in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. His tombstone reads: "He is a sympathizer of the poor, suffering and oppressed people; His death deprived the world of a great English writer. "

Huygens:

Christiaan huygens (1629 ~ 1695) is a Dutch physicist, astronomer and mathematician. He was an important pioneer in physics between Galileo and Newton.

Huygens was born in The Hague on April 1629. His father is a minister, diplomat and poet, and he often interacts with scientists. Huygens was smart, diligent, witty and versatile since he was a child. /kloc-when he was 0/3 years old, he made a lathe himself and got the guidance of the famous Descartes at that time directly. His father affectionately called him "my Archimedes". /kloc-at the age of 0/6, he entered Leiden University to study law and mathematics. Two years later, he transferred to Brayda University, where he obtained a doctorate in law. Then he went to Paris, where he began his important scientific career. 1663 visited Britain and became a member of the newly established Royal Society. 1666, at the invitation of Louis XIV, Ren Gang became an academician of the French Academy of Sciences. Huygens was sickly, devoted himself to science and never married. 1695 died in The Hague on July 8th.

Huygens is in a rich and relaxed family and social condition, and he can play his talents more freely without interference from religious persecution. He is good at combining scientific practice with theoretical research, deeply solving some important problems, and forming a working method combining theory with experiment and a clear physical thought. He left people with 68 kinds of scientific papers and works, including 22 volumes, and made contributions to collision, pendulum, centrifugal force and light fluctuation theory, optical instruments and so on.

His earliest achievement was mathematics. He studied the solution of envelope, quadratic curve and curve length. He discovered the difference between catenary cycloid and parabola. He is the founder of probability theory.

1668 ~ 1669, he is one of the winners of the Royal Society's paper on collision. He studied in detail the problem of completely elastic collision (then called "centripetal collision"). After his death, he was published in On Collision Motion of Objects (1703), including 5 hypotheses and 13 propositions. He corrected Descartes' mistake of not considering the directionality of momentum, and put forward the conservation before and after the complete elastic collision for the first time. He also studied the collision between two people's balls on the shore and the ship, and applied the principle of relativity to the study of collision.

Huygens studied pendulum and its theory from both practice and theory. 1656, he first introduced the pendulum into clocks and watches to replace the gravity gear clock. In Pendulum Clock (1658) and Geometric Proof of the Movement of Pendulum Clock or Pendulum (1673), the famous period formula of simple pendulum is put forward, and the solution of complex pendulum and its vibration center is studied. Through the study of the evolute and the evolute, the isochron and cycloid are found. Three-line pendulum, cone-line pendulum, inverted pendulum and cycloidal clamp are studied. Huygens' ocean clock structure includes pendulum, cycloidal splint, pawl unlocked by driving hammer every half second, etc.

When studying the rise and fall of the center of gravity of a pendulum, Huygens discovered the center of gravity of the object system and the moment of inertia that Euler later said, and introduced the physical idea of feedback device-"feedback", which is more meaningful today. The balance spring of the marine watch is designed, which greatly reduces the size of the watch. He also used pendulum to calculate the exact value of gravity acceleration, and suggested that the length of second pendulum should be used as the natural length standard.

Huygens put forward his centrifugal force theorem, and he also studied the circular motion, pendulum and centrifugal force when the object system rotates, as well as the oblateness when the mud ball and the earth rotate, and so on. These studies promoted the later establishment of the law of universal gravitation. He raised many interesting and enlightening questions about centrifugal force.

He designed and manufactured exquisite optical and astronomical instruments, such as grinding lenses and improving telescopes (using them to discover Saturn's rings). ) and microscope, Huygens eyepiece is still in use today. There are also dozens of meters long "sky telescopes" (tubeless, long focal length, achromatic) and "planetary machines" that display the starry sky (that is, the prototype of today's planetarium).

Huygens' letter to the Paris Academy of Sciences in 1678 and his book On Light published in 1690 all expounded his light fluctuation principle, that is, Huygens' principle. In his opinion, the particles of each luminous body transmit the pulse to the particles of an adjacent diffusion medium ("ether"), and each excited particle becomes the center of a spherical wavelet. Based on the theory of elastic collision, he thinks that such a group of particles can propagate pulses in all directions at the same time, although they do not advance, so the beams cross each other without affecting each other, and on this basis, as a graph to explain the reflection and refraction of light. The most wonderful part of the Theory of Light is the birefringence model, which explains the strange phenomena caused by ordinary light and extraordinary light by means of spherical and ellipsoid propagation. There are dozens of complex geometric figures in the book, which is enough to illustrate his mathematical skills.