■ Chinese aliases: salicylic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, bamir, Li Shuang, Saining, Dong Qing, etc.
■ English name: aspirin
■ English aliases: Acenterine, Acetard, Acetophen, Acetylsalicylic acid, Acidum Acetylsalicylicum, Adiro, Albyl, Aluprin, Asadrine, Aspirinetas, Bayaspirina, Bi-Prin, Codral Junior, Ecotri, Ecotrin, Elsprin, Empirin, Enteretas, Novosprin, Rhonal, Salitison, Salitison acetate, etc.
■ Latin name: aspirin
■ Chemical name: 2- (acetoxy) benzoic acid.
■ The molecular structural formula is C9H8O4.
■ Molecular relative mass: 180. 16.
■ Introduction to Aspirin
Aspirin is a antipyretic and analgesic drug with a long history, which was born in1March 6, 899. As early as Charles' 1853, Gerhardt synthesized acetylsalicylic acid from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride, but it failed to attract people's attention. 1898, German chemist Fehoffmann synthesized it again and treated his father with rheumatoid arthritis, with excellent curative effect. 1899 was introduced into clinic by Dreiser and named aspirin. Today, aspirin has been used for one hundred years and has become one of the three classic drugs in medical history. It is still the most widely used antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug in the world, and it is also the standard preparation for comparing and evaluating other drugs. It has antithrombotic effect in vivo, and can inhibit platelet release reaction and platelet aggregation, which is related to reducing TXA2 production. Clinically, it is used to prevent the attack of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
According to documents, it is said that the inventor of aspirin was German felix hoffman, but in this invention, there was also a Jewish chemist Artur Eichengreen, who played a very important role. Artur eichengreen's bitter story happened between 1934 and 1949. 1934, Felix Hoffman claimed to have invented aspirin. At that time, Germany was in the dark period of Nazi rule, and the persecution of Jews intensified. In this case, the arrogant Nazi rulers were even more reluctant to admit that the inventor of aspirin was a Jew, so they mistakenly put the inventor's crown on Felix Hoffman's head and gilded their "German national superiority theory". Nazi rulers shut Artur eichengreen up and put him in a concentration camp. After World War II, around 1949, Artur Eichengreen raised this question again, but he died soon. Since then, this matter has sunk into the sea. Walter Snead, a British doctor of medicine and historian, obtained permission from Bayer Company after many twists and turns, consulted all the files of Bayer Company's laboratory, and finally restored the historical features of this invention with conclusive facts. He pointed out: Artur eichengreen played an important role in the invention of aspirin. In fact, in 1897, felix hoffman did synthesize the main substance of aspirin for the first time, but he succeeded under the guidance of his boss and famous chemist Artur Eichengreen, and completely adopted the technical route proposed by eichengreen.
Applicable diseases
This medicine can be used in the following clinical situations.
■ Analgesia and antipyretic
It can relieve mild or moderate pain, such as headache, toothache, neuralgia, muscle pain and menstrual pain, and can also be used for fever such as cold and flu. This product can only relieve symptoms, but can't treat the causes of pain and fever. It needs to be treated with other drugs at the same time.
■ Anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatism
Aspirin is the first choice to treat rheumatic fever, which can relieve fever, anti-inflammation, improve joint symptoms and reduce ESR, but it can't eliminate the basic pathological changes of rheumatism and prevent complications such as heart damage. If there is obvious myocarditis, it is generally recommended to use adrenocortical hormone first, and then use this product before stopping the hormone after the rheumatism symptoms are controlled, so as to reduce the rebound caused by the hormone withdrawal.
■ arthritis
Besides rheumatoid arthritis, this product is also used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, which can improve symptoms and create conditions for further treatment. In addition, this product can be used for skeletal muscle pain caused by non-rheumatic inflammation such as osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile arthritis, and can also relieve symptoms.
■ antithrombotic
This product can inhibit platelet aggregation and prevent thrombosis, and can be used to prevent transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, artificial heart valve, arteriovenous fistula or other postoperative thrombosis. It can also be used to treat unstable angina pectoris.
■ Cutaneous mucosal lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease)
Pediatric application.
dosage
Note: Take with food or water to reduce gastrointestinal irritation.
■ Adults generally take it orally.
(1) antipyretic and analgesic, 0.3—0.6g once, three times a day, and every 4 hours/kloc-0 once if necessary.
② Anti-rheumatism, 3-5g per day (7-8g for acute rheumatic fever), taken orally for 4 times.
③ There is no exact dose to inhibit platelet aggregation. Most people advocate using small doses, such as 50- 150mg, 1 time, once every 24 hours.
④ Treatment of biliary ascariasis, 1g once, 2-3 times a day for 2-3 days; Paroxysmal strangulation was stopped after 24 hours, and then treated with insect repellent.
■ Children generally take it orally.
(1) antipyretic and analgesic, according to body surface area 1.5g//m2, take orally for 4-6 times a day, or 5- 10mg/kg each time, or 60mg every year, or 1 time if necessary, for 4-6 hours each time.
② Anti-rheumatism: Take it at a weight of 80- 100 mg/kg, 3-4 times a day. If there is no curative effect after 1-2 weeks, the dosage can be adjusted according to the blood concentration. Some cases need to be increased to 130mg/kg/ day.
③ Children were used for cutaneous mucosal lymph node syndrome (Kawasaki disease), starting with 80- 100 mg/kg daily, divided into 3-4 times, and after 2-3 days of fever, it was changed to 30mg/kg daily, divided into 2-4 times, taking it continuously for more than 2 months, and 5- 10 daily during thrombocytosis and hypercoagulability.
④ Prevention of thrombosis, atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: 0.3/ time, daily 1 time; To prevent transient cerebral ischemia, 0.6g each time, twice a day.
⑤ Treatment of biliary ascaris: once 1g, 2-3 times a day for 2-3 days.
⑥ Treat diarrhea caused by X-ray irradiation or radiotherapy, 0.6-0.9g each time, 4 times a day. (6) For the treatment of tinea pedis, first rinse with warm water or 1: 5000 potassium permanganate solution, and then apply this product powder to the affected area, which can be cured for 2-4 times. Salicylic acid has a long peak time in the morning and a long half-life, but it is the opposite at night. The reasonable dosage should be increased slightly in the morning. Eat it again at night.
■ Usage and optimal dosage for patients with certain diseases
① Aspirin alone is ineffective in preventing valvular cerebral artery embolism, but the combination with dipyridamole can strengthen the effect of low dose dipyridamole.
② Avoid combination with glucocorticoid; Avoid using coumarin anticoagulants, methotrexate, barbiturates and aniline and other hypoglycemic agents.
③ Take it after meals. The evidence-based guidelines of the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP) point out that patients should use aspirin to prevent myocardial infarction, stroke and vascular death, and the optimal dosage should be used according to the condition.
A large number of clinical trials show that aspirin 75mg/ day can effectively reduce the risk of acute myocardial infarction and death in most patients, including patients with chronic stable or unstable angina pectoris. This dose can also reduce the incidence of stroke and death in patients with transient ischemic attack. A stroke prevention study in Europe shows that patients with a history of transient ischemic attack and stroke can reduce the risk of stroke or death by taking 25mg of aspirin twice a day, that is, 50mg/ day. Clinical practice has proved that even if patients take aspirin at a dose higher than that in the table, the curative effect will not be further improved, but the occurrence of side effects will be greatly increased. Therefore, in the treatment of various thrombotic diseases, patients should use the minimum effective dose, that is, long-term application of 50- 160mg/ day, in order to achieve the maximum curative effect and minimize the side effects, which is the best dose for patients to take aspirin.
counteraction
Commonly used doses of antipyretic and analgesic drugs rarely cause adverse reactions. However, long-term high-dose medication (such as rheumatic fever), especially when the blood concentration of the drug is greater than 200μ g/ml, is prone to side effects. The higher the blood concentration, the more obvious the side effects.
◆ Common gastrointestinal reactions include nausea, vomiting, epigastric discomfort or pain (caused by direct stimulation of gastric mucosa by this product) (the incidence rate is 3-9%).
Rare or rare (incidence < 3%);
(1) gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer, manifested as bloody stool or tarry stool, severe stomachache or vomiting, bloody stool or coffee-like, more common in patients taking large doses of drugs; According to reports, 70% of patients who take 4-6g a day bleed 3- 10 ml a day, and those with ulcers bleed more, which can cause hemorrhagic anemia. There are few gastrointestinal irritation reactions when taking enteric-coated tablets;
② allergic reaction to bronchospasm, characterized by shortness of breath, dyspnea or asthma and chest tightness;
③ Skin allergic reaction, manifested as rash, urticaria, skin itching, etc.
④ The damage of liver and kidney function is related to the dose, especially when the blood concentration reaches 250μ g/ml. This damage is reversible and can be recovered after drug withdrawal.
■ Specific classification
◆ Allergic reaction
People with specific physique can cause allergic reactions such as rash, angioneurotic edema and asthma after taking this medicine, and its incidence rate is about 20%, which is more common in middle-aged people or patients with rhinitis and nasal polyps. Asthma is mostly severe and persistent, and may be accompanied by urticaria or laryngeal edema. Corticosteroids are effective. The mechanism of this phenomenon is not very clear. Maybe these people have a specific pharmacological reaction to aspirin.
◆ Gastric mucosal injury
Aspirin can cause gastric mucosal erosion, bleeding and ulcers. Most patients took moderate doses of aspirin for several days, that is, they saw positive fecal occult blood test; People who take this medicine for a long time have a high incidence of ulcers. I once met a patient with high fever of 1, who took 0.6g/ of aspirin twice a day and vomited 500ml after 3 days. In addition to the acidity of drugs directly causing gastric mucosal damage, injection of drugs can also occur. Aspirin can penetrate the lipoprotein membrane of gastric mucosa epithelium and destroy the protective effect of lipoprotein membrane, so gastric acid can reversibly spread into tissues to damage cells, causing capillary damage and bleeding. Recently, prostaglandin has been found to have a certain maintenance effect on gastric mucosa. Aspirin has been proved to prevent prostaglandin synthesis, increase gastric mucosal epithelial shedding and exceed the renewal rate, aggravate the degree of ulcer and reduce gastric mucus. Therefore, aspirin is best taken after meals or combined with antacids, and patients with peptic ulcer should be careful or not.
◆ Liver injury
Aspirin-induced liver damage is rarely reported in China. Some data show that when the serum aspirin concentration drops, transaminase also returns to normal. Drug-induced liver damage may be related to hepatocyte poisoning or allergic reaction.
◆ Hemorrhage, hemolysis and hematopoietic dysfunction
Aspirin can dilate coronary arteries and cerebral vessels, but it can't inhibit the synthesis of liver prothrombin, but it can inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase, reduce the formation of thromboxane A2, prevent platelet aggregation, and make it difficult to release coagulation factors, so it has certain anticoagulant effect. Therefore, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding or ulcer, clinical bleeding tendency or recent history of cerebral hemorrhage should not take this product. Pregnant women who take aspirin often have brain injuries such as premature cerebral hemorrhage. Therefore, pregnant women should stop using this product 2 ~ 3 months before delivery. Aspirin can cause hematopoietic dysfunction. I have seen 1 patient with acute hematopoietic dysfunction caused by taking this product. After taking this product for 4 hours, the whole body itches, and after 7 hours, nosebleeds and gingival bleeding persist, accompanied by systemic purpura. Bone marrow image showed that the red blood cell system was obviously inhibited. After symptomatic treatment, the myelogram returned to normal after 10 days. Aspirin occasionally causes hemolysis.
◆ Renal damage
Clinical observation and animal experiments prove that taking aspirin for a long time can cause interstitial nephritis, renal nipple necrosis and renal insufficiency. Long-term and large-scale use of this product can cause oxidative phosphorylation decoupling, potassium escapes from renal tubular cells, resulting in potassium deficiency and increased uric acid excretion in urine. The greater harm is that protein, cells and casts can appear in lower urine.
◆ Neuropsychiatric symptoms
When anti-rheumatic doses are used, sometimes the so-called salicylic acid reaction occurs in the first 3 ~ 4 days of treatment, and the symptoms are headache, dizziness, tinnitus and hearing loss. When the dose is too large, mental disorders, convulsions and even coma may occur.
Don't be careful
■ overview
/kloc-children under 0/2 years old may cause Reye's syndrome and hyperuricemia, and long-term use may cause liver damage. Pregnant women should not use it. Alcohol drinkers taking therapeutic doses of aspirin can cause spontaneous hyphema, so patients with traumatic hyphema should not use aspirin. Aspirin is prohibited in patients with caesarean section or abortion; Aspirin aggravates hemolysis in patients with hemolytic anemia due to glucose 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Newborns, young children and the elderly seem to be particularly sensitive to the effect of aspirin on bleeding. Therapeutic dose can cause metabolic acidosis, fever, hyperventilation and brain symptoms in children under 2 years old.
■ Cross allergic reaction. When you are allergic to this product, you may also be allergic to another salicylic acid drug. However, people who are allergic to this product may not be allergic to non-acetylsalicylic acid drugs.
■ This product easily passes through the placenta. Animal experiments show that this product can cause teratomas in the first three months, such as spina bifida, skull, facial fissure, leg deformity, central nervous system, visceral and skeletal hypoplasia. There are also reports of human fetal defects after using this product. In addition, long-term and large-scale application of this product in the third trimester of pregnancy can prolong pregnancy and increase the risk of overdue delivery syndrome and prenatal bleeding. Use in the last 2 weeks of pregnancy will increase the risk of fetal bleeding or neonatal bleeding. Long-term medication in the third trimester may also cause fetal arterial catheter contraction or early atresia, leading to persistent pulmonary hypertension and heart failure in newborns. It has been reported that excessive use or abuse in the third trimester of pregnancy will increase the incidence of stillbirth or neonatal death (possibly due to arterial catheter atresia, prenatal bleeding or low weight), but the above side effects have not been found by using general therapeutic doses.
■ This product can be excreted in breast milk, and the drug concentration in breast milk can reach 173-483 μ g/ml 5-8 hours after oral administration of 650mg by lactating women, so infants may have adverse reactions after taking it in large doses for a long time.
■ Elderly patients are prone to toxic reactions when taking this product.
■ Children patients, especially those with fever and dehydration, are prone to toxic reactions. Acute febrile diseases in children, especially influenza and chickenpox, may be related to the occurrence of Wright's syndrome, which is rare in China.
■ The following conditions should be disabled:
(1) Ulcer with bleeding symptoms or other active bleeding; ② Hemophilia or thrombocytopenia.
② Ulcer or corrosive gastritis;
③ Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (this product occasionally causes hemolytic anemia);
(4) Gout (this product can affect the action of other uric acid excretion drugs, and a small dose may cause uric acid retention);
⑤ Liver toxicity and bleeding tendency can be aggravated when liver function declines, and patients with liver insufficiency and cirrhosis are prone to renal adverse reactions;
⑥ Cardiac insufficiency or hypertension may cause heart failure or pulmonary edema when a large amount of drugs are used;
⑦ Renal failure can aggravate nephrotoxicity.
■ Use with caution in the following situations: ① When allergic reactions such as asthma occur.
Matters needing attention
■ Instructions for medication
◆ Within 7 days after tonsillectomy or oral surgery, the whole piece should be swallowed to avoid contact with the wound after chewing and causing injury.
◆ Surgical patients should stop using it 5 days before operation. So as not to cause coagulation disorders.
◆ When used to treat arthritis, the dosage should be gradually increased until the symptoms are relieved and the effective blood concentration is reached (at this time, slight toxic reactions such as tinnitus and headache may occur, which are not reliable indicators in children, the elderly or deaf patients); However, the dose should not be adjusted frequently, generally not more than once a week. Of course, if there are side effects, it should be reduced quickly; It usually takes 7 days for the plasma concentration of salicylic acid to reach a steady state.
◆ Dehydrated patients (especially children) should reduce the dosage. The hematocrit, liver function and serum salicylic acid content should be checked regularly when taking a large number of drugs for a long time.
■ Interaction with other drugs
◆ Combined with other NSAIDs and analgesics.
When combined with other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs, the curative effect is not enhanced, but the gastrointestinal side effects (including ulcer and bleeding) increase; In addition, due to the enhanced inhibition of platelet aggregation, it can also increase the risk of bleeding in other parts. Long-term and large-scale use of this product and acetaminophen may lead to renal diseases.
◆ When it is combined with any drugs that can cause hypoproteinemia, thrombocytopenia, decreased platelet aggregation function or gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding, it may aggravate coagulation disorder and cause bleeding.
◆ Use anticoagulant.
Combined with anticoagulant (dicoumarin, heparin, etc.). ) and thrombolytic agents (streptokinase, urokinase), the risk of bleeding can increase.
◆ Use urine to alkalize drugs
Urine alkalizing drugs (sodium bicarbonate, etc.). ) and antacids (long-term large-scale application) can increase the excretion of this product from urine and reduce the blood drug concentration. However, when the blood drug concentration of this product reaches a stable state and the alkaline drugs are stopped, the blood drug concentration of this product can rise to a toxic level. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor can alkalize urine, but it can cause metabolic acidosis, which can not only reduce the blood drug concentration, but also increase the amount of the product penetrating into brain tissue, thus aggravating the toxic reaction.
◆ Use uric acid drugs.
Uric acid drugs can reduce the excretion of this product and increase its blood concentration. Patients whose blood concentration of this product has reached a stable state may increase the blood concentration of this product and increase the toxic reaction after adding uric acid drugs.
◆ Use glucocorticoids
Glucocorticoid (hormone for short) can increase the excretion of salicylate. In order to maintain the blood concentration of this product, the dosage of this product should be increased when necessary. When this product is used with hormones for a long time, especially when it is used in large quantities, salicylic acid reaction may occur when hormones are reduced or stopped, and even the risk of gastrointestinal ulcer and bleeding may be increased.
◆ Use insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents.
The hypoglycemic effect of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents can be enhanced and accelerated by being used with a large number of products.
◆ Use methotrexate.
When combined with methotrexate (MTX), it can reduce the combination of methotrexate and protein, reduce its excretion from the kidney, increase the blood drug concentration and increase the toxic reaction.
◆ Use probenecid or sulpirone.
At the same time, the use of this product can reduce the uric acid excretion of probenecid or sulpirone; When the blood concentration of salicylate is greater than 50μ g/ml, the decrease is obvious, especially when it is greater than 100- 150μ g/ml. In addition, probenecid can reduce the clearance rate of salicylate from kidney, thus increasing the plasma concentration of salicylate. Combined with other non-hormonal anti-inflammatory drugs or sugar hormones, it can strengthen the stimulation to the stomach. Hormones have a certain effect on reducing the concentration of salicylic acid. If the hormones are used together and stopped, the concentration of salicylic acid in the blood will increase and be poisoned. It has the function of strengthening methotrexate, sulfanilamide and valproic acid. It reduces the antihypertensive effect of captopril. When carbonic anhydrase inhibitors are used to treat glaucoma, aspirin can promote metabolic acidosis. Ethanol can enhance the bleeding time and gastric bleeding caused by aspirin. It cannot be used with anticoagulant.
pharmacology
■ Pharmacokinetics
① Analgesic effect: It mainly exerts peripheral analgesic effect by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin and other substances that can make pain sensitive to mechanical or chemical stimuli (such as bradykinin and histamine). However, the possibility of central analgesia (which may act on hypothalamus) cannot be ruled out.
② Anti-inflammatory effect. The exact mechanism is not clear, which may be due to the anti-inflammatory effect of this product by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin or other substances that can cause inflammatory reaction (such as histamine), inhibiting the release of lysosomal enzymes and the activity of white blood cells.
(3) Antipyretic effect: It may act on the thermoregulatory center of hypothalamus, causing peripheral blood vessels to dilate, skin blood flow to increase, sweating and heat dissipation, which may be related to hypothalamus inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis;
④ Anti-rheumatic effect: The anti-rheumatic mechanism of this product is mainly anti-inflammatory besides antipyretic and analgesic effects;
⑤ Inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation: It can prevent the formation of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting prostaglandin cyclooxygenase of platelets (TXA2 can promote platelet aggregation). This effect is irreversible.
■ Pharmacokinetics
It is absorbed quickly and completely after oral administration. It has been absorbed in the stomach and most of it can be absorbed in the upper part of the small intestine. The absorption rate is related to solubility and gastrointestinal pH value ... Food can reduce the absorption rate, but it does not affect the absorption amount. The absorption of enteric-coated tablets is slow. This product can be absorbed quickly with sodium bicarbonate. After absorption, it is distributed in various tissues and can also penetrate into joint cavity and cerebrospinal fluid. The protein binding rate of aspirin is low, while the protein binding rate after salicylate hydrolysis is 65 ~ 90%. When the blood concentration is high, the binding rate decreases accordingly. Poor renal function during pregnancy and low mating rate. The half-life is 15 ~ 20 Jason Chung; The half-life of salicylate depends on the dose and urine pH value, which is about 2 ~ 3 hours when taking a small dose each time. Large dose can last for more than 20 hours, and repeated use can last for 5 ~ 18 hours. After taking 0.65g aspirin orally, the half-life of salicylate in milk is 3.8 ~12.5h.. Most of this product is rapidly hydrolyzed into salicylate in gastrointestinal tract, liver and blood, and then metabolized in liver. The main metabolites are salicylic acid and glucuronic acid, and a small part of them are oxidized into cholic acid. After one dose, the peak plasma concentration was 1 ~ 2 hours. The blood concentration of analgesic and antipyretic drugs is 25 ~ 50 μ g/ml; The anti-inflammatory rate of internal dampness is 150 ~ 300μ g/ml. The time required for the blood drug concentration to reach a stable state increases with the increase of daily dose and blood drug concentration, which can be as long as 7 days in the case of large dose of drugs (such as anti-rheumatism). For patients who take large doses of drugs for a long time, because the main metabolic pathways of drugs are saturated, the increase of small doses can lead to great changes in blood drug concentration. Most of the product is excreted from the kidney in the form of bound metabolites, and a small part is excreted in the form of free salicylic acid. When the dose is large, the excretion of unmetabolized salicylic acid increases. There will be great differences between individuals. Urine pH has an effect on excretion rate. In alkaline urine, the excretion rate is accelerated and the amount of free salicylic acid is increased, while in acidic urine, the opposite is true.
Pharmacotoxicology
Aspirin is a compound antipyretic and analgesic. Aspirin and phenacetin have antipyretic and analgesic effects, which can inhibit the synthesis and release of prostaglandin in hypothalamus, restore the normal reactivity of sensory neurons in thermoregulatory center, and play an antipyretic and analgesic role. Aspirin also has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects by inhibiting the synthesis of peripheral prostaglandin. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation. Coffee can excite the cerebral cortex, improve the sensitivity to the outside world, contract the cerebral vessels, and strengthen the first two drugs to relieve headaches because of central nervous system stimulants. Results of acute toxicity test: The oral LD50 of rats was1500mg/kg; The oral LD50 of mice was 1 100mg/kg.
dependent event
■ The United States claims that "aspirin" may be fatal.
Acetaminophen can cause liver damage, while aspirin and another product called other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may cause stomach bleeding. Although these situations will only happen to a small number of people, once they happen, they are fatal. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) once again issued a solemn warning, demanding that relevant tips be marked in a prominent position in drug packaging, hoping to reduce adverse drug reactions.
■ Buy painkillers according to the doctor's advice.
In the United States, tens of millions of people buy painkillers directly without a doctor every year. In most cases, patients take painkillers according to the instructions and there is no danger. But what worries experts is that patients who use these drugs don't realize that they are abusing drugs at all, and they don't realize the possible dangers when drugs are mixed with other items.
A widely used example is that previous studies have proved that 16500 deaths per year are related to taking other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). People over the age of 60 who take NSAIDs are very likely to cause stomach bleeding.
Therefore, FDA has always required that relevant tips be marked in the prominent position of drug packaging to remind patients to pay attention.
Film of the same name
■ Basic information
Producer/producer: Mei Ting
Starring: Mei Ting
The main actors: Pan Shiyi, Song Ning, Cao Jun and Li Juan.
Friendship guests: Amanda, Hong Tao.
Plot: Fu
Leading performance: splash
Photography: Xu Bin
Recording: Xu Dong
Composer: Liu Sijun
Product: Beijing Shi Sheng Fenghua Film and Television Culture Co., Ltd.
■ Introduction:
Wenjing (Mei Ting) is an entertainment reporter. After interviewing a singer, the inner waves brought him back to the past memories. In Wen Jing's view, every love has its own symbol system. Her first love ended inexplicably before it started, but this love symbol is the note that didn't keep the appointment. The second boyfriend, whose symbol is a kind of low-grade cold smoke called "Gao Le", called him Gao Le. Wen Jing smoked Gao Le cigarettes with him for a year, but his ex-girlfriend Gao Le tried to commit suicide after writing a suicide note. Between his ex-girlfriend and Wen Jing, Gao Le decided to choose his ex-girlfriend. Later, Wenjing entered the magazine and joined the army of entertainment reporters. In addition to loving movies, she began to find that this industry is very suitable for her. Soon, Wenjing met his third boyfriend, Xiaobai (Song Ning). Xiao Bai is very clean and handsome. He always wears a white shirt. He also has a special habit-he likes to use medicated soap that smells like disinfectant. Because of this, he always has a faint smell of medicinal soap, and this special smell has become the most profound symbol that Xiaobai left in Wen Jing's memory. On the day when the famous Nostradamus predicted the end of the world, Wen Jing and Xiao Bai met together to wait for the legendary great destruction. After drinking a few bottles of beer, some slightly drunk Xiaobai told Wenjing in dismay that he felt like a fly hitting the glass ―― the future was bright. Wen Jing was shocked by this and felt Xiao Bai's inner pain. There is no death in the world, but lovely love cannot last forever. Wen Jing decided to let Xiaobai go abroad. After Xiaobai left, Wenjing moved and changed her phone and job. Wen Jing never told Xiao Bai how much he loved him. In a party restaurant, Wenjing meets Li Wenqing (Pan Shiyi), a middle-aged fund manager of an American investment company. After the divorce, Li Wenqing fell in love. That day, Wenjing gave Li Wenqing an aspirin that could relieve the pain. Next, under the strong offensive of Li Wenqing, the two began to have the intersection of love and the attachment of mutual concern, which made Wenjing gradually find the comfort of love. Until that moment, Wenjing finally made a choice between becoming an American middle-class wife and waiting for love. ...