Abstract: Analytical chemistry began with some practical activities of analysis and inspection. The development of commodity production and exchange has promoted the analysis and inspection work.

/kloc-in the 6th century, chemical reactions were widely used in wet analysis. /kloc-in the middle of the 0 th/8 th century, gravimetric analysis made analytical chemistry move from pure qualitative analysis.

Entered the era of quantitative analysis. 19th century, qualitative analysis tends to be perfect, and various quantitative analysis methods also appear and develop one after another.

Analytical chemistry really became an independent discipline at the beginning of the 20th century, and it was called classical analytical chemistry. Since the 20th century, in classical chemistry

With the continuous enrichment and improvement, instrumental analysis has also developed rapidly and occupied an increasingly important position in analytical chemistry.

[Keywords:] chemical analysis; Instrument analysis

In the Middle Ages, chemistry had not yet become an independent discipline.

Ji, even in ancient times, people have been engaged in the practice of analysis and inspection.

Activities. This kind of practical activity comes from the needs of production and life.

Yes For example, in order to smelt various metals, it is necessary to determine the relevant mines.

Stone; It is necessary to identify natural minerals when they are used as drugs to treat diseases.

These identities are a process from the outside to the inside, which was first noticed by the ancients.

Meaning and mastery are of course their external characteristics. Such as mercury

It is called "flowing bead", "it looks like water like silver", and mercury sulfide is called "bead"

Both "sand" and "cinnabar" are for grasping its external characteristics. human

Make a preliminary conceptual distinction between different substances and use sensory pairs.

The phenomenon and essence of identifying various objective entities are primitive.

The beginning of analytical chemistry.

In the practice of pottery making, smelting, pharmacy and alchemy,

People's understanding of minerals will gradually deepen, so they can enter a

Change their other physical properties and chemical changes step by step.

It is the basis of identification. For example, China once used "cinnabar to burn into water"

Silver "to identify sulfur mercury ore.

With the development of commodity production and exchange, it is natural to

Will produce the need to control and test the quality and purity of products, in

It is the commodity inspection work in the early stage. In ancient times, it was mainly

Simple specific gravity method can be used to determine the concentration of some solutions.

Measuring the quality of wine, vinegar, milk, honey and edible oil by specific gravity method.

In the 6th century, there was a basic stage, just like what we use now.

Use a hydrometer.

The development of commodity exchange promotes the circulation of money, which is high.

The value of money is a precious metal product, so there is money.

Inspection, that is, metal inspection. Ancient metal inspection, the most

What matters is the gold test technology. In ancient China, about the success of gold.

Colors have the proverb "Seven greens, eight yellows and ten reds in nine purple". In ancient Rome

The empire used touchstone, based on the scratch color of gold.

And depth to judge the fineness of gold. /kloc-reappeared in Europe at the beginning of the 6th century.

There is a so-called "gold needle series test method" to test gold. This is Jane.

Further development of simple scratch test method.

/kloc-in the 6th century, the development of chemistry entered the so-called "medicalization".

During school. "Study the pharmacological characteristics of various mineral waters around the country.

Research was an important task of medical chemistry at that time. This kind of research

It promotes the rise and development of aqueous solution analysis. United Kingdom, 1685

The famous physicist and chemist R. Boyle,

1627- 169 1) wrote a monograph on mineral water "Mine

A survey of natural history in spring, summed up the situation at that time quite comprehensively.

Known inspection methods and verification methods for aqueous solutions

Yes One of Boyle's important contributions in qualitative analysis is the use of

Various animal and plant extracts are used to test the pH of water. Boyle

The important concept of "qualitative detection limit" is also put forward. This one

The wet analysis in this period used some physical characteristics of the past substances.

Quality-oriented, developed to widely used chemical reactions, improved

The diversity, reliability and sensitivity of analysis and testing methods are close.

Prepare for the emergence of analytical chemistry.

/kloc-after the 0/8th century, due to the huge metallurgical and mechanical industries,

Development needs to provide more quantities and varieties of ores, which will promote the development of mineral resources.

Development of analytical chemistry. In the meantime, analytical chemistry

The research objects are mainly minerals, rocks and metals, which

This research has gradually developed from qualitative testing to higher-level quantitative scoring.

Analysis. Among them, dry blowpipe analysis plays an important role.

This method is to put the metal ore sample to be detected in a small piece of charcoal.

Hole, and then blow a flame on it with a blowpipe, some metal.

The oxide will melt and reduce to metal. But this kind of

There are not many kinds of metals that can be reduced by this method. Yes 18.

In the middle of the century, gravimetric analysis quantified analytical chemistry.

The era of analysis. The famous Swedish chemist and mineralogist at that time

Begemann (Torbernberg, 1735- 1784) in "Real"

The book "Chemistry" points out: "In order to determine the content of metals,

There is no need to change these metals into their elemental state, just

Separate them as precipitated compounds if

We can convert it by measuring the composition of the sediment in advance.

Yes "

/kloc-in the 0/9th century, new elements have mushroomed.

In addition, the mineral composition is complex, and without rich wet test experience,

Test and carefully check the plan to get the exact test results.

It's obviously difficult. German chemist Henrich (pfaff)

Christian heinrich, 1773- 1852) published in his 182 1.

It is pointed out in the book that in order to simplify the problem of wet quality inspection

In order to reduce blindness, a preliminary test should be carried out. 1829,

German chemist Hornrich Ross (1795- 1864)

A systematic qualitative analysis method is clearly put forward and formed. 184 1

German chemist Karl Remisius Fress-

Nius, 18 18- 1897) improves the qualitative analysis method of the system, and

Rosse's scheme uses fewer reagents. Later, I got America.

Further Improvement of Chemist Arthur Noyce

Research and improvement make qualitative analysis tend to be perfect.

In the same period, quantitative analysis also developed rapidly. Youfulei

Sennius' determination results of various precipitation components and today's figures

According to the comparison, it can be seen that the gravimetric method has reached Fresen.

The news report is very accurate. Some tests he studied in those years.

This method is still in use today and its accuracy is very reliable. he

A series of complex separation problems such as calcium, magnesium, copper and mercury,

A creative opinion on the separation of tin and antimony is put forward. He also

The solution was dissolved by means of buffer solution, metal replacement and composite masking.

Solve these problems.

With the improvement of filtration technology and the application of organic precipitant,

Study on heating, purification, recrystallization and high precision analytical balance.

With the development of research, the accuracy of gravimetric analysis has been further improved.

Step by step. But this method is complicated and time-consuming.

Dragon, which makes the ability analysis develop rapidly. Inversion based on precipitation

Characteristics of reaction, acid-base reaction, redox reaction and complexation reaction

Point, corresponding precipitation titration, acid-base titration, oxidation-also.

Volumetric analysis of original titration and complexometric titration. French physics

Guy Lussac (1778-

1850) should be regarded as the founder of titration analysis, and he inherited the predecessors.

Based on the results of titration analysis, the titration analysis is deeply studied.

The further development of the method, especially the improvement of accuracy.

After his contribution, his silver law is still in use today.

Among all kinds of titration, redox titration is the most important.

Important position. Iodometry has existed since the middle of this century.

God, all the forms we use. 1853 Hebbel

(hempel) titrating oxalic acid with potassium permanganate standard solution, in which

The establishment of one of these methods will be an important indirect method and background in the future.

The law laid the foundation. Precipitation titration refers to the amount of silver in Gelusak.

Inspired by the law, it continues to get great development, the most important of which is

Moore proposed silver with potassium chromate as indicator in 1856.

"Molar method" is widely used in the determination of chloride.

Law ". In 1874, T. Forhad proposed indirect.

The method of precipitation titration expands the application range of precipitation titration.

For expansion. Complexometric titration in the middle of this century, with the help of

Organic reagents, and made great progress. Acid-base drops

Because we can't find a suitable indicator, we haven't made much progress until.

In the 1970s of 19, the situation of acid-base titration was still not significant.

Change. Only when the composite index comes out and starts to be used.

After that, because they can change color in a wide pH range,

This makes the application range of acid-base titration significantly expanded. titration

Another aspect of analytical development is the design and improvement of instruments.

With the progress, analytical instruments basically have various existing shapes.

Type. Therefore, this period can be called the peak of titration analysis.

Period.

Until the end of 19, analytical chemistry was basically Xu.

A collection of techniques for qualitative and quantitative detection of substance components. minute

Analytical chemistry, as a science, is considered by many analysts to be based on.

The famous German physical chemist ostwald.

Ostwald, 1853- 1932) published the scientific basis of analytical chemistry.

1894 is the foundation of a new era. At the beginning of the 20th century, about Shen

Lake reaction, acid-base reaction, redox reaction and complex shape

The establishment of four reaction equilibrium theories makes analytical chemists

The detection technology has become a discipline of analytical chemistry, which is a classic.

Classical analytical chemistry. Therefore, this period at the beginning of the 20th century is a period of analysis.

The first revolution in the history of chemical development.

Since the 20th century, the original classical methods have been continuously supplemented.

Real and perfect. So far, for constant elements or

The determination of the constant component is usually still classical.

Learn analytical methods. In the mid-20th century, due to production and scientific research.

With the development, the analysis of samples becomes more and more complicated, requiring samples.

Sensitivity and accuracy of determination and analysis of trace components

The requirements of accuracy and speed are constantly improving, some of which are chemical reactions and

Instrumental analysis methods based on physical characteristics are gradually established and developed.

Show it. These new analytical methods are all based on electricity,

Electronic, optical and other instruments and equipment, so it is called "instrument division"

Analysis. "Instrumental analysis involves more than 19.

The classical analytical chemistry of Jishi is much broader. Photometric analysis,

Electrochemical analysis and chromatography have been produced and developed rapidly.

The development of analytical chemistry in this period was influenced by physics and mathematics.

The extensive influence of other disciplines has also begun to make other disciplines.

This is the second revolution in the history of analytical chemistry.

After the 1970s, analytical chemistry was not limited to measurement.

Determine the composition and content of the sample, but focus on reducing the determination.

Limit and improve the accuracy of analysis. And break the chemical reaction with others.

The boundaries of disciplines are chemistry, physics, biology, mathematics, etc.

All the available theories, methods and technologies in the discipline treat the tested object.

Quality of composition, composition, state, structure, shape, distribution and other properties.

Conduct a comprehensive analysis. Due to the establishment of these non-chemical methods

Some people think that analytical chemistry is more than just a chemistry.

Part of it, but it is gradually transforming into a marginal subject.

Analytical science, and think this is the third time in the history of analytical development.

Revolution.

At present, analytical chemistry is undergoing rapid changes.

Its development is inseparable from the overall development of modern science and technology.

Yes On the one hand, the requirements of modern science and technology for analytical chemistry

Higher and higher. On the other hand, it is constantly lost to analytical chemistry.

The development of new theories, methods and means has made analytical chemistry develop rapidly.

Exhibition. Especially in recent years, electronic computers and various chemical analysis

The combination of instruments makes the development of analytical chemistry even more powerful, instead of

Only by making the automatic control and operation of the instrument realize high speed, accuracy,

Automation also includes data processing software systems and computers.

Terminal equipment has also taken a big step forward. As an analysis

As one of the two pillars of science, instrumental analysis is playing an increasingly important role.

The role of, but the accurate analysis of constant components is still mainly

Relying on chemical analysis, that is, classical analysis. Chemical analysis and instruments

The two parts of analysis complement each other, chemical analysis or analysis.

The pillar of chemistry. American analytical chemistry

Long articles by the same author were published twice in 199 1 and 1994.

Classical analysis of the past, present and future emphasizes the importance of classics.

The importance of analysis.

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