Generally speaking, the training of learning the piano can be divided into three aspects: physical (action, nerve) control, emotional (personality) control and thinking consciousness (attention, psychology) control.
1. Limb Control: The performance itself requires certain movements of fingers, arms, bodies and other limbs, and the training of performance movements is the training of these limbs' control ability. In fact, normal people can do the movements needed to play the piano without training. Finger-lifting and finger-dropping in Legato are just like opening our hands when we take something. The hand-raising and hand-dropping actions in staccato are like the natural drooping of our hands when we sit down lazily, and the hand-raising action in skipping is like the action of quickly withdrawing our hands when we are frightened. The only difference is that we are usually unintentional, but now we are intentional and there are some unnatural actions. So is speed practice. We should have obvious feelings in teaching. The faster students practice, the less they play. On the contrary, their hands will become stiff because of rapid practice. Even if the speed can be fast, it is mostly rolling and crawling. If you practice slowly for a certain period of time, you can achieve unprecedented speed. The reason is that when the speed exceeds a certain speed, due to the psychological factors of the performer, it will cause certain psychological tension. On the one hand, psychological tension may be due to inexperience, on the other hand, it may be due to poor emotional and psychological stability. This kind of nervous mood will cause muscle stiffness and make the movements lose coordination. So slow practice can make the movements more coordinated, thus improving the performance speed. (psychological problems will be discussed later. ) What we want to make clear is that practicing the piano is not to obtain the unprecedented range of motion of fingers, nor to practice the contraction speed of muscles. The function of muscle is to have the contraction ability of action, and the contraction speed depends on the reaction speed of nerve, which has little to do with muscle. Therefore, the control of limbs is actually to stimulate muscles to exercise through the reaction of the nervous system. The function of repeated practice is to make your muscles have the naturalness, habit and memory of action, so that your muscles can fully and truly show the information transmitted by the nervous system. Therefore, the basic principle of physical training is "intentional and natural". Regarding the movements of playing the piano, the first thing to be clear is that although there are various marks on the music score, they can be summarized into only three categories. One is Legato, one is staccato, and the third is jumping. Legato refers to the playing method in which notes are connected by connecting lines. Staccato refers to the playing method in which there are no connecting lines between notes and no other marks. Jump refers to the playing method in which there is no connection between notes, but there are jump marks and pause marks. These are the only three ways to play music. For example, the emotional imprint of Yi Yin and Boeing. Can be summarized as Legato and Intermittent, the main difference is the cohesion between notes. I believe that as long as we carefully distinguish, we will soon be able to distinguish the playing methods of all music scores. Let me introduce some requirements for playing the piano:
1. Hand type: First, the hand naturally droops, then carefully keep the shape of the hand drooping and lift it on the keys. This is the type of hand needed to play the piano. In other words, the hand shape of playing the piano is to keep the hand in the most casual and natural state. At this time, the hand shape also meets the requirements of empty palm, flat wrist and standing fingers. Be careful not to put five fingers on five keys. Because the state of playing the piano is to keep the natural state, in the process of playing the piano, no matter how difficult the music is, how complicated the score is and how big the span is, it should be regarded as a test of the natural state. The main task of playing is to keep the natural state of the hand unchanged. If the students' hands are relatively large, it is natural to put them on the keys, and there is no special requirement. If students' hands are small, instead of distributing their fingers on five keys, it will inevitably lead to the stiffness of their hands. The result is that the player becomes stiff before he starts playing the piano, which is equivalent to artificially creating obstacles to playing the piano. Moreover, if the hand is kept in a natural state, the finger can drop the key in the direction of the center of gravity, so there is no problem of the center of gravity moving. In fact, the movement of the center of gravity itself is to find the most natural state of the hand. ......
2. staccato: in the state of keeping the wrist and hand shape unchanged, lift the hand from the keys and fall at a constant speed. The key to staccato is to keep the wrist and hand shape unchanged, especially the wrist, absolutely stable. It is easy to speed up the fall, and suddenly slow down when it falls on the keys, which is caused by psychological tension. )
3. Legato: In the state of keeping the wrist and hand shape unchanged, only move the metacarpal joints, lift the fingers and fall at a constant speed. Pay attention to the joints of your fingers. At the same time, keep one wrist absolutely stable. (Legato keys are also prone to the same problems as staccato)
4. Jump: The theme is the same as staccato, but the action is opposite. When the wrist is absolutely stable, play the key and lift it quickly.
Second, emotional control: people are an emotional animal, reflecting that no matter what kind of behavior human beings engage in, they all have certain emotions and emotional colors. Emotion and emotion will affect the behavior of limbs to a certain extent, and the difference between emotion and emotion in specific performance is called personality difference. Generally speaking, it can be divided into introverted personality and extroverted personality, which are quite different in specific forms. Extroverts are cheerful and generous, and their feelings are easily exposed. In the performance of playing the piano, the action is too big and it is easy to use force. Introverts are gentle and steady, and their emotions are relatively introverted. In the performance of playing the piano, the movements are too small and it is easy to be lazy. This is just the influence of personality on playing the piano. At the same time, personal emotional problems affect playing the piano. People live in social environment. Everyone has to face all kinds of things every day, including their likes and dislikes, so all kinds of things produce all kinds of emotions. I am happy when I meet someone I like, but boring when I don't like them. These emotions also directly affect the effect of playing the piano. Whether it is emotion or emotion, it mainly affects playing the piano through two aspects, one is the action of playing the piano, and the other is the performance of music. Specifically, emotions and emotions affect the expressive force of music by affecting the movement changes of playing the piano. Emotional instability will lead to unstable playing speed, uneven volume and timbre, and directly affect the correct interpretation of music content and style. Then if the action of playing the piano is stabilized, it is equivalent to controlling the influence of emotions and emotions on playing the piano. For emotions and emotions, we can adjust them in the following two ways:
1. Through the adjustment of mood and emotion, you can change your personality. No matter how emotions and emotions change, they are nothing more than impatience, excitement, excitement or laziness, depression and numbness. In the early stage of learning the piano, you can adjust it by practicing slowly and counting the beats loudly. The purpose of slow training is to stabilize the mood, and the purpose of counting the beats loudly is to cheer up the spirit and make people excited. The requirement of counting beats loudly is not counting beats loudly, but counting beats excitedly, but people are easily excited when counting beats loudly. In the initial exercise, we should constantly adjust to achieve a stable emotional state. If you are too excited, you can stabilize your mood by slowing down. If you are too depressed, you can cheer up by shouting. The final state is peace, stability, positivity and concentration. And the timbre played has a certain relationship with people's peace of mind. The quieter the person, the deeper and purer the voice. The gentler a person is, the louder his voice is. If students insist on such adjustment every day, after a period of time, they will not only be able to stabilize the state of playing the piano, but also have a great influence on students' personality after long-term practice.
2. Stabilize mood and emotion by controlling piano performance. Because the change of mood and emotion directly affects the change of piano performance, if the action standard is unified, then no matter what kind of mood and emotion, it is a fixed amplitude action, which can not only unify the sound of playing, but also stabilize the mood and emotion. The action standard refers to the fixation of Legato, staccato and jump, and the height and speed of lifting should be fixed, which requires a period of hard practice.
Third, the control of thinking consciousness: any behavior of people must be planned and implemented through the thinking consciousness of the brain. Highly concentrated thinking consciousness can generate strong interest and willpower, and provide strong psychological support for its behavior. The unconcentrated thinking consciousness will produce strong psychological tension, which will seriously affect and weaken people's willpower. People not only have introverted personality and extroverted personality, but also have perceptual and rational personality. And these two kinds of people are very different. People who tend to be rational have strong logical thinking and strong physical control ability, but weak sensory ability. Susceptible people are more emotional, easy to get emotional, and have poor logical thinking and physical control ability. Rational people, because of their strong ability to control their limbs, learn the piano quickly when they first learn it, and their movements are easy to standardize, so it is easier to get started, but it feels more laborious to learn music in a certain period of time. However, because of the poor control ability of limbs, people who are sensitive are slow in recognizing music when learning piano for the first time, and it is extremely difficult to make standards for their movements and slow in learning. But it is easier to learn when it comes to the musical feelings of a certain period. Different thinking consciousness has caused people's different biases towards sensibility and rationality. The main influence of sensibility and rationality on piano performance lies in the concentration of attention and the spirit of performance. The problem of thinking consciousness has the most obvious influence on playing the piano. If you don't pay attention, the sound you play will lose its beautiful color ... Here we will explain the content of attention and vitality respectively.
1. Through piano training, you can achieve the effect of concentration. In fact, everyone has the phenomenon of inattention. It is only because it is not too serious and does not form a serious problem that we don't care too much. In fact, serious inattention will lead to serious pathological state, which is the main cause of many psychological diseases. Such as common "sensory integration disorder" and "hyperactivity disorder". At first, they are all inattention and poor memory. In severe cases, their emotional control ability is poor. Poor long-term emotional control ability will lead to mental illness. In severe cases, they will lose their ability to control their attention, emotions and limbs, resulting in more serious mental illness. The training of concentration is the most important content in piano performance. How to train concentration? The phenomenon of people's inattention is mainly reflected in behavior. The human brain is like a commander, and the commands to various organs of the human body and the connections between various organs are completed by the brain. When we talk about concentration, we mean that the brain has the ability to control and manage all organs. If the brain's ability to control and manage all organs is weakened, we call it inattention. For example, if the eyes see something and want the hand and nose to cooperate, they will first send the information to the brain, and then the brain will distribute it to the corresponding organs, so that the actions controlled by the brain not only have the memory ability, but also the behaviors of the organs are coordinated and synchronized. If the control ability of the brain is weakened or there is no coordinated action between organs through the brain, then the memory effect of this behavior itself is vague, or even no memory. Moreover, the movements of various organs are not coordinated enough to be synchronized. In the action of playing the piano, the organs that need to be involved are mainly arms, eyes and mouth (counting beats). If these three organs move synchronously, they can concentrate. Therefore, when playing the piano, you are required to keep your eyes fixed on your wrist, and your mouth should count the beats while your hands can move. When talking about playing movements, I repeatedly mentioned keeping my wrist stable. What is the function of wrist stability? We often ask students to pay attention, be serious and be careful. But how can we be careful? In fact, through the training of wrist stability, two purposes should be achieved. One is to prevent the problem of hard piano wrestling through wrist stability, and the other is to seek a focused emotional state through wrist stability. In fact, concentration, seriousness and carefulness are all an emotional state, and in a word, they are a cautious and excited state. If you can keep your wrist steady all the time while playing the piano, you must be extremely careful and even afraid to control the stability of your wrist, so as to achieve the purpose of concentration. When this state stabilizes after a certain period of practice, you don't have to keep your wrist stable when playing the piano, as long as you can find a state of concentration and care.
2. Weaken the influence of psychological problems on playing the piano by practicing spirit. Nerve and muscle of human body are two different systems, the change of mood is completed through the nervous system, and the change of strength is completed through the muscle system. These two systems are independent and interact with each other. Muscle tension will cause a certain degree of nervous system excitement, and muscle relaxation will cause a certain degree of nervous system relaxation. Conversely, the excitement of the nervous system will also cause a certain degree of muscle tension, while the relaxation of the nervous system will cause a certain degree of muscle relaxation. When playing the piano, tense muscles will make the pop-up sound sharp and harsh, while loose muscles will make the pop-up sound soft. It's like the difference in sound between hitting with a hard object and hitting with a soft object. Moreover, muscle tension will reduce the speed and flexibility of playing, so we emphasize that the purpose of muscle relaxation is to obtain soft, beautiful, flexible and fast sound. If you don't play hard, the volume obtained by arm weight alone will be very small, at least losing the shocking power of music. From this point of view, when playing the piano, you must exert yourself properly. How can it be just right? Since the nervous system and muscle system interact and influence each other, we might as well solve it from another angle. We can influence the muscles to some extent through the excitement of the nervous system, which is also necessary for playing the piano. The more focused a person is, the more he can concentrate, the more energetic he is and the more excited his nervous system is. At this time, the intensity of playing will gradually increase with the excitement of the nervous system, if the nervous system gradually relaxes. The intensity of playing will gradually decrease with the relaxation of the nervous system.
Four. General: The above is my basic analysis of piano training content. In addition, I also mentioned the playing method of emotional markers and the emotional expression of real music. For example, getting stronger is a sign that some emotions are getting more and more intense. If we only increase the intensity in our hands, the volume will increase, but the mood will not change, resulting in no mood when playing the piano, which makes it difficult for students to find a sense of music. Not to mention how hard it is to find, even though almost all students have this problem at present. Many students who go abroad to participate in competitions are often evaluated by foreign experts: "first-class technology, unreal feelings and lack of personality." All emotional symbols express the composer's emotional content. It is necessary not only to divide the performance methods, but also to clarify its emotional content, so that students can directly produce performance effects through emotional changes. Before there is a clear emotion, we simply divide it according to the actions of receiving, breaking and jumping, without deliberately dividing the difference between finger jumping, wrist jumping and arm jumping. When the movements are skilled and stable, students can play directly from the perspective of emotion and sound. As long as they can express the right emotions and play the right voice, the playing method must be correct. So is arm coordination. If the player's emotional experience is consistent with the music, then the emotional change will naturally drive the player to make corresponding body movements, and it is consistent with the tone of the music.
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