1. Hypothetical reasoning: tell the causal relationship between things in hypothetical language and convince readers. It is to assume that the conditions that can achieve a certain result in the cited factual materials do not exist, and what kind of results will appear, so as to achieve the purpose of discussion from the opposite side. Make a hypothetical analysis, if the example is positive, then make a hypothetical analysis from the opposite side; If the example is negative, assume from the front. In a word, positive examples are negative and counterexamples are right. This is the simplest way of reasoning, which everyone can master. Symbolic words are usually "if … then" and "if (if) … how can". Example reference: 1, think and listen, this is the voice of many people with lofty ideals. Yu Boya and Zhong Ziqi became friends through music, which produced the feeling of bosom friends. Listening and making friends, life and success are inseparable. If Chu Huaiwang could think and listen, Qu Yuan would not have devoted himself to Miluo with helpless resentment. If a loser can learn to listen, he won't suffer from failure again; If a sad person can listen to others' persuasion in quiet thinking, happy sunshine will eventually fill his hair and eyebrows. If you want to succeed, don't say "no" easily. The sweetness of success belongs only to the brave who dare to try. If a person easily says "no" to anything, then he can't seize the chance of success, let alone climb to the top of victory. In the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, China women's volleyball team will never win if it is discouraged and has no courage to challenge its opponents' confidence under the disadvantage of falling behind 0-2. (Don't say "no" easily) Taking the China women's volleyball team in the 2004 Athens Olympic Games as a positive example, the author expounds the adverse consequences of saying "no" easily, thus effectively proving the view that "if you want to succeed, don't say" no "easily. 2. Causality analysis: Causality analysis is to link arguments with arguments based on causality. If the argument States the result, then we can analyze the reason, which is called "exploring the cause"; If the argument states the reason, then the result can be deduced, which is called "research result". When we write, we can use causal complex sentences to express it. The related words are "because ... Example: 1. As the saying goes: think twice before you act, think twice before you act. Pang Juan did not think deeply, but believed in the plan set by Sun Bin, only to regret that "Pang Juan died under this tree"; Without careful consideration, Sima Yi believed Kong Ming's empty city plan, which made him regret for the ages, changed it into a heavy weapon and was defeated. It was because he thought many times and dared to deny his predecessors that he gave Archimedes a lever, so that he could pry up the story of the whole earth, and then gave Cavendish the name of a giant, who could tell the legend of the quality of the earth. The author describes two negative cases of Pang Juan and Sima Yi and two positive cases of Archimedes and Cavendish with causal complex sentences, which is not fully considered, although the case narrative is very concise and rich in arguments. 2. Break through the pressure of "burying" by struggle. Throughout the ages, many people who have made great achievements all over the world have suffered the fate of being buried. Einstein was buried in the patent office, playing the role of an ordinary clerk. But he didn't lose heart, seized every opportunity to learn and finally opened up a new world of physics. Hua once "buried" in a small shop, but he didn't feel depressed. After doing his business well every day, he seized every minute, stayed up all night, studied hard, devoted himself to mathematics, and finally became a famous mathematician. Why didn't they "suffocate" because of "burying" and make achievements? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried", no matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength. They firmly believe that a swift horse that has never lost its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "burying", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "burying" and stood out. Third, the meaning analysis method: also known as the post-case analysis and evaluation method. It is a method of revealing and evaluating the effect, value and influence of things or events in refined language after describing factual arguments, so as to prove the arguments. Its function is to see the big from the small, and it can be highly evaluated from the aspects of "effect, value and influence", go deep into the essence and reveal the harm. The symbolic words of meaning analysis are usually "from …, find …, feel …," reveal, show, explain, show, spread, tell …. Examples for reference: 1. Viewpoint: We should face up to the history of German Chancellor Brandt. When he visited Poland in the 1980s, he knelt before the gravestones of the people killed by the Nazis. This kneeling not only shows the German people's remorse for their crimes, but also shows Brandt's noble personality charm. The Germans faced history rationally, constantly reflected, and finally completed the self-salvation of the soul. The German nation showed the power of reason to the world and won the respect of the world! 2. Viewpoint: Strong will is the cornerstone of success. Beethoven was deaf at the age of 28 and died at the age of 57. For more than 20 years, he has been struggling with terrible deafness. However, Beethoven did not give in to fate. With tenacious will, he finally wrote the most famous and combative work "Symphony No.9" in his life a few years before his death. Excuse me, what is the reason for Beethoven's success? It is tenacious will. I am sure that Beethoven's indomitable will made him indomitable, which made it possible for him to conquer the peak of world music and become the greatest musician in the world. 3. Viewpoint: It is a wise man to abandon what should be abandoned. Gorky, a world writer, didn't care about clothes, furniture, property or even life when his room was on fire. What he rescued from the raging fire were boxes of books. He abandoned the wealth in the eyes of ordinary people and kept the real wealth that enlightened the mind and purified the soul. Giving up correctly makes his personality unique. Fourth, dialectical analysis: also known as positive and negative contrast. The analysis should include: "the viewpoint of connection, the viewpoint of development and the viewpoint of dichotomy". It is necessary to stick to the argument, choose a suitable angle for analysis and evaluation, and the language should be concise, not complicated and to the point. One case is to give a positive example and a negative example, and then, these two examples should be further analyzed from both positive and negative aspects to prove the argument. Another situation is to give an example, but this example contains both positive and negative factors. After giving this example, we will make a comparative analysis from both positive and negative aspects to prove the argument. (Focus on analysis, not examples) Example 1, Shang Zhouwang was arrogant and went his own way, and eventually ended up in a sea of fire; Emperor Taizong accepted it with an open mind and created a "prosperous time of Zhenguan"; Chu Huaiwang closed his eyes and ignored Qu Zi's exhortation, but he died in another country. Qi Weiwang is good at coachable, bustling, won the vassal worship. There are countless such examples, and it is imperative to "listen to advice". Analysis: This paper selects four arguments of Shang Zhouwang, Emperor Taizong, Chu Huaiwang and Qi Weiwang. In any case, the combination and contrast are clear, which fully shows that different attitudes towards admonition will inevitably lead to different results, thus proving the significance of "obeying admonition". 2. Take Zhang Pu of Ming Dynasty in China as an example. He was very stupid when he was a child. He often has to read it dozens of times to remember what others can recite in a short time. However, he did not lose heart. Every time he got an article, he copied it carefully, revised it, read it aloud, burned it and copied it again. In this way, an article is often copied six or seven times. Later, he gradually became witty and eloquent. At the age of 26, he wrote the world-famous Five Tombstones. On the contrary, Zhong Yong can write poetry at the age of five, which is a great talent. With his cleverness, his father took him everywhere to make poems to show off. Zhong Yong never considered making further progress. Become mediocre when you grow up, "disappear from everyone"! It is not difficult to see that although Zhang Pu is "stupid", he is willing to study hard and practice hard. It is hard work and practice that makes his literary thinking gradually agile. At the age of 26, he wrote the world-famous "Five Tomb Monuments"; Although Zhong Yong was very talented, he didn't make progress later, so he couldn't study and practice hard. So when I grow up, I become mediocre and "disappear from everyone"! It can be seen that although there is no denying the difference of innate intelligence factors, acquired diligence can make up for the deficiency of innate intelligence. 5. Essay method: make a passage public, and then explain its meaning. In the process of explaining the meaning, make this passage more convincing and prove the point. Mainly used after quoting famous sentences. Example 1: Continue to extend along the meaning of famous sayings (quoting famous sayings). There are often people who are always ashamed when things happen. I think, don't sell yourself short. Russian writer Chekhov once said: "There are big dogs and puppies, but puppies don't need to be confused by the existence of big dogs. "(in a word) everyone in the world is like this." There are both big dogs and small dogs, just like people who are capable, graceful and talented in the world, there are also people who are slightly inadequate in all aspects. Things in the world are complicated and people in the world are more diverse, which is the result of natural selection. "But puppies don't need to be confused by the existence of big dogs. "Yes, the existence of puppies has its own value and the status of natural selection. Why should we confuse people in front of "big" people because they are "small"? Big dogs are brought up by small dogs. If the puppy is inferior, even if it grows into a big dog, it will be mediocre under the oppression of inferiority. What's more, the charm and superb performance skills of puppies are beyond the reach of large dogs. Example 2: Find another way (quote a famous saying) Chekhov once said: "There are puppies and big dogs, but puppies don't need to be confused by the existence of big dogs. "The puppy is a metaphor for those young people who have just started, while the big dog is a metaphor for those old-timers who have a long reputation. Young people should respect the old-timers and learn from them modestly, but they should not sell themselves short. As Chekhov said, "puppies don't need to be confused by the existence of big dogs." "Some young people regard what their predecessors have said for many years as the golden rule, and dare not comment even if they are wrong. This practice can only make their thoughts stagnate and lack creative vitality. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in natural science and social science. The theory of the old-timers is regarded as the golden rule, and no one dares to raise objections. However, young people who really make achievements are always confident. They dared to challenge scientific authority and made achievements in their careers. Therefore, I advise you not to sell yourself short, but to have your own opinions. 6. Blending method of narration and discussion: Blending method of narration is an analytical method of discussion in narration and discussion in narration. For reference: 1, noble thoughts create eternal happiness. Throughout ancient and modern times, Qu Yuan, a Chu man, threw himself into the Miluo River in "the world is cloudy and I am alone, and everyone is drunk and I am alone". Although he died in flesh and blood, he sublimated eternal happiness. Under the encirclement and suppression of the enemy, Mao Zedong finally decided on the Long March, and a noble and clear thinking created the happiness of more than one billion people in New China. Deng Xiaoping, who was decentralized, was walking along a country road, but the sparks of thinking were flying in his mind-the system of reform and opening up, which made hundreds of millions of China people rich, was thus produced. At this point, we have to say that the way of thinking determines the happiness of human civilization, and happiness needs the interpretation of thinking. Analysis: Take Qu Yuan, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping as arguments to prove the view that "noble thoughts make eternal happiness". After each case, there is an incisive sentence or two, which not only deepens the content described, but also gives people a vivid impression and strong shock. 2. Talents are everywhere. The question is whether anyone will find them. Looking back at history, if Xiao He didn't talk to Han Xin for a few days and nights, how could he know that Han Xin was a wizard in a Chinese Odyssey? If Zuo Guangdou hadn't visited Shi Kefa incognito on a snowy night, how could he have found that Shi Kefa was a talented person? Without Bole's in-depth investigation and study of horses, how can people identify a good horse that travels thousands of miles every day? 3. Wen Tianxiang rebuked Lu, the rebel who came to surrender, and finally remained indomitable in prison. He died calmly, practicing the ambition of "who has never died since ancient times, pay attention to history"; Facing the denigration of foreign students, Xu Beihong dared to challenge Xiangyang, studied hard and practiced hard, and was always among the best in many competitions and exams, which forced foreign students to admit that China people were smart. Zhu Ziqing would rather starve to death, resolutely signed on to accept American aid and refused to accept American foreign flour, showing noble national integrity and uncompromising anti-imperialist spirit. When Hua learned the news of the liberation of the motherland, he resolutely abandoned the foreign building, grabbed the light pile, boarded the mail boat with his family and returned to the embrace of the motherland. What these people have done truly shows their unyielding masculinity, and their awe-inspiring righteousness will go down in history and be admired by people forever. This article, full of narration and discussion, lists four examples of courageous people. Every time an example is given, the value of his behavior is immediately pointed out. Through the narration of four cases, by revealing the essence of characters' behavior, the similarities and differences of four people's behaviors are summarized: a righteous word! Seven, conditional analysis in the narrative case, analyze the conditions of the argument, thus revealing the logical relationship between the argument and the argument. Example 1: Tai Lihua and others ... have experienced many hardships and performed a shocking Guanyin. How strong! In fact, being strong is to bear the burden of unfair fate with weak shoulders. Only by facing firmly can we overcome the difficulties that ordinary people can't imagine, dance the melody of music and perform a beautiful dance in a silent world. -"Powerful Power"