China's foreign exchanges in ancient times included not only political relations and personnel exchanges between countries, but also economic, scientific, technological, ideological and cultural exchanges. There were obvious differences in China's ancient foreign exchanges before and after the Ming Dynasty. Before the mid-Ming Dynasty, due to the limitation of technology and productivity, the world had not yet formed a whole. China has carried out various forms of exchanges with Asian countries, especially Japan, North Korea and India. After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the opening of new sea routes, western colonists expanded eastward in succession, western learning spread eastward, and exchanges between China and the West gradually increased.

China's ancient foreign relations mainly began in the Han Dynasty. In BC 138, Zhang Qian made his first mission to the Western Regions. In order to contact Li Dongjin of Da Yue, he joined forces with the Western Han Dynasty to attack the Huns. In 1 19 BC, Zhang Qian made his second mission to the western regions, with the aim of developing friendly relations with them. His exploration directly produced the "Silk Road", which benefited people at that time and later generations. The "Silk Road" became the channel connecting the two major civilization centers of the East and the West at that time. A large number of envoys and businessmen rushed back and forth in an endless stream, and the material products and spiritual achievements of various places were fully exchanged. The Han Dynasty welcomed people all over the world with an open attitude, absorbed cultural elements of different colors, and embarked on the road of directly promoting the development of world civilization. Harmony At that time, China's foreign exchange had broken through the scope of East Asia, as far away as Europe and Africa. On the occasion of harmonious Qin and Han Dynasties, sandalwood bows and harmonious fruit bowls from North Korea were imported into China, while bronze mirrors, lacquerware and ironware from China were exported to North Korea. Tens of thousands of people from Yan, Harmonious Qi and Zhao went to North Korea, and Sanhan sent people to see Emperor Wu and Guangwu many times. Japanese contact with China was earlier. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, more than 30 countries "translated into Chinese" through North Korea. When Emperor Guangwu was Emperor Guangwu, "the slave country offered a tribute ... Guangwu gave a seal". China's ironware, bronze mirrors and silk were introduced to Japan. Vietnamese ivory, harmonious rhinoceros and pearls are imported to China; China railway plough, Niu Geng and water conservancy engineering technology are popularized in Viet Nam. From Yumenguan or Yangguan to Central Asia and Indian Peninsula, the Silk Road was formed, and China's ironware, silk, reeling, cast iron, well drainage, papermaking and other technologies were spread to the west through this channel. Buddhism was introduced into China in the Han Dynasty. Harmony from Guangdong to the west coast, south to Indochina Peninsula, bypassing the Malay Peninsula, out of the Straits of Malacca, to the coast of the Bay of Bengal, as far as the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula, formed the Water Silk Road, strengthened relations with East and South Asian countries, and communicated the diplomatic ties between the East and the West. The big countries in West Asia lived in peace, frequently exchanged with Han through the Silk Road, and switched the trade between Han and Daqin through the Water Silk Road. Daqin, located at the western end of the overland Silk Road, was blocked by countries such as Rest in Peace. 1997, Gan Ying was sent to Daqin by Ban Chao and returned to the Persian Gulf. /kloc-in 0/66, Ambassador Andun arrived in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the earliest direct contact with Europe was recorded in the Book of Later Han Dynasty.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, traffic was developed and land and water went hand in hand. It starts from Chang 'an by land, east to North Korea, and west to India, Iran, Arabia and many European countries. Waterway starts from Dengzhou and Yangzhou, and can reach Korea and Japan harmoniously. Starting from Guangzhou, you can reach the Persian Gulf via Malay Peninsula and India. Harmonious Tang government encourages foreign businessmen to trade, allows them to live, marry and be officials for a long time, and implements an open foreign policy. In the harmonious Tang Dynasty, foreign exchanges made new progress. Tang Dynasty had friendly exchanges with Silla, Japan, Tianzhu, Persia, Tang Dou and other Asian, African and European countries, and harmonious Chang 'an became an international metropolis at that time. Harmonious

Silla people read the most books in the Tang Dynasty, and Cui Zhiyuan was the most famous. There are Silla Plaza and Silla Pavilion in Chang 'an and many coastal cities to receive Silla for business trips. Silla founded the country and participated in the Tang system, studying and teaching Confucianism all over the country; From the Tang Dynasty, superb handicraft skills such as tea, block printing, porcelain making and copper making were introduced. I like reading Tang poetry, and many literati can write Tang poetry; Surnames, costumes, festivals, customs, etc. All of them have a strong China cultural color. Harmonious

Japan had frequent contacts with Sui and Tang Dynasties. The Sui Dynasty sent envoys to each other and made more than ten missions to the Tang Dynasty. A large number of "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" have been unearthed in Japan, and silver coins from Nara, Japan have also been unearthed in China. The reform was instigated by returned students, and most of the systems in the New Deal were based on the Tang system. The capital was built in the style of Chang 'an. Laws and regulations generally adopt the laws of the Tang Dynasty, and schools use Confucian classics as teaching materials. Zu Chongzhi's seal script was introduced into Japan and became a textbook. The ceremony of offering sacrifices to Confucius was very grand. Kibi No Asomi Makibi in Japan and Jian Zhen in China have made outstanding contributions to Sino-Japanese friendly exchanges.

The communication between Tianzhu in Indian Peninsula and China is linked by Buddhism. During the Zhenguan period, Tianzhu sent envoys to Tang many times, bringing tulips and bodhi trees. China's decimal notation promoted the development of Tianzhu mathematics. Xuanzang and Yijing played an important role in the cultural exchange between China and India. Harmonious

Some countries in Central Asia had close contacts with the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and sent envoys again and again, bringing famous horses, different medicines and other special products of Harmony. The Sui Dynasty and Persia exchanged envoys. During the Tang Dynasty, Persia was invaded by grain, and its king and son came to China for help. Persian merchants set up Persian shops in China. In Tang Gaozong, Harmony Food began to send envoys to China, which lasted for half a century. China's papermaking spread to big food in the Tang Dynasty. Harmonious

Envoys from Tang and East Rome returned. Medical technology and acrobatics from eastern Rome were introduced to China, and silk and porcelain from the Tang Dynasty were shipped to Europe in large quantities. Harmonious

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He's seven voyages to the West strengthened my ties with many countries and regions in Asia and Africa, and pushed China's ancient foreign relations to a climax. However, the purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West was not to develop overseas trade, and the policies he adopted ignored economic interests, which caused a huge burden to the Ming Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, the feat of sailing has quietly ended. Harmonious

Before the middle of Ming Dynasty, the prosperity and harmony of foreign relations were related to national unity, economic prosperity, advanced science and technology, strong national strength and developed foreign transportation. During this period, China's agricultural civilization was full of vitality, and its development level was at the forefront of the world at that time. The ruler also has the enterprising spirit, the desire to explore constantly and the courage to open to the outside world and be eclectic. Tobacco and other cash crops introduced into China by Luzon were popularized. In the late 6th century, Western missionaries came to China. They said that the Han people dressed in Confucian clothes harmoniously introduced western works such as astronomy, mathematics, geography, painting and music to China. Hehe also introduced China's Confucianism and Taoism to the West, which contributed to the cultural exchange between China and the West. The representative figures are Italian missionary Matteo Ricci and China Enlightenment scholar Xu Guangqi. Harmonious

After the mid-Ming Dynasty, China's foreign relations showed an increasingly passive, conservative and closed trend. At that time, China began to be invaded by western colonialists. 1553, Portugal leased Macao, and Spain and Holland successively occupied Taiwan Province province. In the early Qing Dynasty, Russia invaded jaxa and other places in the northeast of China. During this period, the anti-aggression struggle of the Russian people became an important part of foreign relations, such as Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese war, Zheng's successful recovery of Taiwan Province province, the jaxa self-defense counterattack organized by Emperor Kangxi, and the signing of the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Treaty on the basis of equality. At the same time, the Qing government began to implement the closed-door policy for a long time, lost its enterprising spirit, and could not take the initiative to meet the historic challenge of changing from agricultural civilization to industrial civilization, which led to China's long-term isolation from the world and gradually falling behind the world trend.