We know that the so-called 3,000-year-old books should be piled up, but not in medical places. We can only pick some typical people and things and stage them. We should pay attention to the fact that the development of history has no stages. Why should staging be the limitation of our descendants? During these 3000 years, what research has human beings done on their own biology? I can talk about medicine for three thousand years for ten or two hours. I divided three thousand years into four stages. Of course, history cannot be divided into stages, but later generations divide history into different stages in order to sum up. First, 1000 BC to the 3rd century A.D., that is, 1300, then 1000 from the 3rd century A.D. to the 3rd century A.D., and then1000 from the 3rd century A.D. to the 6th century A.D..
65438 BC to the 3rd century AD.
Let's talk about the first stage. During the period of 1300, Greece was a major foreign country, and the western world began to study life sciences. During this period, many people and things appeared, so it is enough for everyone to remember three teams. One is Thales, his apprentice anaximander and anaximander's apprentice Anaximenes. The main contribution of these three generations is to link the composition of the universe and the composition of the earth with the origin of life through the accumulation and summary of cosmic phenomena. This way of observation and thinking has inspired many scientists. Thales walked while looking at the sky and fell into a big pit. There was no one around to save him. We say "sit in the well and watch the sky", and he is "sit in the pit and watch the sky" for three days. We can't see anything from the sky. He can't watch it. He can see that next year's solar eclipse will happen, the weather will be fine and olives will be harvested. After being rescued on the third day, he used what little money he had at home to buy all the olive oil extraction cars around him in winter and borrowed some money. The following year, there was a bumper harvest of olive oil, and everyone came to rent his car to squeeze olive oil. He made a fortune. So I really tasted the sweetness of "technology is the primary productive force".
The second team consists of Aristotle, his master Plato, his apprentice and his apprentice. The main contribution of this team is to link the changes of the universe with some basic human phenomena. Plato was an ancient philosopher and life scientist. He made a lot of contributions, the biggest contribution was to run a school, which lasted for 900 years. When there are many people, there are a sea of people. When I was young, only one student was Aristotle. Aristotle made many contributions, including taxonomy of animals and plants and philosophy. He has made great contributions to genetics, and some of his views have not been confirmed or only partially confirmed so far.
He said that fleas are dust, which is of course wrong. But his sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction are very important. Do people have to have parents to have themselves? Where are the primitive people? Some reptiles change with the climate. When the temperature is high, it is male, and when the climate is low, it is female. Some eggs are female when they hatch at 23 degrees, male when they hatch at 32 degrees, and somewhere in between when they hatch at 26 degrees; Snails are hermaphroditic, hermaphrodite. How did people come from? Do people have to have parents to be considered people? In this case, mankind will be miserable. According to a study, 50 years ago, the male sperm was 60 million per milliliter. It was no problem to have seven or eight children at that time. Now it is only 20 million per milliliter, so there are many infertility, and some small groups of infertility have reached 20%. It can't be born, mainly because the "seeds" are not good, and some people blame the "base". Sperm can't be born with only one million, so what will human beings do in 50 years or 100? Relax, at least our generation is fine.
The third team is led by Galen. Galen was a medical sage in ancient western countries. He linked human understanding of nature with human diseases. Galen 13 started writing books, and wrote 256 books, 13 1 medical books. It takes 12 years to publish his book and 12 years to complete it. It was different then than it is now. Most books are copied now, and there was no place to copy them at that time. His theories and discoveries have dominated medicine and life sciences 1000 years, and future generations will take him as the standard even if they are wrong. His death marked the end of the whole ancient Greek medicine.
Now back to China, China is mainly Chinese medicine, of course, there are other Tibetan doctors, Hui doctors and so on, but mainly Chinese medicine. What is the source of Chinese medicine? Some say it comes from saints, some say it comes from witches, and some say it comes from natural phenomena. For example, if a dog is injured, it will find a grass to lick the wound. If the mouse is poisoned, it will take the initiative to drink yellow mud water, and its stomach will not hurt. The productivity of ancient human society was extremely low, slash and burn, extensive planting and thin harvest, working at sunrise and resting at sunset. Even though I worked so hard, I still had no food and clothes to wear. How did medicine come from? In order to fill their stomachs, everyone eats any grass. It turns out that some can be eaten and are beneficial, while others can't be eaten and will be poisoned. Catch animals to eat, and find that eating liver supplements liver, eating lung supplements lung, and eating tail supplements the whole body. Of course, I said the last sentence.
During this long period of 1300 years, many people and things have happened in China. Everyone should remember at least three books, three people. Which three books? Huangdi Neijing is the first of basic medicine, Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first of clinical medicine, and Shennong Materia Medica is the first of pharmacy. Huangdi Neijing is well written, but there is not much more than it. It advocates holistic medicine, considers a person as a whole, and advocates the balance of yin and yang. What is health? Is balance. Eyes open and close, breath comes in and out, hands and feet stretch and shrink. This is balance. Some people are strong. Is being strong healthy? I often treat people. Three years ago, an old lady was very weak. I thought she would not live long. Unexpectedly, three years later, she came to see a doctor again, that's all. That's because she is weak everywhere and keeps her balance. Some people are strong. They played basketball well yesterday and suddenly died of a myocardial infarction. Therefore, balance is very important to one's health. So how to adjust the balance? Yin and Yang, Yang in Yin and Yin in Yang should be balanced. What is a cure? Restore the balance of yin and yang, neither too strong nor too weak.
Traditional Chinese medicine is about the internal organs, which is different from western medicine. The Chinese medicine department of our hospital studied "spleen deficiency" and translated it to foreigners. They don't understand. How can this "spleen" lose money? Spleen deficiency in traditional Chinese medicine refers to diseases caused by spleen deficiency. In the view of Chinese medicine, spleen promotes circulation, digestion and immunity, which is the embodiment of multiple functions. The five internal organs refer to the heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney; Six fu organs include small intestine, gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, bladder and triple energizer. But some internal organs are incomplete, just like the pancreas in gastrointestinal diseases, which is not found in Huangdi Neijing. Why not? Because the pancreas will digest itself after death, once it is dissected, it can't be seen.
Huangdi Neijing emphasizes the whole. Do you believe in Qigong? Life is a reaction produced by the interaction of various cells and molecules. There is a bucket of salty salt water. What did you turn into when you put the meat in it? Bacon. You drive a pig in, and it comes out as a salty pig hand? No. Why is that? Because cells have an energy that can resist foreign invasion. Just like qigong. I put my left hand and my right hand together, and the left hand is ready. You hit the left with a stick. What is broken? A stick. If you accidentally get it right, what's broken? My hand is broken. It's like a child being beaten and saying, mom, spank me. Get ready to spank, and it won't hurt so much. It hurts to hit the other side where they are not ready.
Next, Treatise on Febrile Diseases talks about dialectical view, cold and heat are excess and deficiency. Dialectically speaking, I look forward to hearing and asking questions. It advocates syndrome differentiation and treatment, different diseases use different drugs, and so do different causes of the same disease. The third book is Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, which records 365 kinds of medicinal materials, including 120 kinds of medicinal materials, 120 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines and 125 kinds of medicinal materials. Medicine supplements and attacks, while Chinese medicine supplements and attacks. Pay attention to compatibility and have many taboos. Doctors must be in contact with patients when they see a doctor, not just look at the test sheets. In the past, diabetics could not find sugar. The doctor tasted the patient's urine until the Cultural Revolution. When I went to the countryside, the teacher of the public health office took me to check, and five cups of urine were in the sun. He tasted it in the front and I tasted it in the back. He calmly took a bite, and I took a bite. Why? He dipped this finger in urine and tasted it with that finger. I dipped this finger in urine, tasted it with this finger, and the final result was the same. What the teacher saw was the urine of a diabetic with flies and ants in it.
Let's start with three people The first one is Zhang Zhongjing, who is a magistrate in Changsha and is very powerful as an official. Later, he was not, because there were more than 200 people in the family, and only 70 people died of illness. He went home to study medicine to save lives. He really became a famous doctor. The second is Bian Que, who used to be the owner (housekeeping manager) of the inn, made friends all over the world and met a famous old Chinese doctor. So I stopped being a "manager" and concentrated on studying medicine. As soon as I learned, I became a "Bian Que", and I wrote Bian Que Neijing and Bian Que Waijing, which helped the whole world. He was so famous that he was jealous of the doctor's orders and killed him. The third one is Hua Tuo, who is very famous. He cured Cao Cao's migraine, and Cao Cao will keep him as a "health care doctor". Hua tuo refused to do it. He was arrested for going to treat the people. Hua tuo is too busy to save lives and has no time to write a paper. When he had time in prison, Hua Tuo wrote a little book, but it didn't come down. The jailer dared not spread it out and burned it. But two things have survived. One is wuqinxi, and now it is broadcast gymnastics. One of his disciples practiced Wu Qin Opera and lived to be 10 1 years old. The other is the invention of hemp boiling powder. Before him, people operated without anesthesia. What shall we do? Take a catty of white wine, half for the patient and half for the doctor. Be brave. It's still useless, just find a few people to hold it down. Hua tuo invented mafeisan 800 years earlier than the west.
1000 years from 3rd century to 65438+3rd century.
At home and abroad 1300 is over. Now let's talk about the second stage. By the year 1000, the western life sciences had regressed to almost zero. Why? Political corruption, social unrest, the rise of religion, the popularity of theology, the serious damage to scientific development, and finally nothing. During this period, clinical medicine continued to develop in China. China was in its heyday, including Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties. Political clarity, social stability and scientific and technological progress. The capitals of many dynasties were in Xi 'an. Foreigners said that they didn't call China China until they arrived in Xi 'an. China people said, "Jiangnan people buried Shandong generals and Shaanxi loess as emperors." There were more than 250 emperors in the history of China, and more than 70 emperors were buried in Shaanxi, many of whom were very influential. Do you know a Mr Wu Zetian? If a woman has something to do, she should be called Mr. or Ms. Wu Zetian married two emperors, gave birth to two emperors, and became an emperor, which influenced a large number of emperors.
For thousands of years, because of political clarity, social stability, scientific and technological progress, people live and work in peace and contentment, medicine and medical scientists have been greatly respected. At this time, medicine and science reached the peak of the world, one was zero and the other was peak. I hope everyone remembers three books and three people. The first person is Wang Shuhe. He made two great contributions. One is treatise on febrile diseases handed down from generation to generation by Zhang Zhongjing, and the other is writing the book Pulse Sutra. Divide the pulse into dozens and have different combinations to find out if you are pregnant, especially touching the child. His accuracy is very high. Unlike me now, I am basically 50% correct. Do you have a heart attack? Oh, my God, the emperor is going to inspect these doctors, call them over, let a man and a woman hide under mosquito nets and reach out. He felt his pulse, which was very painful. This is a monster, one hand is a woman and the other hand is a man. His pulse channels spread to Europe through Arabia.
The second character is Sun Simiao, who lived 100 years and wrote Qian Jin Fang. He advocates "great doctors are sincere", that is to say, if you want to be a doctor, you must have good medical skills, not for the purpose of making money and not taking red envelopes. Think about how much money you can get from an operation. You can't cure people. If medical skill is used as a tool to earn money, it will be punished by criminal law; If there is a medical accident, it will be punished more. Of course, if you want to be a good doctor, you can go to imperial academy. The third Tao Hongjing, a pharmacist in the Tang Dynasty, wrote a new edition of the Classic of Materia Medica. This is the first pharmacopoeia in China and the first in the world, which is 800 years earlier than that in the west.
Three books for three people, scientists get great respect, science gets great respect, and medicine gets great respect. Fan Zhongyan said: "If you are not a good doctor, be a good doctor." In other words, if you don't become a prime minister, you will become a doctor in your second career. Respect for doctors and medicine reflects a nation's civilization and respect for science.
300 years from13rd century to16th century.
China's 1000 year is over, followed by the 300 years of the West, that is, the 300 years of their rise. Because the Renaissance happened. Why did the Renaissance happen? Due to political corruption to the point where "officials force the people to revolt, and the people have to revolt", coupled with the prevalence of plague, a quarter of people in some countries died within a few days. The third is because a China man took away China's four great inventions. Who is this man? Genghis Khan.
So medicine revived and a large number of scientists appeared. For example, anatomist da? Finch. I used to study anatomy, either as a painter or as a doctor. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed and wrote many things that others could not understand. The second is Belgian Vesaliua, who did a lot of dissection and found some real evidence. A girl died, and her uncle said it was poisoning, but he said it wasn't, it was caused by girding her waist. At that time, western women had to gird their waists and their bellies became smaller and smaller. He said it was caused by prolonged congestion. After that, it had a great influence on western society, and women no longer tied their waists, which was a revolutionary change. In addition, he corrected the mistake that Galen ruled 1000 years, and there were more than 200 mistakes in bone anatomy alone. He said that the human thigh bone is straight, and Galen said it is curved. People think Galen is right. He used to be curved, but now he is straight. This is because human beings wear 1000 pants and become straight men. Galen said that a person's sternum is seven pieces, and he said that there is only one piece. People argue that Galen has seven pieces because he was open-minded at that time, but now he only has one piece. Vesaliua was very angry. He told his students that you can't just trust authority. What you learn is better than what you learn with authority. Later, he was persecuted and didn't even know how he died. Another example is Santoreton's metabolism. He found that people eat so much but not so much. What's the difference? In order to find the answer, he found a cane chair and weighed it. Sitting on a cane chair every day, eating and drinking Lazar, and calling yourself. After weighing for more than 30 years, I finally found that people have to "sweat", so metabonomics came into being. There are too many scientists to talk about. In short, western medicine fell behind in the previous 1000 years, but it caught up in these three hundred years.
From the Song Dynasty, the capital of China in this period moved to Kaifeng and Nanjing. Since the Song Dynasty, Cheng Zhu's Neo-Confucianism has been talked about and science has been greatly hostile. Foreigners make guns with gunpowder and we make fireworks. Printing, for example, is used for preaching, and we print ghost tickets. People went sailing with compasses and discovered the new continent. We used it to watch Feng Shui, and we are still watching it. There is also the alchemy we pioneered, which is also the beginning of the western chemical industry. We used heavy metal as an alchemist, and seven emperors in China died because they ate the elixir of life.
Our medicine is gradually declining, but there are still several major events worth mentioning because of the accumulation of money. Li Shizhen is one of them. He has been tested as a scholar three times, but he has no position. Later, I studied medicine myself and worked as a doctor in the hospital. At the age of 33, he began to travel extensively, taste herbs and write Compendium of Materia Medica. Around13rd century, Chinese medicine began to use "human pox vaccine" to prevent smallpox and became a pioneer of medical immunology in the world. /kloc-smallpox was prevalent in the 0/3rd century. Without China's "vaccination law", maybe human beings would be gone. Voltaire said that this is an excellent and intelligent nation, and the "vaccine" they invented saved mankind. At present, immunology is not clear about "vaccination". That's how things developed. People have been here for 300 years, and we have been walking for 300 years. /kloc-In the 6th century, China and the West met.
16th century to the present 400 years
16 and 17 centuries, there was a scissors gap between Chinese and foreign medicine. In the 400 years of stone development, there is a big gap between the two. At that time, China's GDP per capita was similar to that of Britain, France and Germany, both of which were around 600 dollars. However, the first industrial revolution created a powerful Britain, and China was dreaming; The second industrial revolution created a powerful Germany, and China was still like a sleeping lion. The third industrial revolution created powerful Japan and the United States, while China was still asleep.
400 years later, China rose from $600 to $65,438+0,000, 35 times that of Japan, 32 times that of the United States and 25 times that of Britain, France and Germany. If the world's 100 dollar is divided, the United States takes 32 dollars, Japan takes 13 dollars, Britain, France and Germany each take 5 dollars, which is 60 dollars, and the remaining 40 dollars are divided by other countries. China took three pieces and distributed them to 654.38+03 billion people. Some people say that tigers don't try to be brave. Don't treat tigers as sick cats. I think it's not as good as a sick cat, because tigers eat a lot.
During this period, a large number of scientists appeared abroad. At this time, the science of foreigners went up again, and two of the greatest scientists appeared. One is the macro development of Galileo, and now we have landed on the moon. There's another Levin? Hooke invented the microscope, and medicine has since developed to the level of microscope. /kloc-there were many people in the 0/6th century. For example, Flamini invented penicillin, Pasteur discovered that the corruption of organisms was caused by microorganisms, and Nista invented disinfection and made great strides.
Everyone knows Darwin, his father and grandfather are both scientists, and his grandfather and uncle are also famous scientists. It's a pity that he didn't study hard and didn't learn well in many transfers. His father was very angry and said that he only deserved to catch mice and insects. At that time, the British fleet had a five-year voyage around the world and chose two people to participate. Unfortunately, no one signed up. Darwin said he would go. His father disagreed, saying that I wouldn't let you go unless someone as stupid as you persuaded me. As a result, Darwin's uncle came to persuade him that he was catching mice and insects at home anyway, so he might as well go out and have a look. His father agreed. Five years later, I realized the origin of species and the truth of "natural selection, survival of the fittest" In the long-term evolution, if we can adapt to the changes in the environment, we can survive. Unexpectedly, Darwin still liked to play when he got home. After playing for ten years, he didn't write a paper. Later, Wallace wrote a paper, which was better than him, although the latter did not take part in the voyage. Darwin began to worry, so he didn't publish his paper. Later, Darwin's friend said, you wrote it, too, and published both your articles in the same magazine. In this way, both papers were published. Later, Wallace proposed to name this phenomenon "Darwinism". Darwin was very moved. I didn't expect people in the world to be so wronged and give their own things to others.
In these 400 years, western science has developed rapidly and a large number of scientists have appeared. However, China talks about theory and the doctrine of the mean every day, which confuses the boundaries between right and wrong, between progress and backwardness, and greatly hinders the development of science. At this time, foreigners began to send missionaries into China. A priest said that when a foreign gun couldn't lift a crossbar in China, he opened the door of China with a scalpel. Western medicine and various theories of western medicine began to enter China. Look at more than 90% of western medicine theories now. How much of the current instruments and equipment are made by ourselves? 97% of the medicines we take are foreign imitations.
What is even more ridiculous is that some people come out and openly oppose Chinese medicine. The existence and development of human beings is the history of the struggle against diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine has allowed China people to reproduce until now. Can you say it is unscientific? The word "science" only appeared in 1000 years. How many years did Chinese medicine appear? Chinese medicine has its own theory. According to the standards of western medicine, it is like playing table tennis with the standards of playing basketball.
Looking back on this 3000-year history, I have several experiences:
First, cherish the present social environment. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China calls on us to innovate in science and technology, and innovation drives development. It is true that when medicine develops, it is often the time when society progresses. Therefore, comrades present here should cherish the present social environment, and they should be born with responsibility.
Second, consider and study science with philosophical thinking. Many great scientists eventually became philosophers. Philosophy is a science that studies science and laws. Science is within a limited scope, and one plus one must be equal to two, while philosophy is not. As long as philosophy plus one equals the result, it depends on whether your result is good for me. Some people say that TCM is unscientific. What is unscientific about TCM? When science came out, science was only a thousand years old, and Chinese medicine has been for thousands of years. If you say that TCM is unscientific, why not say that science is not TCM? Many people regard the word science as truth, which is wrong. It is unscientific to say that you are doing this, then I am unscientific. Don't take everything in the world as truth scientifically, it's hard to say. Say that science is the most important, I don't necessarily say that safety is more important than science. Don't say that science is eternal and truth is not. Why are some truths eternal? Because you can't live that long, you will change after living that long, so it is attractive to say that water flows downwards. If you want to go to heaven, it won't flow downwards. The sun rises in the east, which is the rotation of the earth. The earth will not necessarily rotate in the future. You don't even know if the sun is still there. How do you know where the sun is? It's sunny. It came out eight minutes ago, right? So you didn't shoot five minutes ago? Cowherd and Weaver Girl met at Queqiao, which happened 16 years ago. I've been running for 16 years. If the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl have moved on, will they meet again? So look at everything dynamically. People must not look at things dynamically, you will be depressed. What is progress? People's 360 degrees is the direction of progress, but you are facing that point. So I have two words to share with you, which is also my motto. The first sentence is called "Go straight ahead" and the second sentence is called "Not till the end". "Pangu opened the world to turmoil, and the sun and the moon reciprocated as usual. I have learned thousands of years of history from Gan Kun, and I dare to laugh at Qu Weng and throw myself into the river for nothing. " Always move forward, life must mark a direction and keep moving forward. Don't shrink back because of the difficulties ahead, and don't be tempted by the excitement around you. Otherwise, even if you move forward, turn left three times and right three times, and turn around in the same place, you will never achieve anything.
Finally, from the micro to the macro. Medical development to the present, more and more microscopic, from Levin? Hooke led science from macro to micro, and human research became more and more detailed. From tissues to cells to subcells, molecules, atoms and quarks, it is becoming more and more microscopic. In fact, the micro can only see some things, and everything is wrong at a certain macro level without the macro. Many of our doctors can only see one disease, so they have delayed a lot of things. Is to go back to the macro, why? For example, if someone sees Huashan and Emei Mountain, they can find out the difference after a trip. This is a macro. But some people go to Emei Mountain to study sand, which is no different from Huashan Mountain. There is a difference between sand and brick, but there is no difference between elements, and there is basically no difference between elements. Why do you want to study it? Are you full? So we must stand at a certain height and return to the whole. We don't want to see a patient's illness, but a human illness is the next doctor. Only those who see a doctor are doctors. I hope Guiyang Medical College teaches people to see a doctor, not to see a doctor.
In the face of the progress and retreat of medicine in the past three thousand years, we have many feelings. We had a glorious time, but now it's embarrassing. However, the industrious and brave people of China, as long as we cherish the present social environment, we only need to consider science with philosophical thinking, and as long as we return to the macro from the micro, we will certainly realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation politically, and at the same time, we will certainly realize the great rejuvenation of science and medicine. With a touch of sunset and a solitary fog in Qi Fei, the technology of autumn water and sky will be exhibited in front of comrades from time to time. Students, are you ready? Thank you!