Modern scholars generally believe that the name of "practical writing" comes from Liu Xizai's "A Brief Introduction to Arts and Literature" in the Qing Dynasty, which includes: "The style of speech can be used in all applications, and practical writing has upward, parallel and downward movements, so its rhetoric is emphasized." If we carefully scrutinize Liu Xizai's intention, we will find that his purpose is not to interpret the word "practical writing" as a special stylistic concept, but to emphasize the practicality of "all practical writing". Resignation originally refers to the words exchanged between ancient messengers. The Outline of Literature and Art says that "literature has resigned from life, and neither life nor resignation comes from one person." Ancient pedestrians were ordered, not resigned. They saw the exhibition and fell in love with the teacher. The minister was ordered to show the birds. Because a person resigns, it is necessary to take the idea as the life, and the person who gets what he wants as your resignation, and the righteousness can also be passed. The purpose of resignation is advice, but it is used in Jon Jae Son's way. Instruct me not to resign, because I am advancing with the times, and I have many measures. "Combining these two paragraphs, one is to show that pedestrians should adapt to the times and change their words on specific occasions when performing tasks." Its use is just the opposite of the "use" emphasized in Jon Jae Son's Tao; Secondly, I want to deduce from this that "all applied texts" pay attention to practicality and emphasize practicality. As for what Liu Xizai said, practical writing can be divided into ascending, parallel and descending types. Although the name practical writing is used, it cannot be used as the definition of this special stylistic concept. Compared with the concept of modern practical writing, its extension is relatively narrow. According to the classification of modern article study, practical writing should be classified according to its purpose, which can be roughly divided into private practical writing and official practical writing. In the article, what Liu Xizai said is actually equivalent to the official document we refer to today, and it is precisely because of this that there can be an upward, parallel and downward division. The word "official document" appeared earlier in history. At present, there are earlier ones that can be checked, such as "official documents are sent to the county, cotton and silk are returned to the people", and another example is "but many people tell each other, and many people don't want documents". In addition, there are cases, essays, copywriting, case-solving and other names, such as the biography of Li Xiang in the Tang Dynasty: "Only talent is better than official affairs, and the management of the family will stop. The case book is like a public office. " Another example is "Song Meizhi Li Chuan": "The rate of Du Wenshan Committee is too numerous to mention." Another example is "Biography of Heather Cheng Peng Wang Yikang", "As an official, I am determined to copy. "There is also" Dongpo Commemorative Collection: Discrimination between Huang Qingji's Bullet and Bochezi ":"For the case of today, see the Ministry of Housing, please check the case. "The' case' in this sentence originally refers to the food container, and later refers to the documents, decrees or relevant prison litigation judgments given to the government. Calf, originally referred to as wooden slips, was called "Foot Calf" after paper was widely used. There is a saying in The Story of the Huns in the Later Han Dynasty: "The Han Dynasty was just a book, a calf. "Case calves are also mentioned in ancient poetry works, such as Xie Tiao's" Watching the Sunset ":"There are not many feelings, but few cases. "Another example is Liu Yuxi's" Humble Room Inscription ":"There is no doubt about the silk and bamboo ears, and there is no strain on the case. "Second, the style choice of ancient practical writing. In ancient China, writers attached great importance to the choice of literary style. As the saying goes, "A talented person should learn literature and the system should be standardized". It means that only by choosing the right style of writing can you write appropriately and decently. The selection and analysis of ancient applied style began with Cao Pi, and was comprehensively and systematically expounded by Lu Ji, Zhi Yu and Liu Xie. Cheng is an important part of China's ancient practical writing theory. Cao Pi put forward in Dian Lun Wen: "Fu Wen is the same but different at the end. "That is to say, from the basic law of the article, it is the same, and different articles have different specific genres and have their own forms and characteristics. Therefore, he then summed up the characteristics of this style: "Gai Yi Shuo Ya, Shu Lun Yi Li, Ming Yi Shang Shi, Li Fu. His theory is of pioneering significance in the study of ancient style. First of all, it puts forward the theory of "essence" and "beauty", which can be combined and considered comprehensively, which is obviously much better than the fuzzy classification of articles in the pre-Qin period. Secondly, as far as the "ending" is concerned, the characteristics of different commonly used styles are summarized according to their forms of expression, and they are divided into four families and eight categories, which are called "stylistic essays". In this way, the writing research of ancient common styles is more detailed, and more attention is paid to the characteristics of different styles. And these "families" and "classes" mainly refer to commonly used application styles. In this sense, this is the most important stylistic choice and classification of China's ancient practical writing style. Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" is the first complete and systematic literary theory monograph in the history of China ancient literary criticism after Cao Pi's "Essays on Canon". It not only puts forward its own creative views on the artistic imagination and inspiration in literary works, but also studies the existing style more extensively and deeply than its predecessors. For the genre of literary works, Lu Ji mainly starts with the relationship between content and form. Compared with the predecessors, we further realize the diversity and richness of genres: "There are many different bodies, many things are boundless, and all kinds of profligacy are difficult to form. "In his view, the reality reflected by the author's articles has no unified form, and the author's own subjective understanding is different, which is the main reason for the diversity of genres. In addition, he also summed up the characteristics of various existing styles: "Poetry is beautiful because of emotion and vivid because of vividness. The inscription is mainly based on the quality of the phase, and it is touching and embarrassing. Mingbo is gentle and honest, and pro-Bo is frustrated and strong. Praise the excellent tour to be beautiful, exquisite and fluent. Play plain and elegant, and say that you are uncomfortable. "Compared with Cao Pi's previous discussion, there are two characteristics: first, the genre division is more detailed, and the original four subjects and eight categories are developed into ten categories, which enriches the genre of practical works; Secondly, the research angle is different, instead of simply summarizing the genre of the article from the perspective of the form of the work, we pay more attention to the interactive relationship between content and form to explain the reasons for the emergence of different genres. In addition, on the basis of summarizing the stylistic features, Lu Ji expounded the inherent relativity of the stylistic features of various literary works: on the one hand, he thought that the stylistic differences of articles were only superficial differences, which were used to distinguish each other and were relative, and there were some things with the same sex regularity; On the other hand, it also emphasizes that even within the genre of each article, each article should give full play to its own writing characteristics and form its own article style, and it is not necessary to insist on the consistency of details, thus producing diversified writing styles. Objectively speaking, Lu Ji's exposition is more rational than Cao Pi's, which not only embodies the regularity of literary works, but also retains the personalized elements in the criticism of works to the maximum extent. It can be said that Cao Pi and Lu Ji's stylistic research theory is the most important foundation of China's ancient literary theory, and it also plays a demonstration and summary role in China's ancient applied writings. Since then, scholars, such as the first monograph on stylistics in China, On the Separation of Jade, have comprehensively expounded the origin, nature, development and evolution of various article genres, and mainly focused on practical writing genres. It can be said that this research method of investigating the origin and evolution of stylistics is a new research perspective that predecessors did not have. He has made important contributions to the stylistic theory of China's ancient writing theory and the study of ancient practical writing theory. Along this research direction, it has continuously deepened and expanded its field, enriching and perfecting the stylistic theory of China's ancient writing theory and ancient practical writing theory. Wen Xin Diao Long, on the other hand, completely inherits the previous research on the genre of practical writing, which is more innovative, mainly in the following aspects: First, there is a systematic and clear theory to guide the author's research on the genre of practical writing. For example, introducing Wen Bi Shuo into his stylistic research. Starting with "essay narration", Liu Xie divided literary genres and various article genres into two categories with performance as the standard. Then, he made a personalized study of these articles. For example, in the preface, he said, "If it is a paper narrative, it will be different." Later, there was a specific explanation in the "Art Outline": "As the saying goes, there are words and pens, thinking that those who have no rhyme write, and those who have rhyme write." The stylistic theory of Wen Xin Diao Long is based on this: the first 10 is about rhyme, and many of them are applied styles; The last 10 article talks about blank pen, mainly about application style. It can be seen that Liu Xie's writing theory research is different from that of Cao Pi, Lu Ji and others. Secondly, under the guidance of clear theory, the discussion on the genre of practical writing is more complete and in-depth. Twenty stylistic articles in Wen Xin Diao Long are Ming Poetry, Yuefu, Quan Fu, Ode, Zhu Meng, Mingzhen, Bibei, Ai, Zawen, Harmony and Historical Biography. Among them, 14 talks about two genres, and * * * discusses 34 styles in detail, most of which are practical articles, such as ode, praise, wish, alliance, topic, admonition, ode, memorial, funeral, imperial edict, policy, transfer, chapter, table, play and so on. In Secretary, 24 genres are briefly described, most of which are also practical. It can be seen that the genre of practical writing discussed in Wen Xin Diao Long is very complete and thorough, far exceeding the predecessors. Three. Laws of Ancient Practical Writing Like other styles, China's ancient practical writing has its own laws to follow. Cao Pi, Lu Ji and Liu Xie are the main figures who control this law. Their research on the writing rules of ancient practical writing is of great guiding significance to writing practice. In the application of writing art, Cao Pi holds a positive attitude. In Dian Lun Zawen, he evaluated the important writers and representative works in Jian 'an period, including the genre of practical writing. For example, he said: "Lin, Zhang Biao, Si, and the king of today." It can be seen that Cao Pi fully affirmed the literary talent and artistic appreciation of applied articles outside the content. Lu Ji's "Wen Fu" discusses a series of important problems that need to be paid attention to in his creation, many of which involve the discussion of the writing rules of ancient practical writing at that time. To sum up, it mainly emphasizes two aspects: first, it is very important to focus on the center and highlight the key points. Article writing, especially applied writing, is very important for grasping the center, which not only involves the direction of the whole article, but also greatly affects the image of the article. Lu Ji believes: "It is a good warning to make a statement and stay focused." The so-called warning strategy aims to make the center and theme of the article more prominent and express the meaning more clearly, and his speaking method is to achieve this effect through concise "rules and regulations", so the article is concise and clear. Second, arrange the content reasonably and plan the layout of the article. According to the ancient stylistic theory, a good article should not only have prominent focus and center, but also have a reasonable layout. In Lu Ji's "Wen Fu", it was mentioned: "It was either forced by the first article or invaded by the latter." This phenomenon is actually used as a counterexample to illustrate the incorrect phenomenon that the previous article failed to reach the final meaning, interfered with each other before and after, and contradicted each other in writing. He believes: "Choosing righteousness step by step, the exam will be on the outline." This paper points out the structural layout problem that should be paid attention to in writing, that is, before writing, we should choose the appropriate article structure and sentence structure according to the meaning of the work to be created, so as to decide what words to use in the article and where to use them. Even today, these are still the most basic and important rules in article writing, and also the magic weapon that practical writing should follow. Fourth, the role of ancient practical writing The ancients also discussed the social and political role of ancient practical writing in the society at that time, which was scattered in Wang Chong's Lun Heng, Cao Pi's Dian Wen and Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. Wang Chong's Lun Heng is actually a work of materialist philosophy. However, his book has a strong social orientation, which makes the literary view mentioned in his philosophical argument become an important literary view. As "Lost" said, "There are dozens of essays on scales, but there is only one sentence, saying that the sick are illusory." He believes that writing for the purpose of writing should emphasize "practicality", that is, articles should have social and political functions. In addition, he also stressed that the article should "help the world" and "promote the good and punish the evil". Although his book does not specifically discuss the practicality of ancient applied style, it generally talks about various types of works, but there is no doubt that the practicality of applied style should be among them. In order to better explain his theory of practicality as a text, he demonstrated it with a large number of concrete phenomena: one is an example of applied writing, and the other is an example of applied writing. In his solo work, he put forward: "Doing things is not empty, because you don't do things rashly; Doing is conducive to transformation, and transformation is conducive to supplement. " In other words, writing an article can't be improvised, it is purposeful, and certain social functions should be considered. Wang Chong illustrated it with an example of Lu Jia beating Han Gaozu in the early Han Dynasty. According to Records of Historical Records Li Sheng Biography of Lu Jia, Lu Jia likes to comment on the world with poetry, but Liu Bang doesn't think so. He believes that the world can't be acquired by poetry and books, but by force. So, Liu Jia began to display historical facts and write a book for Liu Bang, proving that he said, * * * hit twelve. As a result, "every time I type an article, Gaudi will applaud, long live around." Wang Chong believes that the success of Lu Jia's writing is due to the current situation and actual effect. He commented: "If Gaozu can't tell the world apart, then Lu Jia won't fight." In other words, it not only summed up the historical experience and lessons, but also effectively aimed at the political development situation at that time, so it persuaded Emperor Gaozu. Regarding the practical example of writing, Wang Chong has repeatedly demonstrated it with Han Fu as an example in many articles. He criticized this tendency in view of the loss of irony in the development of Han Fu. For example, Ding Xian pointed out: "It is wise to endow sensitivity with magnificent writing, but Sima Changqing and Yang Ziyun also. The ceremony and its events are huge and the words are getting deeper and deeper. However, he can't decide right or wrong, but he can't tell the truth. " It can be seen that there is only one criterion for Wang Chong to evaluate an article, that is, whether he can "distinguish between true and false", that is, whether he can play the role of "persuading good and punishing evil", which can determine the quality of the article. Obviously, Wang Chong's writing theory in Lun Heng requires that articles, including applied styles, should play a social and political role and should not be hastily written, which has a far-reaching impact on later applied articles. Cao Pi put forward in his Essays on Canon: "The writing is a great cause of governing the country and an immortal event. The years of life sometimes end, and glory ends in the body. Both will reach a normal period, not endless articles. It is based on ancient authors, written in calligraphy, and views are based on articles. He is not hypocritical about history and does not rely on flying, but his fame is autobiographical. " In his article, he quoted many people's literary works to prove his point of view, such as RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng's Ci Fu and Chen Lin, Ruan and Kong Rong's chapters and sentences. From the works he quoted, we can see that he thinks that articles with applied style also have high functions and strong social and political functions, which can be compared with meritorious deeds and sentences and can be immortal. Compared with Wang Chong's point of view, Cao Pi raised the function of applied articles to the national level to comment, which is unprecedented. Of course, due to Cao Pi's special personal status, his evaluation has played an important role in promoting the development of practical writing and its theory. Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long is an immortal masterpiece in the history of ancient literary criticism, among which the study of China's ancient literary theory is of more strategic significance. He also attaches great importance to the social and political function of literature, which is discussed in the first part of Wen Xin Diao Long, Literary Hub and Long Huai Xu. He put forward: "Only articles are used, canon branches are used, five rituals are used, and six codes are used for it, and the soldiers and ministers are clear." It can be seen that he also raised the social function of the article to the height of national influence to evaluate it. In addition, he also discussed Ci and Fu in many places in his stylistic theory. For example, when interpreting Fu, he criticized Fu's abuses and said, "However, if you ignore its end, you will despise its origin. Although you read hail, you will be more confused; Therefore, the prosperity is damaged and the bones are broken. There is no expensive weather vane, which is not conducive to persuasion. It is believed that Fu's works have lost their normative and satirical functions because of their excessive pursuit of rhetoric. On the social evaluation of practical writing, he evaluated practical writing more concretely than Cao Pi, and put forward in Zhang Biao: "Zhang Biao plays the role of a monarch. "What is particularly noteworthy here is that he evaluates specialized applied stylistics works, rather than referring to articles and literature like his predecessors. He paid attention to the official style of single chapter recitation, and thought that the role of this style was more core and important, which showed a high evaluation. In a word, the ancient practical writing in China had an important influence on the society at that time in different historical periods, and the research on the theory of practical writing also strongly promoted the development of ancient practical writing in China. From the social function, China's ancient applied writing successfully completed the role of "persuading the good and punishing the evil" and reached the position of "the cardinal of the country". The study of China's ancient applied writing is undoubtedly of positive guiding significance to our modern applied writing today.