Writing Specification for Undergraduate Thesis (Design) of Yibin University

Undergraduate graduation thesis is an academic paper with certain scientific research value and practical value submitted by students before graduation. It is a preliminary attempt for undergraduates to engage in engineering design, scientific experiments and scientific research, a scientific expression of students' achievements under the guidance of teachers, and an important basis for students' graduation and degree qualification. Graduation thesis writing is one of the basic training in the process of undergraduate training, and its writing should conform to the relevant standards formulated by the state and various professional departments, and conform to the Chinese grammar norms. Mentors should strengthen guidance and strictly control.

1. Paper structure and requirements

The paper includes title, Chinese abstract, foreign abstract, table of contents, text, references, thanks and appendix.

1. 1 topic

The topic should properly and accurately reflect the research content of this topic. The title of the paper is no more than 20 words, punctuation is not allowed, and subtitles can be set.

1.2 summary and keywords

1.2. 1 summary

The main contents and characteristics of the paper should be briefly described, the text should be concise, it is an independent and complete paper, and it should include the main achievements and concluding comments of this paper. Formulas and charts should not be used in the abstract, and reference numbers should not be marked to avoid writing the abstract as a table of contents.

1.2.2 Keywords

Keywords are the subject terms of retrieval, and general technical terms (referring to the corresponding technical terminology standards) that can cover the main contents of the paper should be adopted. Generally, there are 3 ~ 5 entries, which are arranged from large to small according to the expansion level of entries and should appear in the abstract.

1.3 directory

The table of contents should be on a separate page, including the titles and page numbers of all chapters in the paper.

1.4 paper

The main body of the paper includes introduction, text and conclusion.

1.4. 1 Introduction

The introduction is generally considered as 1 chapter. The introduction should explain the purpose, background and significance of the topic, the research scope and the specific goals to be achieved, briefly describe the research situation and existing problems at home and abroad, and explain the guiding ideology of the topic; This paper expounds the main contents of this topic and the main problems to be solved.

Introduction is the beginning of graduation thesis, which generally includes explaining the purpose and significance of writing the thesis, understanding the problems studied and asking questions. The introduction is only the beginning of the article, and there is no need to write the chapter number.

1.4.2 main body of the paper

The main body of the paper is the main part of the paper, and the literal logical expression of the research process of the topic is the most important part of the paper. Its contents include: problems, basic premises, assumptions and conditions of research work; The establishment of the model and the drafting of the experimental scheme; Basic concepts and theoretical basis; Main methods and contents of design calculation; Experimental methods, contents and analysis; Theoretical demonstration, the application of theory in the subject, the results of the subject research, and the discussion of the results. According to the nature of graduation thesis (design), students usually only cover the above parts. According to needs, the text can be divided into several sections, and each section has its own title. The main body of the paper should be reasonable in structure, clear in level, focused, concise and fluent in words.

1.4.3 conclusion

The conclusion is arranged as a separate chapter, but the chapter number is not added.

The conclusion is the evaluation of the whole research work, which mainly includes the summary of the whole research process and the main achievements of the whole paper, the comparison between the obtained achievements and the existing achievements, the existing problems of the subject, and the opinions and suggestions for further research. Conclusion the design (paper) should be innovative and concise, and the number of words is generally 400 ~ 1 1,000 words.

1.5 citations

Reference is an indispensable part of the paper, which reflects the source of the paper, the breadth and reliability of the materials, and also reflects the author's recognition and respect for other people's knowledge achievements. Complete reference materials are valuable information for readers. Attention should be paid to quoting recently published academic journals directly related to the work of the paper.

Generally speaking, there should not be too few references for graduation thesis (design) and not less than10 for science and engineering papers; For liberal arts and management papers, the number of references shall not be less than 15. The number of foreign language documents is determined by the graduation thesis (design) outline of each major according to the specific situation.

There must be reference numbers in the text of the paper, which should be arranged in the order in which they appear in the text.

Product manuals, various standards, articles published in various newspapers and unpublished research reports (except internal reports such as famous PB and AD reports and enterprise technical reports of famous big companies) should not be cited as references. But for engineering design papers, you can refer to various standards, specifications and manuals.

When citing online references, the exact website of the documents should be indicated, and online references are not included in the above-mentioned documents.

Conditional majors can translate the foreign language documents most directly related to the content of writing papers into Chinese, not less than 1000 Chinese characters, and put them in the appendix.

1.6 Thank you

It is not only a courtesy, but also a respect for the work of others. This is the ideological style that scholars should have. The content of thanks should be concise, practical and realistic, and avoid stereotypes.

1.7 appendix

Some contents that are not suitable for the text, but have reference value (such as copies of foreign documents and Chinese translations, formula derivation, program flow charts, drawings, data tables, etc.). ) can be included in the appendix of the paper.

2. Writing rules

2. 1 words in the text of the paper

The number of words in the paper is as follows:

(1) Literature, Science, Engineering, Economics, Management, Law and Teaching: The final graduation thesis (design report) shall be no less than 7,000 words.

(2) Music, art and physical education: the final text should be no less than 4,000 words.

2.2 Paper writing

Graduation thesis must be written or printed by students themselves according to the graduation thesis writing regulations stipulated by the school. Handwritten 20 lines per page, 20 words per line, neatly written in black or blue-black ink, using the unified graduation design (thesis) paper of the school.

If it is printed by computer, it must be input and arranged by the students themselves according to the regulations of our school on the layout of graduation thesis. When printing, the paper is typeset in A4 paper type, and the core size of the paper should generally be 155mm×245mm (including header and page number, it is 155mm×255mm), with 35 lines per page.

The page number is placed in the center of the lower edge of the board core. The page numbers of the first part of the text (such as the table of contents) are arranged separately in Roman numerals, and the page numbers after the text are arranged in Arabic numerals.

2.3 Summary

The abstract of graduation thesis summarizes the contents, methods and main conclusions of the research topic in a condensed form. Chinese abstracts are generally about 300 words. The foreign language abstract should be the same as the Chinese abstract, with correct grammar, vocabulary and writing, and about 250 words is appropriate. There is no need to write the title of the paper on the abstract page. Chinese and foreign abstracts should each occupy one page, with Chinese at the front and foreign languages at the back.

The general description of design mainly introduces the source of design tasks, design standards, design principles and main technical data. The number of Chinese words is within 1500-2000, and the number of foreign words is around 1000.

2.4 Directory

The table of contents should include the titles and page numbers of all chapters of the paper, including:

Abstract (in Chinese and foreign languages)

Title of main articles and chapters (science and engineering class requires writing to the third-level title, namely □□□□□□. Liberal arts and management can be carried out according to the needs of the paper, and the topics can be compiled to level 2 ~ 3. )

refer to

Express gratitude/gratitude

appendix

The preface and title of each chapter in the catalogue are in small four bold, and the rest are in small four song style. See Appendix 9 and Appendix 10 for print examples of the catalogue.

2.5 the text of the paper

2.5. 1 chapter and chapter title

The main body of the paper is divided into chapters and sections, and each chapter should start a new page.

The title of each chapter should be focused and concise. The number of words is generally within 15, and punctuation is not allowed. Try not to use English abbreviations in the title, and use abbreviations commonly used in the industry when necessary.

2.5.2 level

The level should be less, and it should be selected according to actual needs. See table 2- 1 and table 2-2 for the hierarchical coding formats.

Table 2- 1 Code and Description of Science and Engineering Papers

Graphical representation of hierarchical names

Chapter 65438 +0? □□□□□□ …□ The chapter preface and chapter name are in the middle row, and the chapter preface uses Arabic numerals.

Section 1. 1 └┘□……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Article 65438 +0.65438 +0.65438+0 └ ┘□………………………….

Paragraph1.1.1.1└ ┘□………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Project └┘└┘ (1) □□□□□□□ └ □□□□□ …? There are two blank spaces in the preface, and the following contents are arranged.

↑ ↑

Left line of plate center and right line of plate center

Table 2-2 Classification Code and Description of File Management Files

return

festival

deprive

fund

Item 1, □□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└┘└┘ ( 1) □□□□□

└┘└┘ 1.□□□□

□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└┘└┘( 1)□□□□

□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└ ┘ └ ┘ (1) Center Writing

Empty double-cell writing

Empty double-cell writing

Empty double-cell writing

Empty two lines of text

Prefaces and titles at all levels should not be placed in the last line of the page.

2.6 references

Quotes should be placed in the upper right corner of the last sentence of the quoted content, in small five font. The numbers of the cited documents are put in square brackets with Arabic numerals, such as "secondary milling [1]". When the references mentioned are directly explained in the text, their serial numbers should be aligned with the text, such as "from the document [8, 10 ~ 14]".

If economic and management papers cite documents, if they quote the original words, they should be quoted in quotation marks and generally written in paragraphs; If you quote the original meaning instead of the original text, just replace the quotation marks with colons or commas before the text. In addition to references, if there are comments, it is recommended to use parentheses, that is, immediately after the sentence, which is indicated by parentheses.

Quotation documents shall not be marked on the titles at all levels.

The writing format of references should conform to GB 77 14- 1987 "Rules for the Description of References after Text". The writing items and order of commonly used references are as follows:

Books, books and documents

Serial number └-┘ Author, title, edition, publisher, year of publication: the starting and ending pages of the quoted part.

The first edition should be omitted.

Translate books and documents

Serial number └-┘ Author, title, translator, edition, publisher, year of publication: the beginning page and the end page of the citation.

The first edition should be omitted.

Academic journals and documents

Serial number └-┘ Author. Title of the article. Name of academic publication. Year and volume (period): the beginning and end pages of the citation.

Academic conference literature

Serial number └-┘ Author, article name, editor's name, meeting name, meeting address, year and place of publication,

Publisher, year of publication: the beginning and end pages of the cited part.

Paper references

Serial number └-┘ Postgraduate name. Thesis title. School and degree level. Year of defense: cited.

Use partial start-stop pages

In western literature, the first word and the first letter of each notional word are capitalized, and the rest are lowercase; The first word of Russian literary names and the first letter of proper nouns are capitalized, and the rest are lowercase; Chinese characters in Japanese documents must be Japanese characters, and Chinese characters and simplified Chinese characters are not allowed to replace them. All foreign letters in the literature are orthographic.

When there are multiple authors, generally only three authors are listed, and the names of different authors are separated by commas. According to international practice, the abbreviation of the author's name comes before the author's surname.

If an academic conference publishes a collection of papers, the words "collection of papers" can be added after the name of the conference. Unpublished papers omit "publisher" and "year of publication". If the meeting address is the same as the announcement place, the "announcement place" shall be omitted. If the conference year is the same as the publication year, the "publication year" should be omitted.

If the academic journal has no volume number, this item can be omitted and written directly as "year, (issue)".

The serial number of the reference is written in the top box without brackets and punctuation, followed by the author's name. The serial numbers should be arranged according to the citation order of documents in the paper. Line breaks are aligned with the first word of the author's name. If there are many citations in the same document, it is necessary to write the corresponding citation page numbers, leaving a space between the starting page number and the ending page number, and arranging them in the order of citation, not in the order of page numbers.

See appendix 1 for an example of the writing format of references.

2.7 terminology

Scientific and technical terms and names of equipment and components shall adopt the terms or names specified in national standards or ministerial standards. Terms not specified in the standard shall adopt general terms or names in the industry. The terminology of full-text nouns must be unified. Some special nouns or new nouns should be explained or annotated in appropriate places.

The technical terms of document management should be common and commonly used.

When using English abbreviations, in addition to the commonly used abbreviations widely used in this industry, the abbreviations that appear for the first time in this paper should be indicated in brackets.

2.8 units of measurement

The measurement units and symbols of physical quantities are legal measurement units in People's Republic of China (PRC) (GB 3100 ~ 3102-1993, see Appendix 2), and illegal measurement units and symbols are not allowed. The symbol of the unit of measurement shall be lowercase, unless the first letter of the unit named by the owner is capitalized.

Non-physical units (such as component, station, person, element, order, etc.). ) can be written in Chinese characters and unit symbols, such as "10000t? Km ","t/ (person? A) "wait.

Chinese unit symbols, such as "how many kilograms to 1 000kg", are allowed after indefinite numbers in the manuscript description.

Time should be expressed in Chinese units of measurement, such as "8: 45 am" instead of "8 hours and 45 minutes".

Symbols of units of measurement shall be in standard form.

2.9 italic usage of foreign letters

It shall be used in accordance with GB 3100 ~ 3102-1986 and GB 7 159- 1987, that is, the symbols of physical quantities, physical constants and variables are in italics, and the symbols of measurement units are in regular characters.

2. 10 number

According to the Provisions on the Use of Numbers in Publications (1987) issued by seven units including the State Language Committee, Arabic numerals are generally used (see Annex 3), except those previously expressed in chinese numerals.

2. 1 1 formula

In principle, it is written in the middle. If there are words before the formula (such as "solution" and "hypothesis"), the words are capitalized and the formula is still written in the middle. There is no punctuation at the end of the formula.

The serial numbers of formulas are arranged by chapter, for example, in chapter 1, the first formula serial number is "(1- 1)", and the first formula serial number in Appendix 2 is (②- 1).

When quoting formulas in this paper, we usually use "see formula (1- 1)" or "according to formula (1- 1)".

When the relationship of "divide" is expressed by diagonal lines in the formula, if the denominator part is a product, brackets should be used to avoid ambiguity, such as a/(bcosx). Usually there is a "multiplication" relationship first, such as acosx/b instead of (a/b)cosx.

2. 12 Insert table

No left or right lines are added to the table.

Each table should have a title (consisting of table order and table name). The order of tables is generally arranged by chapter. For example, the serial number of the first inserted table in chapter 1-1is "Table". There is a space between the table order and the table name. Punctuation marks are not allowed in the table name, and no punctuation marks are added after the table name. The table name should be placed on the table and written in the middle, requiring the number five (see Appendix 4).

The header design should be simple and clear, and try not to have diagonal lines. Chemical symbols or physical quantity symbols can be used in the title.

If the whole table uses the same units, move the unit symbol to the upper right corner of the title and put parentheses (see Example 2 in Appendix 4).

The data in the table should be correct and clearly written. The number is blank with a "-"word line (2 digits wide). When the characters and numbers in the table are the same up and down or left and right, the writing methods such as ""and "ditto" are not allowed, and the whole column processing method can be adopted (see Appendix 4, Example 2).

The text description in the table should use No.5 word, blank line, top line and no punctuation.

In general, supplementary materials, notes, remarks, data sources and calculation methods of some indicators can be added under the document management table.

2. 13 illustration

Illustrations should be closely matched with the text, the text and pictures should be consistent, and the technical content should be correct.

2. 13. 1 drawing standard

Illustrations shall conform to the provisions of technical drawings and corresponding professional drawings.

Mechanical engineering drawings: The first angle projection method shall be adopted, and the relevant standards listed in Appendix 5 shall be complied with.

Electrical diagram: graphic symbols, text symbols, etc. The relevant standards listed in Appendix 6 shall be met.

Flowchart: in line with national standards.

For graphics without specified symbols, the drawing methods commonly used in this industry should be adopted.

2. 13.2 Title and description in the figure

Each drawing should have a drawing title (consisting of drawing number and drawing name). The drawing numbers are arranged by chapter. For example, the first drawing number in chapter 1 is "Drawing 1- 1". The title of the picture is placed under the picture. If there are illustrations or other instructions, they should be placed above the title of the picture. The name of the drawing is written in the blank space after the drawing number. The reference map should indicate the source, and add the reference number in the upper right corner of the map name. If there is a subgraph, the subgraph number is placed under the subgraph with a), b), etc.

The descriptions of all parts in the drawings shall be in Chinese (except for the cited foreign drawings) or digital project numbers, and all text descriptions shall be placed above the title of the drawings (if there is a title of the drawings, it shall be placed above the title of the drawings).

The title of the picture and the description in the picture all use the number five.

2. 13.3 illustration arrangement

The illustrations and their accompanying drawings are a whole and shall not be arranged on two pages separately. Illustrations should be arranged after the text is mentioned. If there is not enough space on the page where the illustration is located to arrange the whole picture, you can arrange the later text part in advance and move the picture to the front of the next page.

2. 13.4 coordinate unit

Coordinate drawings marked with numbers, except those without units (such as numerical values), must indicate coordinate units.

2. 13.5 photos and illustrations in the paper

The photos in the graduation thesis should be pasted with the original photos, and plagiarism is not allowed. Photos can be black and white or color, with prominent themes, distinct levels, clear and tidy, and moderate contrast. Photos are made of glossy paper, not cloth printing paper. The magnification must be indicated in the photo of metallographic microstructure.

Illustrations in graduation thesis should not be copied. For complex reference drawings, digital instruments can be used to input computer-printed drawings.

2. 14 Appendix

The serial numbers of the appendices are "Appendix 1" and "Appendix 2", in which the Chinese translation of foreign documents shall be regarded as Appendix 1 and the foreign copies as Appendix 2.

The number of appendices of the document management document shall be "Appendix I" and "Appendix II" accordingly.

3. Printing and typesetting requirements

3. 1 font

The font used in the text of the paper is required to be Song Ti.

3.2 font size

The preface and title of the first level (chapter) are in bold type II.

The preface and title of the second floor (section) are in small three bold letters.

The preface and title of the third level (article) are in bold type 4.

The preface and title of the fourth level (paragraph) are in small four bold letters.

The preface and title of the fifth level (item) are in small four-song style.

This article is written in small four-letter font.

The page number is small five, centered below the bottom line.

Chinese and foreign abstracts of papers should belong to second-class documents, be placed in front of the catalogue, be incorporated into the catalogue, and be handled according to the editing requirements of the first-class (chapter). Acknowledgements, references and appendices are also handled according to the editing requirements of the first level (chapter), and a new page is created, which is edited in Arabic numerals with the text.

3.3 Header and Footer

Graduation design (thesis) should have a header on every page except the front cover and the inside cover, and a single line should be added above the core, and the text of the header should be printed in the center of the single line. The header text of odd pages is "graduation design (thesis) of Yibin University".

The footer is set to the page number of each part. The page number is placed in the center of the lower edge of the board core. The page numbers of the first part of the text (such as the table of contents) are arranged separately in Roman numerals, and the page numbers after the text are arranged in Arabic numerals.

3.4 Abstracts and keywords

The title is written in the middle with two bold small words, and then the main body of the abstract is written alternately.

Appendices 7 and 8 give examples of Chinese and foreign abstracts.

Keyword titles are written in the bold top box of Grade 4, and then related keywords are written in the blank box, with punctuation marks between keywords; There is no punctuation after the last word.

3.5 Catalogue

The preface and title of each chapter in the catalogue are in small four bold, and the rest are in small four song style. See Appendix 9 and Appendix 10 for print examples of the catalogue.

3.6 Text level

Science and engineering papers should be sorted at the text level using table 3- 1, and table 3-2 can be used for document management.

Table 3- 1 Print Instructions for Grade Codes of Science and Engineering Papers

Graphical representation of hierarchical names

Chapter 65438+0 □□□□………… No.2 in bold.

The first 1. 1 section └┘□…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Article 1. 1. 1 └┘□□ □ 4 is in bold.

1. 1. 1. 1 └ ┘ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □

Item └┘└┘ (1) □□□□□□□/kloc-0 /□□ 2 □/kloc-0 /□1□/□

Table 3-2 File Management File Classification Code Printing Instructions

return

festival

deprive

fund

Item 1, □□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└┘└┘ ( 1) □□□□□

└┘└┘ 1.□□□□

□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└┘└┘( 1)□□□□

□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□

└┘└┘ (1) No.2 is bold.

Xiao San hei Shen

The fourth black body

Xiao si hei Shen

No.4 song ti

See appendices 1 1 and 12 for text examples.

3.7 formula

The symbol on the right side of the formula serial number is written by the upper edge of the right line.

When the formula is long, it is best to change lanes at the equal sign "=". If it is difficult to achieve, you can change lanes at the operation symbols such as+,-,×, ⊙. When changing lanes, the operation symbols are only written in front of the turnout and are not repeated.

The first physical quantity in the formula should be marked, and the turning point of the mark should be aligned with the first word after the dash. For the format, see the following example:

Where └-┘ MF —— the maximum torque of the sample before fracture (n? m)；

θf —— the relative torsion per unit length when the specimen breaks.

Rotation angle, θf = (radian/mm).

Pay attention to the length of the fractional line in the formula (strictly distinguish between the main fractional line and the auxiliary fractional line), and the long fractional line should be aligned with the equal sign, such as

Appendix 1 reference example

refer to

1 Lin Laixing. Space control technology. Aerospace press, 1992:25-42.

2 J.R. mcdonnell and D.Wagan. Evolutionary cycle perception of time series modeling. IEEE Trans。 On the neural network. 1994, 5( 1): 24-38

3 X. Yao Evolutionary artificial neural network. Doctor of Neurology. 1933,

(4): 203-222

4. Chen Ying. Research on theory and method of space optimal rendezvous control. Doctoral thesis of Yibin University. 1992: 8- 13

5 Dan Yu, Suzuki and Kimura Mitsuo. Electric shock absorber of space docking system. IEEE international symposium on intelligent motion control. 1990: 825-830

Wei Wu and Hong. Research on motion planning of free-floating space robot capturing targets. Proceedings of the 5th China Robotics Academic Conference. Harbin, 1997:75-80.

…………

Appendix 2

People's Republic of China (PRC) legal unit of measurement

(GB 33 100 ~ 3 102- 1993)

China's legal units of measurement (hereinafter referred to as legal units) include:

(1) the basic unit of the international system of units: see table 2-1;

(2) Auxiliary units of the international system of units: see Table 2-2;

(3) Exporting units with special names in the international system of units: see Table 2-3;

(4) Non-SI units selected by the state: see Table 2-4;

(5) a combined unit composed of the above units;

(6) Fractional multiples and decimal units composed of prefixes and above (see Table 2-5 for prefixes).

The definition and use of legal units shall be stipulated separately by the State Bureau of Metrology.

Table 2- 1 Basic Units of the International System of Units

Quantity unit name unit symbol name

length

quality

time

electric current

thermpdynamic temperature

amount of substance

Luminous intensity meter

Kilogram (kg)

second

Ann [Pei]

Open [Calvin]

Mo [er]

Kan [de la] m

kilogram

s

A

K

mole

laser record

Table 2-2 Auxiliary Units of the International System of Units

Quantity unit name unit symbol name

plane angle

Solid angular radian

Spherical radius

steradian

Table 2-3 Exported Units with Special Names in the International System of Units

Examples of quantity names, unit names, unit symbols and other representations.

frequency

Force; gravity

Pressure, pressure; emphasize

Energy; Work; heat quantity

Power; Radiation flux

quantity of electric charge

Potential; Voltage; electromotive force (EMF)

electric capacity

electric resistance

electric conductance

magnetic flux

Magnetic flux density; magnetic flux density

inductance

degree Celsius

luminous flux

illuminate

radioactivity

absorbed dose

Dose equivalent hertz [z]

Cattle [tons]

Pa[ ska]

Jiao [er]

Watt [special]

Library [LUN]

V [T]

Method [pull]

Ou [Mu]

West [gate]

Wei [Bo]

second language acquisition

Heng [Li]

degree Celsius

Flow [brightness]

Le [x]

Beko [le]

Ge [Rui]

Hertz [Watt] Hertz

ordinary

protactinium

J

W

C

V

F

Ω

S

weber

T

H

℃

Ground mobile radio equipment

lx

Baker

Gray

SV s- 1

kg？ m/s2

Newton/square meter

n？ m

J/s

Answer? s

W/A

C/V

Video/audio

seeing and hearing

v？ s

World Bank/m2

World bank /A

cd？ steradian

Square meter/square meter

s- 1

Joule/kg

Joule/kg

Table 2-4 Non-SI Units Selected by the State

The conversion relationship and explanation of quantity name, unit name and unit symbol

time division

When I was young.

Day (day) minutes

h

D 1 min = 60 seconds

1h = 60 minutes = 3 600 seconds

1d = 24h = 86 400

Plane angle [angular second]

Angle point

Degree (")

(′)

()1"= (π/648 000) rad

(π is pi)

1'= 60 "= (π/10 800) rad.