As we all know, German classical philosophy is the main source of Marxist philosophy. It refers to the bourgeois philosophy that was active in German ideological circles from the end of 18 to the beginning of 19 century. The following are related articles that I have compiled and shared. Welcome to read!

The first part analyzes the relationship between German classical philosophy and Marxist philosophy.

Abstract: As we all know, German classical philosophy is the main source of Marxist philosophy. It refers to the bourgeois philosophy that was active in German ideological circles from the end of 18 to the beginning of 19 century. Its main representatives are Kant, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Feuerbach. Based on the outstanding representatives of German classical philosophy and the influence of their main ideas on the establishment and development of Marxist philosophy, this paper analyzes the relationship between German classical philosophy and Marxist philosophy.

Keywords: German classical philosophy; Marxist philosophy; Thought; relationship

First, the founder of German classical philosophy ―― the relationship between Kant and Marxist philosophy

As the pioneer and founder of German classical philosophy, Kant's philosophy occupies an important position in the whole history of western philosophy. The "principle of human subjective initiative" and "practical viewpoint" in Marxist philosophy are directly inspired by Kant's philosophy. It is true that although Kant's epistemology has a tendency of transcendental idealism, many of his viewpoints are enlightening to Marxist philosophy, which can be summarized as follows: cognition can be regarded as a dynamic process. Kant not only admits that knowledge comes from experience, but also acknowledges the dynamic role of rationalism in cognition, which is mainly manifested in the arrangement of empirical materials by transcendental categories. Secondly, practical rationality is higher than theoretical rationality. Kant's practical reason has raised human dignity to an unprecedented height. Although Kant's so-called practice only refers to moral practice, Marx was inspired by it. He extended practice to people's free and conscious activities, thus forming a scientific view of practice, which is also the essence of Marxist philosophy.

Second, the transformation of German classical philosophy ―― the relationship between Fichte and Marxist philosophy

Fichte is rarely mentioned in the debate of Marxist philosophy, but he is obviously a key figure in understanding and evaluating Marx's position and viewpoint. Marx was very familiar with Fichte's position and viewpoint, and he remained interested in Fichte all his life. In his early works, especially in the Paris Manuscripts, it is not difficult to see that Marx's strongly advocated understanding of human individuals is very close to Fichte's "view of human subject", which shows his understanding of human limitations. In the Paris Manuscript, Marx realized that Fichte's theory was consistent with his specific viewpoint about the finiteness of human beings, and he even described human beings in Fichte's language, which showed that Marx clearly accepted Fichte's main idea about human individuality, that is, human individuals are finite natural beings, so they can only be understood through the relationship with others in the process of changing the social environment.

Third, the advocator of German classical philosophy ―― the relationship between Schelling and Marxist philosophy

As we all know, Engels combined his views from Schelling with his own understanding of Feuerbach and created Marxism. Therefore, we can think that Schelling's philosophy has an indelible influence on the establishment of Marxist philosophy. Schelling criticized Hegel's view as a negative philosophy in his speech in Munich, and put forward his own so-called positive philosophy. Engels wrote many articles about Schelling's views. It can be seen that Engels developed Schelling's view on the difference between negative philosophy and positive philosophy with the familiar view on the difference between materialism and idealism.

Fourth, the master of German classical philosophy ―― the relationship between Hegel and Marxist philosophy

Hegel has always played a very important role in the interpretation of Marxist philosophy. It can be said that the emergence of Marxism was completed in the process of Marx's inheritance, questioning and criticism of Hegel's thought. Engels once said: "If German philosophy, especially Hegel's philosophy, does not exist first, then German scientific socialism, the only unprecedented scientific socialism, will never be established." Lenin also compared Marx and Hegel in his Notes on Philosophy, asking us to inherit the cause of Hegel and Marx. Therefore, the important value of Hegel's philosophy to the establishment of Marxism is not only the philosophical theoretical premise of the emergence of Marxism, but also one of the direct starting points of Marxist thought. Marx was once fascinated by the uniqueness of Hegel's dialectics. Hegel's view that nature, human history and spiritual world are constantly changing and developing has opened up a new horizon for Marx. However, by participating in the realistic struggle and sublating Feuerbach's humanistic philosophy, Marx was urged to criticize Hegel's idealistic tendency. His criticism of Hegel is mainly reflected in his criticism of Hegel's philosophy of law. Marx wrote: "When Hegel turned the elements of the concept of the state into the subject and the old form of the existence of the state into the predicate ―― but in historical reality, the situation is just the opposite ... This metaphysics is the metaphysical reflection of the reactionary forces. For the reactionary forces, the old world is the truth of the new world outlook." Obviously, Marx criticized Hegel's idealism from the perspective of materialism, but this criticism was carried out in Hegel's field of vision and was a philosophical system based on Hegel's thought. This relationship is hard to give up, thus forming the ideological starting point for the establishment of Marxism.

The Terminator of German Classical Philosophy ―― The Relationship between Feuerbach and Marxist Philosophy

Marx inherited and developed the "reasonable core" of Hegel's philosophy and the "basic core" of Feuerbach's philosophy. Engels mainly expounded the relationship between Marx and philosophy from Hegel and Feuerbach, so Feuerbach was an important link in Marx's philosophical revolution. It is Feuerbach's criticism of Hegel's speculative philosophy in the form of religious criticism, which is based on "human nature", "realistic man" and "social man". The idea of a new philosophical world has aroused Marx's thinking and become the starting point and important theoretical source for Marx to realize the philosophical revolution. For a long time, the debate about the relationship between Feuerbach and Marx has never stopped. These debates can be roughly divided into three categories: one holds the view of "Feuerbach's stage theory"; On the contrary, it is "non-Feuerbach stage theory"; Another view is "Hegel and Feuerbach's comprehensive expansion theory". As far as the arguments of these three viewpoints are concerned, they either exaggerate or belittle Feuerbach's influence on Marx, so they are all one-sided. Feuerbach's philosophy has had a great influence on the development of Marxist philosophy, which can be said to be a possibility for Marx to sublate Hegel to some extent. But its influence is limited and does not play a decisive role. Marx used Feuerbach's philosophical thoughts and methods as a tool, and through practical criticism and transformation, he created his own unique new materialistic philosophical theory that surpassed Hegel and Feuerbach. Therefore, when studying the relationship between Hegel, Feuerbach and Marx, we should see Marx's inner transcendence over Hegel and Feuerbach, so as to more accurately grasp the development of Marxist philosophy and its relationship with the source of philosophical theory.

To sum up, German classical philosophy is the direct theoretical source of Marxist philosophy. German classical philosophy and Marxist philosophy are closely related, and Marxist philosophy is the inheritance and development of German classical philosophy.

References:

[1] critique of Marx and Hegel's philosophy of right [M], Shanghai People's Publishing House, 20 12.

[2] Selected Works of Marx and Engels, Vol. 1 and Vol. 2 [M], People's Publishing House, 1995.

[3] Yu Yuanpei, Marxist Philosophy Theory and History, Fudan University Press, 2000.

Precautions:

(1) the complete works of Marx and Engels [M], the first 18, P565.

(2) Criticism of Marx and Hegel's Philosophy of Right [M], Shanghai People's Publishing House, 20 12.

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