Thesis writing is an important thing that students need to know before writing a thesis. So, how to design an outline for writing a paper?

A complete and formal thesis writing outline should include the following items:

(1) title

The title is the title of the article and a symbolic statement of the content of the article. The author of the paper can draw up a title of the whole news network for the paper, which can generally focus on two aspects, that is to say, it can be considered from two angles. In this way, the title of the paper has formed two types accordingly: one is to reveal the topic. This kind of title only reflects the problem that the article wants to prove, and does not involve the author's views on the problem. The titles of papers are mostly titles that reveal the theme. The other is to reveal the title of the argument. This kind of title directly reflects the author's view on the problem, or the title is a summary of the main points of the article. Although the title of revealing argument is not as common as the title of revealing topic, it should be regarded as a relatively common title form.

In addition to the above two types of single-line titles, academic papers often use double-line titles. Some double-line titles, the main title indicates or is related to the argument, and the subtitle focuses on revealing or is related to the topic.

The title drawn up by the author when compiling the writing outline may be determined and eventually become the title of Fucai 3D article, that is to say, the title in the writing outline is exactly the same as the title of the final paper; It may have to be processed and polished before it can be used. The title on the syllabus is different from the title after the final paper. Even when drafting and revising the article, with the deepening of understanding and the adjustment of the article content, the author feels that the title needs to be reconsidered, and the original title is completely different from the final title.

(2) Viewpoint sentences

Opinion sentences are also called argument sentences or topic sentences. Simply put, the so-called opinion sentence is a sentence that summarizes the basic idea of the whole article. Writing the basic idea of the article in the outline and putting it into writing is not only conducive to the advancement of ideas? The steps are clear and can be effectively prevented? Cancel the topic? Because opinion sentences always remind and limit the author, so that the author can remember the center of the article. Opinion sentences are not a necessary option in the thesis outline, and papers with complex contents generally need to write opinion sentences.

(3) content outline

The content outline is the main part of the thesis writing outline. Here? In the part, the composition of the main body of the paper should be truthfully reflected in the form of articles and items. Common writing forms of content outline are:

First, a large part or a large level of argument.

Argument in paragraph (a)

The meaning of hierarchy in 1. paragraph

(1) material

Second, ditto.

Three. be the same as the above

The content outline in the writing outline is the structure diagram of an article. Writing an outline of content is not simply listing arguments and various materials at all levels, but establishing a logical framework that can accommodate all viewpoints and main materials, so that viewpoints and materials can get the most appropriate position in this framework. Most content outlines are written from the big part, that is, first write the argument of the big part or level, then write the middle item of that part or level, and finally write the small item of the middle item. When drafting a paper according to the content outline, we should start with small projects and gradually complete the full text from one part of the small project to another.

The content outline consists of items at all levels, and there are two ways to write the items: one is the title writing, which summarizes this part of the content in the form of a title; One is sentence writing, that is, summarizing this part in a complete sentence form. These two ways of writing have their own advantages and disadvantages. The former is concise, but it is not easy for others to understand. Even after a period of time, the author himself will be puzzled. The latter is more specific, but the center is not prominent enough to cause thinking. What kind of project writing is used to draw up the outline depends on the actual situation (such as the length of writing time and the complexity of the content of the paper, etc.) ) and personal habits.

The preparation of the writing outline marks the end of the preparation before the paper drafting, and then you can enter the next stage of the paper drafting.

Steps to write an outline

(1) Determine the abstract of the paper, and then supplement the materials to form a summary of the full text. Abstract is the prototype of the content outline. General books and teaching reference books have abstracts reflecting the contents of the whole book, so that readers can know the general contents of the book as soon as they turn over the abstracts. When writing a paper, we also need to write an abstract first. List the title, headline and subtitle of the paper before writing, and then insert the selected materials to form a summary of the content of the paper.

(2) After writing the abstract of graduation thesis, we should consider the length of the thesis and how many words should be written in each part of the article. The length of university graduation thesis is generally set at 3000? 4000 words, because it is too short, it is difficult to explain the problem thoroughly, and it should not be too long as a graduation thesis, which is determined by the theoretical basis and practical experience of ordinary college students.

(3) The outline of writing an outline paper can be divided into a simple outline and a detailed outline. A simple outline is highly generalized, which only shows the main points of the paper, and how to develop it is not involved. Although this outline is simple, it can be written fluently because of its thoughtfulness. Without this preparation, it is difficult to write fluently while thinking. Take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example, you can write a simple outline as follows:

I. Introduction

Second, this theory

(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market

(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market

(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market

Third, the detailed outline of the conclusion lists the main arguments and the expansion part of the paper in detail. If you prepare a detailed outline before writing, you can write more fluently. Let's take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example to introduce the writing method of the detailed outline:

I. Introduction

1. Put forward the central topic;

2. Explain the writing intention.

Second, this theory

(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market

1. The establishment of the market economic system has created a macro environment for the emergence of the construction labor market;

2. The formation of construction product market puts forward realistic requirements for the cultivation of construction labor market;

3. The deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the construction labor market;

4. The establishment of the construction labor market is the inherent requirement of the employment particularity of the construction industry.

(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market

1. A buyer's market where supply exceeds demand;

2. An invisible market with a market and no market;

3. It is easy to enter the deformed market that is difficult to exit;

4. Spontaneous market of disorderly trading.

(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market

1. unify thinking and understanding, and change spontaneous trading into conscious supervision;

2. Accelerate the establishment of rules and regulations, and change disorderly transactions into standardized transactions;

3. Improve the market network and change intangible transactions into tangible transactions;

4. Adjust the management structure and change personal flow into team flow;

5. Deepen employment reform and change one-way flow into two-way flow.

Three. conclusion

1, outlining the current market situation of construction services and our tasks;

2. Echo the preface at the beginning.

The simple outline and detailed outline mentioned above are the skeleton and main points of the paper. Which one to choose depends on the author's needs. If you are thoughtful and meticulous, it is not a big problem to use a simple outline; However, if the investigation is not well thought out, a detailed outline must be used, otherwise it will be difficult to write a qualified graduation thesis. Write graduation anyway? It will be much more convenient to write an outline before the paper.

Fourth, how to draw up the outline of graduation thesis How to draw up the outline of graduation thesis?

First of all, we should grasp the principle of writing the outline of graduation thesis, and therefore we should grasp the following three aspects:

(A) to have a global concept, starting from the whole to check the status and role of each part in the paper. See whether the proportion distribution of each part is appropriate, whether the length of each part is appropriate, and whether each part can serve the central argument. For example, there is a paper on the dialectical unity of deepening reform and stability in enterprises. Taking an enterprise in Zhejiang as an example, the author said that as long as cadres set an example in the reform and share joys and sorrows with employees, they can gain the understanding of most employees. From the overall concept, we can find that we only talk about how to reform the enterprise to be stable, but we have not discussed how to deepen the reform, change the operating mechanism of the enterprise, improve the economic benefits of the enterprise, increase the income of employees, and finally achieve social stability.

(2) From the central point of view, decide the choice of materials, and abandon materials that have nothing to do with the theme or have little to do with it without regret, even if these materials are collected by yourself. If you lose something, you can gain something. A piece of wool is so precious that it can't be cut off, so it can't be sewn to fit clothes. For ready-made clothes, unnecessary parts must be cut off. Therefore, we must always bear in mind that materials are only used to form the arguments of our own papers. Without this, even the best materials should be abandoned.

(c) Consider the logical relationship between the parts. Beginners often make mistakes in writing papers, that is, arguments and arguments are not necessarily related, and some are limited to repeatedly expounding arguments without practical and powerful arguments; Some materials are many and the arguments are not clear; Some parts do not form an organic logical relationship, so this graduation thesis can not meet the requirements, and this graduation thesis is not convincing. To be convincing, there must be virtual reality, arguments and examples, the combination of theory and practice, and the process of argumentation has strict logic.

Knowledge expansion: the requirement of thesis writing

The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.

(1) Thesis Title Scientific papers have problems, don't they? Untitled The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.

(2) Scientific papers signed by papers should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.

(3) The introduction of the paper is fascinating and significant, so it should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.

(4) Materials and Methods: Write out the experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications truthfully, and write out the experimental methods, indicators and judgment standards. And write the experimental design, grouping, statistical methods, etc. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.

(5) The experimental results of this paper should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only data obtained during the period of unskilled technology or unstable instruments, data obtained during the period of technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.

The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.

(6) Discussion is the key and difficult point of this paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward ideas and ideas about the development of this topic, but you should be appropriate and not write? Science fiction? Or? Imagine? .

(VII) Conclusion or Conclusion The conclusion of the paper should write clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use it to summarize? Vague words like this.

(8) Reference and dedication of the paper This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition of the thesis, to facilitate the search, and to respect the work of predecessors and to have an accurate positioning of their own work. So there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here.

A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; In terms of methods, the methods adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or viewpoints related to the paper should be cited.

All careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. However, this phenomenon still appears from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not consulting documents, omitting important documents, deliberately not quoting other people's documents or deliberately belittling other people's work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. For another example, scientific research always develops in depth, and your work always develops on the basis of previous work. The correct writing should be, what did someone do on this topic in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year? Now I have finished this research on the basis of them. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some authors don't say this, but say that someone did this problem for a year and didn't do it for a year, and now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but only one insider needs to poke it, and the paper tiger will be broken, and the result will be self-defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.

(9) Directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, funders and those who put forward important suggestions are all thanked. Paper thanks should be sincere and true, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a paper to thank you, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you should not pull the banner into a tiger skin.

(10) Abstract or abstract: Briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 200 words. Always put the first one. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let the reader read the abstract of the paper just like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.

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