Xiao Hong (1911June1942 June11October 22nd) is a famous modern female writer in China. 1911was born in a landlord's family in Hulan county, Heilongjiang province on June 2, and died in Hong Kong on June 22. Formerly known as Zhang Naiying, his pen names are Xiao Hong, Yin Qiao, Tian Di and so on. When she lost her mother in childhood and her father was violent, she only enjoyed the warmth of her elderly grandfather. Lonely childhood formed the lonely, sensitive, reserved and stubborn side of Xiao Hong's character.
Xiao Hong, known as "the goddess of literature in 1930s", is the most miserable woman among the four talented women in the Republic of China and a legend. She has the same life experience as Li Qingzhao, a poet, and has been in extreme suffering and ups and downs, which is fortunate in misfortune. However, she faces the whole secular world with a weak and sickly body. In the national disaster, she experienced rebellion, awakening and struggle, and fought against fate again and again. Although her works do not directly describe her experience, they add a deep understanding of human nature and society to female consciousness. She takes "the ignorance of human nature" and "transforming the national soul" as artistic pursuits, and deeply calls for democratic spirit and personality consciousness in "the ruthless analysis of traditional consciousness and cultural mentality". Xiao Hong's life is a life of struggle and struggle without bowing to fate. It should be said that the appearance of Xiao Jun directly affected her fate, triggered her to start literary creation, and she entered her life. The works "Burning Cloud" and "Grandfather's Garden" have been selected into primary school textbooks.
[Edit this paragraph] 1. Early life
19 1 1 year (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), Xiao Hong was born in a feudal landlord family in Hulan County. Zhang Dai, a distant ancestor, fled to the northeast from Shenxian County, Dongchangfu, Shandong Province during Qianlong period, and moved to Hulan from Fuchang Village, Acheng County until the generation of Zhang Weizhen, Xiaohong's grandfather.
Xiao Hong's father, Zhang Tingju, graduated from an excellent normal school in Heilongjiang Province in his early years. He has been an official for a long time and has a strong feudal ruling class thought. His indifference to Xiao Hong prompted Xiao Hong to finally embark on the road of betraying the landlord family. Mother Jiang Yulan gave birth to a daughter and three sons. Xiaohong was the first child. 1965438+ My mother died in August 2009.
In 65438+February of the same year, father Zhang Tingju continued to marry, and stepmother Liang Yalan had a general affection for Xiao Hong's brother and sister.
Xiao Hong's real name is Ronghua and her scientific name is Xiuhuan. Later, her grandfather renamed her Naiying. She is deeply loved by her grandfather Zhang Weizhen and often takes her to play in the back garden. Because of his grandfather's enlightenment education, which mainly focused on ancient poems, Xiao Hong laid a good literary foundation from an early age.
1920, Xiaohong entered the women's department of the second primary school in Hulan county, 1924, and was promoted to the first junior high school in the county. She studies hard and gets excellent grades, especially in composition. 1925, after the May 30th tragedy, an anti-imperialist patriotic upsurge was also set off in Hulan County. Xiao Hong took part in the student movement for the first time and took to the streets to demonstrate in support of the patriotic struggle of Shanghai workers and students.
Xiaohong graduated from primary school 1926. Because of her father's obstruction and forced marriage, she could not continue to go to middle school and drop out of school at home. After a year of tenacious struggle, my father was forced to compromise.
[Edit this paragraph] Second, learning
1In the autumn of 927, Xiaohong was admitted to the No.1 Girls' Middle School in Harbin East Special Zone.
When Xiaohong was in junior high school in Harbin, she was engaged to Wang Enjia, a teacher of Sanyu Primary School outside Harbin Road, through the introduction of her sixth uncle.
Among the first group of girls, Xiao Hong not only likes painting, but also widely reads Chinese and foreign literary works. She once published lyric poems signed by her in the school magazine. 1In the winter of 927, Harbin Student Union organized a demonstration against Japan's railway construction in Northeast China. The students were in high spirits and petitioned in succession. Xiao Hong is firm and brave in this anti-Japanese patriotic movement and always stands at the forefront of the struggle.
1929 when grandpa died, Xiaohong was very sad because grandpa was her closest relative. After grandpa died, she lost her feelings and nostalgia for her family.
/kloc-in the autumn of 0/930, Xiao Hong graduated from junior high school. Despite her father's opposition, she resolutely betrayed her family, fled her marriage, and went to Peiping to study in the middle school affiliated to Women's Normal University.
193 1 In early February, Xiao Hong had to leave Beiping and return to Hulan because of insufficient economic supply and difficulties in life. After the Spring Festival, she moved to Fuchang Village in Acheng County with her family and was forced to be isolated from the outside world. This life in Fuchang Wharf provided a lot of material for Xiao Hong's later literary creation, and some of her novels and essays were written here as the background.
[Edit this paragraph] Third, know Jun Xiao.
193 1 year1October, Xiao Hong fled from Acheng to Harbin. Desperate and desperate, he lived with Wang En's family in Dongxingshun Hotel on 16th Street outside Daowai against his will. Half a year later, Xiaohong was pregnant, and the labor period was near, but Wang Enjia was nowhere to be found.
Xiao Hong was trapped in a hotel and was in a difficult situation, so she had to write to Pei Xinyuan, the editor of the supplement of Harbin International United Daily News, for help, and she met Xiao Jun, a young writer. They fell in love at first sight and loved each other. Pei Xinyuan, Jun Xiao, Shu Qun and others gave Xiao Hong great help.
1August, 932, the Songhua River burst its banks and flooded the urban area. Xiao Hong was able to leave the hotel, get out of trouble and live in Pei Xinyuan's home. Soon she was admitted to the hospital to give birth, and the child was given away because she could not support it. After leaving the hospital, Xiaohong and Xiaojun lived in the Europa Hotel in Daoli Xincheng Street (now Daoli Shangzhi Street) and began to live together.
Because there is no fixed income, just relying on Xiaojun to tutor and borrow money to make a living, life is very difficult. But with * * *, the feelings are very harmonious.
1932165438+10 In October, Hong Xiao and Jun Xiao moved from Europa Hotel to No.25 Shangshi Street in Daoli (now No.25 Xia Hong Street in Daoli) and got their own home.
[Edit this paragraph] Fourth, embark on the road of literature
On March, 1933, Xiao Hong participated in the relief painting exhibition organized by party member Jin, and exhibited two of her own chalk paintings. At the same time, under the influence of Xiao Jun, Xiao Hong began to engage in literary creation.
In memory of maple leaves, quiet, spring melody and accidental memories, planting flowers is the earliest poem written by Xiao Hong (1932).
Illusion is a poem written by Xiao Hong after knowing Xiao Jun (1July 30, 932), which was later published in the supplement of Harbin International Association, International Park (1May 27, 934).
April 8 1933 completed the first documentary essay "Abandoned Children" (including Datong Society and Changchun Datong Daily Supplement).
On May 2 1, 65438, 0933, I finished my first short story "The Death of Sister Wang". By describing the tragic experience of Wang Sao's family, the work angrily accuses the landlord of cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers. After the publication of this novel, she successively published novels and essays such as Watching Kites, Banding on Legs, Wife and Watermelon, Little Black Dog and Mid-Autumn Festival, and embarked on a literary journey.
"Petunia Square" is the former residence of painter Feng, named after the morning glory planted in the yard. It is a bungalow located in Daoli Shuidao Street (now Daoli Zhao Lin Street). Xiao Hong and Xiao Jun often come here to attend gatherings of left-wing intellectuals, as well as Luo Feng, Bai Lang,, and others. Through contact with them, Xiao Hong broadened her horizons and increased her literary knowledge. In addition, she was influenced by party member's patriotic progressive thoughts.
Xiao Hong's literary creation began at 1932, only nine years after her death. In this short period of nine years, she wrote three novels, Life and Death Field, Ma Bole and Biography of Hulan River. Three collections of short stories and essays: Trekking, Bridge and Oxcart; There are also three collections of essays such as Shangshi Street, Xiao Hong's Prose, and Recalling Mr. Lu Xun, as well as some works scattered in newspapers and periodicals. Xiao Hong's unique creation lies in that she broke the usual novel narrative mode in modern literature and created a marginal style between novel, prose and poetry. With her unconventional language, autobiographical narrative method, prose structure and poetic style, she formed a unique "Xiao Hong-style" novel style, promoted the renewal of modern novel concepts and made the novel have another special meaning. Xiao Hong's novels are unique in China's modern literary world with their profound tragic implication and unique style, and have built a unique artistic world.
Most of the novels selected in this work are typical "Xiao Hong style" works, among which Hand and March in a Small Town are her representative short stories. Humor and satire works such as Escape and Ma Bole are rare in Xiao Hong's creation, which is a weak link in the academic study of Xiao Hong and rarely read by readers. But from these works, we can see Xiao Hong's creative talent in many aspects, so we also chose her as the representative of this kind of works.
Directory:
novel
Xiao Hong and His Works
The death of Wang Sao
adcraft
Life and death field (excerpt)
bridge
hand
Niucheshang
Vague expectations
Seek asylum/safety on the run
Yellow river
back garden
North China
Town parade
Biography of Hulan River (excerpt)
Ma Bole (excerpt)
essay
Eternal desire and pursuit
Hostal Europa
snowy day
He went to pursue his career.
advisor
visitor
Basket lifter
hungry
move
The last piece of wood
Black Leba and white salt
earn hard bread
blowing snow
His upper lip is frosted.
pawnshop
borrow
Buy a fur hat
An advertiser's dream
new knowledge
"Petunia Flower House"
Ten dollar bill
Small fish with the same fate
Happy days
Female teacher
Spring hangs on the treetops.
Thieves, coachmen and old people
park
Summer night
The tutor is a robber.
book
theatrical troupe
white face
It's winter again
[Edit this paragraph] bibliography of works
Trekking (a collection of novels and essays) was co-authored with Jun Xiao, 1933 (published at its own expense).
Life and death field (novella) 1935, Shanghai Rongguang Bookstore; 1980, from Heilongjiang
Essays on the Salary Rack (1936), Vincent.
Bridge (collection of novels and essays) 1936, Wen Sheng.
On Oxcart (Collection of Novels and Proses) 1937, Wen Sheng.
The cry of the wilderness (collection of short stories) 1940, the first part.
Xiao Hong's Prose 1940, Chongqing Times Publishing House.
Lu Xun's Memories (Prose) 1940, Chongqing Women's Life Society.
Ma Bole (novella) 194 1, Chongqing Times Publishing House.
Biography of Hulan River (novel) 194 1, new literature and art; 1979, from Heilongjiang
Hand (novel) 1943, Guilin Fiona Fang Bookstore.
Small Town March (Novel) 1948, Hong Kong Ocean Book House.
Selected Works of Xiao Hong (Short Stories) 1958, Humanities
Selected Works of Xiao Hong 198 1, Humanities
Xiao Jun collected Xiao Hong's letters and notes, 198 1, from Heilongjiang.
Xiao Hong's Short Story 1982, from Heilongjiang.
Selected Prose of Xiao Hong 1982, Hundred Flowers
Xiao Hong (Selected Works of Modern Writers in China) 1984, Humanities.
Xiao Hong's Masterpiece (Collection of Short Stories) 1987, Humanities
[Edit this paragraph] Xiao Hong's former residence
Xiao Hong is a famous female writer in China in 1930s. Her masterpiece is Biography of Hulan River. Xiaohong's former residence, located at No.204, Erdao Street, south of Hulan County, was founded in 1908. Xiaohong's former residence covers an area of 3,500 square meters. Xiao Hong's former residence is the birthplace of Xiao Hong, a famous female writer in China in 1930s. It is now turned into Xiaohong Memorial Hall, and 1986 is designated as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. The former residence is the traditional Eight Banners residence in the late Qing Dynasty, with blue bricks and tiles. After the restoration, Xiaohong's former residence has a blue brick courtyard wall, and the facade of the courtyard faces east. The plaque "Xiao Hong's Former Residence" was inscribed by Chen Lei. There are five main rooms in the yard, and some items used by little red grandma are displayed between things. In West Room 2, Xiao Hong's photos, photos of Chinese and foreign celebrities, inscriptions and letters are on display. In Yingmen Hall, there is a sand table of Xiaohong's former residence. There is a 2-meter-high statue of Xiaohong white marble in the courtyard, and there is a mill on the west side of the back garden.
There is an original sand table model of "Xiao Hong's former residence" in the middle of the entrance hall. Westinghouse has two exhibition rooms, with more than 30 photos of Xiao Hong before his death and photos of Chinese and foreign celebrities visiting Xiao Hong's former residence. There are also inscriptions by Mr. Ge, an American scholar who studied Xiao Hong, Ms. Xing Zi Maeno, a famous Swiss woman writer, Ms. Chen Ruoxi, a Canadian woman writer and Zhao Nvshi. There are famous domestic writers Xiao Jun, Duanmu Hongliang, Luo Feng, Bai Lang and He Ai, and famous calligrapher Liao and others miss Xiao Hong's inscriptions and poems. In the bookcase of the exhibition, Xiao Hong's works, biographical novels, zhangjiapu and Xiao Hong's essays are displayed. The Beijing Society has collected famous works presented by famous artists, writers and poets to Xiao Hong's hometown, books presented by Swiss woman writer Zhao, poems of the old poet Liu Yazi looking for Xiao Hong's tomb, and letters from Qiu Minglun, Counsellor of China Embassy in Pakistan. There are also medals presented to Xiao Hong's former residence by a delegation of Soviet writers headed by Yuri Surovtsev, as well as representative works of some writers. There is a 2-meter-high statue of Xiao Hong in the courtyard and a mill on the west side of the back garden.
Now, the "Former Residence of Xiao Hong" is nearly 3,000 square meters, which is two-fifths of the original area, but it has won universal praise from visitors with its simple and elegant new look and the ever-increasing "Memorial Exhibition of Xiao Hong". Since the opening of 1986 Dragon Boat Festival, Xiaohong's former residence has received more than 200,000 Chinese and foreign tourists, and more than 600 people have visited 15 countries by international friends alone. It has become a civilized window for cultural exchanges in the north and a cultural holy place for experts, scholars and literary lovers at home and abroad to travel.
Tickets: 8 yuan
Bus route: Take the bus from Harbin to Hulan at the highway bridge (passenger station), get off at Papermaking Road and walk eastward 1km.
[Edit this paragraph] Xiao Hong's story
Xiao Hong is called Xiao Jun "Saburo" and "Lang Hua" is another pseudonym of Xiao Jun.
Because of her education, she changed her temperament, so she escaped from marriage, smashed the shackles of the old marriage on one hand and bumped into the shackles of new feelings on the other. The man she met, the reportage I read when I was a child, said that she was the object of her anti-marriage. I wonder if it's a rumor. In short, on the way to leave, she was carried away by the honey soup of love and lived together in a hotel in Harbin for a long time, so that she was abandoned by her lover on the grounds of going home to withdraw money after pregnancy and was dying.
Fortunately, she is a young woman in literature, and the road to saving people by literature seems feasible. She wrote to the local newspaper for help. The hot-blooded Saburo was ordered to "interview". In Saburo's eyes, this miserable girl is extremely beautiful, as fresh and moving as her poem: "Qingxi is singing over there, and the leaves are green here, girl! Spring is coming. " In the darkness of the flood, just before the hotel collapsed, Yin was rescued from the chaos. They decided to use the same surname, and she used the color of the burning cloud as her name. He has some martial arts skills and is full of generosity in serving the country, taking the name of "Jun". However, this is only my guess. If the story ends here, it can end with "They live happily ever after".
Unfortunately, it's not a fairy tale, and it can't end there. A narrow escape is nothing more than fleeing from one hotel to another. They can only stay at the Europa Hotel for the time being. Because there was no money, the shopkeeper took the snow-white bedding mattress. They lay on the bare brown board and slept well, but their rumbling stomachs couldn't sleep. The big bar hanging on the opposite door every morning is more attractive than the lover's secret language. I don't know how long it took them to eat. They didn't make a living by Xiao Jun, a martial arts tutor, but two Xiao joined hands to write the world.
It was Xiao Jun who gave Xiao Hong the dignity of being a human being, the courage to survive and the hope to start a new life. Moreover, Jun Xiao practiced, braved the cold, endured hunger, went out to work, taught everywhere, and supported Hong Xiao, who was unemployed at home after childbirth; It was Xiao Jun who first saw Xiao Hong's potential talent (which was also the premise of his combination with Xiao Hong), and constantly gave Xiao Hong encouragement and almost hands-on support, which enabled Xiao Hong's first work, The Death of Sister Wang, to be published in the International Writers Association, thus making Xiao Hong the threshold for entering the literary world ... Xiao Jun took the lead in proposing and personally wrote to Mr. Lu Xun to get in touch with Xiao Hong. In this work praised by Lu Xun as "penetrating the back of paper", some scenes of life-and-death struggle between spirit and flesh, blood and fire, which are full of strong anti-Japanese sentiment, were all completed at the prompt of Xiao Jun.
Her life can be said to have been picked up by him. When they go out together, they always walk in tandem. Xiao Jun strode ahead, followed by Xiao Hong, and rarely saw them walk side by side. This is the doomed gesture between them. He hit her, not intentionally abusing her, but because he loved her. When she was one of his own, he didn't touch her. He is a careless person. When he was served with his fist, he simply couldn't remember that she was not Gu Dasao or Hu Sanniang.
This was the best time of Xiao Hong's life, but this honeymoon ended inevitably after two years. Xiaohong and Xiaojun had a conflict, and the quarrel became more and more fierce. Jun Xiao, with a bad temper, even hit Hong Xiao. Xiao Hong has incurable wounds in both body and mind. Later, people compared the difference between Xiao Hong and Xiao Jun: one is sentimental, the other is magnanimous; One is a little girl and the other is a warm-blooded man. Xiao Jun said: She is simple, honest, stubborn and talented. I love her, but she is not my wife, especially not mine. Xiao Hong said: I love Xiao Jun, and I still do today. He is an excellent novelist, an ideological comrade, who has struggled together with difficulties, but it is too painful to be his wife.
After some hesitation and pain, Xiao Hong regained her feelings and destiny from Xiao Jun and gave it to another man, the writer Duanmu Hongliang. She gave Duanmu acacia beans and small bamboo poles, which contained the wishes of an injured woman. Sophora beans represent love, and small bamboo poles symbolize tenacity and eternity. 1April, 938, pregnant Xiaohong broke up with Xiao Jun and went to Wuhan with Duanmu. In May, a wedding was held in Wuhan Datong Restaurant. The combination of Duanmu Hongliang and Xiao Hong is a rational combination and also a combination of expect the unexpected. Xiao Hong, who was newly married, was pregnant with the child left by Xiao Jun. The child died a few days after birth, and the death of the child also broke her last fate with Xiao Jun. Xiao Hong just wanted to live a normal husband and wife life, without quarreling, fighting, disloyalty and ridicule, only mutual understanding, love and consideration.
From seventeen to thirty-one, Xiao Hong lived in every city for less than a year. Even in Shanghai, she moved seven or eight times.
A child's warm demand for living together is far stronger than her desire for love between life and death, but Xiaojun can't give it to her, and neither can Duanmu Hongliang. When she was married to Duanmu, someone scolded her. Can't you live alone? ! No, because she is a child and sleeps alone in a dark room. She's scared. However, after marrying Duanmu Hongliang, she was still alone after the Wuhan bombing. I can't help but mean to think that at this time, she will miss Xiaojun's slap in the face, which is better than being alone on the island.
After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Shanghai fell and Xiao Hong came to Hong Kong. Because of being forced to hide in Tibet and the lack of medicine in the hospital, Xiaohong's tuberculosis became more and more serious, and her already weak body gradually collapsed.
Whether Xiao Hong's husband Duanmu was present when he died later became the focus of debate. Duanmu's family thought Duanmu had been with Xiao Hong until her death. Luo, a writer who had been taking care of Xiao Hong at that time, firmly denied the existence of Duanmu. Luo recalled that before she died, Xiao Hong eagerly hoped that if I sent a telegram to Xiao Jun in Chongqing, he would come to save me as he did in Harbin. ...
1942 65438+1On a cold winter day on October 22nd, Xiao Hong, who was only 3 1 year old, took her last breath in the hospital. After ten years of wandering, Hulan, a small town in the north, is her starting point and Hong Kong in the south is her end point. Xiao Hong left, and her life ended in the smoke of war. From then on, Xiao Jun and Duanmu, two men who once loved her, lived in the shadow of Xiao Hong all their lives.
She died of illness in Hong Kong, and she is still alone. If she really thought of Saburo at the moment of extinction, she was sure that if Saburo knew, she would split the torrent of despair and take her away from the edge of the collapsed world as she did then. But with Jun Xiao's basic skills, he can fight floods, but he can't lift his weight as easily as possible. Let's take a slight step and jump into another immortal masterpiece, similar to the smell of Xiao Hong. This time, he couldn't save her.
Xiao Hong's deepest pain has nothing to do with love. For a woman, the most painful experience is losing her child. When she was with Xiao Jun, she was born with ungrateful flesh and blood and gave it to others. When she was with Duanmu, she was pregnant with Xiao Jun's child and could afford it, but she was not born. The sense of separation between the person at the pillow and the fetus in the womb and the sense of separation of flesh and blood eroded a terrible black hole in Xiao Hong's soul, spreading inch by inch. How can this woman have a sweet smile?
I haven't seen Xiao Hong's words for a long time, only some sporadic fragments:
"When I was born, grandpa was sixty years old. When I was four or five years old, my grandfather was almost seventy. Before I was twenty, my grandfather was seventy or eighty years old. Grandfather died as soon as he was over eighty. ..... The butterflies, grasshoppers and dragonflies in that garden may still exist year after year, or they may be completely desolate now. Cucumber and pumpkin may be planted every year, but maybe not at all now. Is the dew on the flowerpot shelf still there that morning, and is the midday sun still shining on the big sunflower ... "
Some literary critics say that Xiao Hong's writing is sometimes a little wordy, like a child who likes to talk to attract others' attention and often can't express clearly, full of children's strange imagination and erratic ideas. I have always had a headache for literary criticism, but I like this critic very much, because he did not exaggerate the greatness of Xiao Hong, but admitted the smallness of Xiao Hong. Between the lines, she is a naive and lovely child.
[Edit this paragraph] 2. Professor of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Female, 1957, born in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, graduated from Henan Normal University with a bachelor's degree. 65438+September 0984—65438+February 0986, graduated from the Department of Systems Engineering and Mathematics of Zhengzhou University.
Courses. 1983—From June 2002, he taught in the Information Management Department of Henan University of Finance and Economics and was the editor-in-chief of Economic Jingwei. 1993 was rated as an associate professor, and was promoted to full and senior title in 2000. In July, 2002, he was transferred to Guangdong University of Foreign Studies to teach as the editor-in-chief of International Economic and Trade Exploration.
Current position:
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, editor-in-chief of International Economic and Trade Exploration, professor of international business administration, tutor of master students. Executive director of China Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, deputy director of China Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Financial Liaison Center, director of National Economic Mathematics Society, director of Guangdong University Journal Research Association.
Discipline direction: international economics and applied mathematical statistics. Main courses: mathematical economics, applied statistics, mathematical model.
Awards and honors:
In recent years, * * * has won more than 10 awards, mainly including:
The first prize of educational research achievements of Henan Provincial Education Commission.
The second prize of excellent thesis of Henan Education Commission.
The paper was also included in China Mathematical Abstracts and American Mathematical Review.
Outstanding Editor-in-Chief of Social Science Journals of National Universities (2002), Outstanding Periodical Workers of National Universities (2000), Red Flag Bearer of March 8th in Henan Province (200 1).
1983- 1999 advanced individual in scientific research of Henan university of finance and economics (1999)
Lectures and research directions:
The main courses taught are: international economic cooperation, quantitative economy, applied statistics, mathematical model, probability theory and mathematical statistics, economic mathematics, etc. I have been engaged in the editing and publishing of periodicals, improving my scientific research ability and level, making unremitting efforts for the publicity and exchange of teaching and scientific research achievements in our school, and constantly exploring and climbing on the road of realizing scholar-oriented editing. Professor Xiao Hong has a wide range of knowledge and research interests. While finishing his work, he has published five books and more than 30 academic papers. Participate in the completion of 3 projects.