The cause of smog is a comprehensive problem. Air pollutants come from all aspects of our economy, society, production and life, and are not a problem of a certain industry or region, let alone a simple professional or technical problem. From the national level, smog control is a complex systematic project, involving the whole people and all walks of life, and needs comprehensive management.
Under the new situation of emphasizing scientific, green and low-carbon development, to control smog and solve the problem of air pollution, we must change the current production mode, lifestyle, consumption mode, thinking mode and values, establish the concept of ecological civilization of respecting, adapting to and protecting nature, and promote the construction of ecological civilization. In accordance with the spirit of the Third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, we should speed up the reform of the ecological civilization system, implement a strict system of source protection, damage compensation and accountability, improve the system of environmental governance and ecological restoration, and protect the ecological environment with the system. Therefore, we must stand on the height of ecological civilization construction to understand and control smog.
The fundamental way to control smog is to change the energy development mode and adjust the structure. On the one hand, we should pay attention to improving energy efficiency, encourage energy conservation, ensure the rational use of energy, control the excessive use of energy and limit the extensive use of energy. We must make great determination to resolve overcapacity, speed up industrial transformation and upgrading, give full play to the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation in ecological civilization construction, change the way of energy production and consumption, and control the excessive growth of total energy consumption. On the other hand, we should fully understand that deepening reform is a powerful driving force for the development of energy science, respect market rules, speed up exploration and innovation, and solve deep-seated contradictions and problems in energy development through reform and innovation. It is necessary to strengthen the reform of the energy system and mechanism, straighten out the overall path of reform, identify the breakthrough point and breakthrough point of reform, and seize the opportunity to promote reform in the energy field. From the perspective of the energy industry, we should adhere to the principle of "grasping with both hands", focus on energy conservation and consumption reduction, and intensify efforts to implement the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan promulgated by the State Council; Grasp the construction of system of ecological civilization, focus on the overall situation, ensure the completion of the indicators of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" ecological civilization construction, and initially form an ecological civilization suitable for building a well-off society in an all-round way by 2020.
Second, establish a long-term mechanism.
We should fully realize the difficulty of controlling smog. "Rome wasn't built in a day", and smog is formed by long-term accumulation. It is not a temporary effect to drive away smog. It requires long-term and strategic investment to control smog more thoroughly, and it is necessary to fight a "protracted war" and a "tough battle". Only by unswervingly carrying out comprehensive and deepening reforms, controlling smog from the source and establishing a long-term mechanism can we fundamentally and thoroughly solve the air pollution problem in China. Otherwise, no matter how "immediate" the temporary cramming measures are, in the long run, there is no guarantee that the smog weather will not reappear in the future. The author believes that the long-term mechanism to control smog should consider the following four aspects:
(1) Government departments should advocate green administration and abandon the traditional development thinking with GDP as the leading factor.
Establish the concept of promoting urbanization and industrialization as much as possible without destroying the original ecological environment, combine environmental governance with economic restructuring and innovation-driven development, focus on key tasks such as heavily polluted city governance, energy restructuring, vehicle pollution reduction, high-pollution industries and key enterprises governance, and pollution control during heating period in winter, and strive to find a way to promote scientific development, transformation and upgrading, improve people's livelihood, and achieve win-win environmental, economic and social benefits. At the same time, it is necessary to reform the assessment standards of leading cadres, strengthen the performance assessment of ecological civilization construction, and correct the wrong view of political achievements in some places and some leading cadres. Government officials should not be promoted by creating GDP at the expense of the environment and people's health.
(2) Starting from the comprehensive and scientific top-level design, the smog control should be brought into the category of rule of law, and the role of the rule of law should be brought into play to create a fair rule of law environment. Only by using the concept, thinking and means of the rule of law can we gather social knowledge, form social synergy, seek the greatest common denominator and balance point between economic development and ecological environment protection, and establish and improve a new mechanism for the prevention and control of air pollution, including smog, in which the government, scientific research institutions, enterprises and the public participate. It is suggested that the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution should be revised as soon as possible, the Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Haze should be formulated and promulgated, and the Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution should be thoroughly implemented.
(3) Straighten out the management system and improve the efficiency of supervision.
Strengthen the capacity building of clean utilization monitoring, form an independent system of environmental supervision, administrative law enforcement, environmental information disclosure and social supervision from top to bottom, strengthen the construction of environmental responsibility system, and get rid of "local protectionism" that resists environmental protection. Relevant departments should promote the sharing of automatic monitoring data of pollution sources, closely track the governance situation, urge all localities and departments to implement the target responsibilities, and clarify the timetable and road map. Strengthen the law enforcement supervision of clean utilization, and do a good job in the operation supervision of key energy-using units, key pollution sources and treatment facilities. Improve the market access standards for enterprises' sewage discharge, increase the punishment for enterprises' illegal sewage discharge, and solve the problems of low cost of illegal sewage discharge and high cost of law-abiding pollution control.
(D) A cross-administrative linkage mechanism must be established.
"The problem of environmental governance in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Bohai Rim and other regions is not a problem of a single administrative block, but a problem of the whole region. It is necessary to establish a cross-administrative linkage mechanism, track the generation and process of polluted air, comprehensively consider the planning and layout of enterprises with high energy consumption and high pollution, limit the scale and emission of motor vehicles under the condition of high population concentration at present, do a good job in the construction planning of future cities (groups), and gradually realize the control and reduction of various pollutant emissions through economic restructuring, industrial transformation and upgrading, improving energy efficiency, developing environmental protection enterprises and using environmental protection equipment.
Third, accelerate the development of clean energy.
China has become the largest energy producer and consumer in the world, consuming 3.76 billion tons of standard coal in 20 13. It is foreseeable that the energy demand will maintain a certain growth rate in the future. The adjustment and optimization of energy structure is a long-term process, which cannot be achieved overnight. As a pillar industry of China's national economy, energy industry plays an important role in the construction of ecological civilization and beautiful China. How to realize the harmonious development of ecological civilization construction while ensuring the energy demand of economic and social development? It is to accelerate the adjustment of energy structure and promote the green development of energy.
(A) learn from international experience, adjust the coal-based energy structure
Relevant data show that coal accounts for a high proportion of primary energy consumption without exception during the period of high smog in developed countries; Its experience in smog control also shows that effective smog control needs to change the energy structure dominated by coal as soon as possible and reduce the proportion of coal in primary energy consumption to a relatively low level. To control smog in China, we should also start with the adjustment of energy structure, gradually change the energy structure dominated by coal, and reduce coal consumption.
However, for a long time, the status of coal as the main energy source has been difficult to change, and it will continue to undertake the heavy responsibility of ensuring the safe and stable supply of energy.
1, from the perspective of energy security, based on domestic is the starting point of China's energy strategy. The energy resource endowment characteristics of rich coal and poor oil and little gas determine that the status of coal as the main energy source will be difficult to change for a long time to come. From the perspective of resource reserves, coal resources are abundant. By the end of 20 12, the country has identified resource reserves of14.2 billion tons, accounting for 94% of the total primary energy resources. In 20 13 years, the external dependence of oil and natural gas reached 58. 1% and 3 1.6% respectively. To ensure national energy security, we must have stable, reliable and economical energy resources.
2. In recent three years, the proportion of coal in China's primary energy consumption has decreased at a rate of about 1% every year, from 69% in 20 1 year to 65.7% in 20 13 years. From the perspective of non-fossil energy development, although great achievements have been made, due to technical, economic, safety and other factors, the future supply capacity is still uncertain, and it is difficult to replace traditional fossil energy on a large scale in the short term. In order to realize the strategic goal of "two hundred years" put forward in the report of the 18th National Congress and ensure the development of national economy, China's energy demand will continue to increase. It is estimated that by 2020, China's total energy demand will reach 5.2 billion tons of standard coal, and the coal demand will be 4.7 billion tons, accounting for about 60%. Although the proportion of coal consumption in primary energy is decreasing year by year, in the long run, coal will still be the main energy source in China. At present, it is difficult to judge when the peak of coal consumption will come, and coal will still bear the heavy responsibility of ensuring the safe and stable supply of energy.
(2) Control the total energy consumption and accelerate the development of clean energy.
Although China has been vigorously developing clean energy in recent years, by 20 13, the proportion of clean energy consumption in primary energy consumption is only 9.8%, which is still11.6% short of the planning target of 201.4%. In other words, there is still a gap of 1.6 percentage points between this year and next year. By 2020, it is still an arduous task to realize our government's two commitments to the international community-non-fossil energy accounts for about 15% of primary energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP are reduced by 40%-45% compared with 2005. We must control the total energy consumption and accelerate the development of clean energy.
(c) Hydropower and nuclear power should be the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy.
In 20 13 years, the national installed power generation capacity reached12.47 million kilowatts, an increase of 9.25% over the previous year. The national full-caliber power generation capacity was 5,347.4 billion kWh, an increase of 7.52% over the previous year. Among them, the installed capacity of hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power and grid-connected solar power reached 280 million kilowatts, 1.4 1.000 kilowatts, 75.48 million kilowatts and 1.479 million kilowatts respectively, accounting for 22.45% of the national installed capacity and1.65433. The power generation of hydropower, nuclear power, grid-connected wind power and grid-connected solar energy reached 8963, 1 1, 140 1 and 870 million kwh respectively, accounting for 16.76% and 2 10% of the national power generation respectively. As can be seen from the above data, hydropower and nuclear power are energy sources that can support the optimization of energy structure and are the focus of accelerating the development of clean energy at this stage.
1, accelerate the construction of southwest hydropower base. China is rich in hydropower resources and has the conditions for centralized scale development. It is a kind of renewable green energy with safe supply and economical cost. The safety, economy and flexibility of replacing coal-fired power are very high, and it needs to be placed in a strategic position of priority development. On the premise of strengthening ecological protection and resettlement, we will speed up the approval to start a number of large and medium-sized hydropower projects, improve relevant policies and measures for hydropower, and ensure the full utilization of water resources. Southwest China is not only rich in hydropower resources, but also backward in economic and social development. Promoting the construction of hydropower base in southwest China can not only provide clean and renewable energy for China's economic and social development, but also promote the rapid development of local economy and society.
2. Promote the development and construction of coastal nuclear power plants and start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible. Nuclear power is an intensive energy source with high load and high power. At present, the generation cost of nuclear power in China is lower than that of coal-fired power in the load center. It is an economically competitive alternative power supply of coal and electricity, with the characteristics of low emission, which is conducive to reducing environmental pollution. The efficient development of nuclear power on the basis of ensuring safety plays a key role in ensuring China's energy and electricity supply and realizing sustainable development. It is necessary to start a number of nuclear power projects as soon as possible. At the same time, nuclear power investment should be diversified, and the state should encourage large power generation groups with strength and relevant experience to participate in nuclear power development in the eastern coastal areas, cultivate their nuclear power development, construction and operation management capabilities and obtain nuclear power project development qualifications, so that large power generation groups can have the ability to undertake nuclear power development, construction and operation management mainly or independently as soon as possible. Start the construction of inland nuclear power plants as soon as possible. (Hint: Puweixin is imported from the United States, and you can find it in J@@@@D)
3. Actively develop non-aqueous renewable energy and distributed energy systems such as wind power and solar power generation. We should actively promote the development of non-water renewable energy under the conditions of fully considering the absorptive capacity of power system, the affordability of electricity price and maintaining the international competitiveness of domestic industries. Actively promote the development of renewable energy such as wind power generation, solar power generation and biomass power generation with mature technology and great development potential; Accelerate the construction of distributed renewable energy power generation; Improve the research and development ability of renewable energy technology, master the core technology of equipment and operation, gradually reduce the cost of power generation and improve the level of industrialization. Combined with the layout of urban and rural natural gas pipelines, promote the development of distributed combined cooling, heating and power supply and improve the utilization efficiency of natural gas; Encourage the development of distributed energy systems such as small hydropower, small wind power generation and solar energy utilization in areas with water, wind or solar resources, and accelerate the research and application of microgrid technology.
(4) Accelerate power grid construction.
In order to promote the intensive development of large-scale energy bases and the efficient utilization of clean energy, we must base ourselves on independent innovation, speed up the construction of a strong main power grid, speed up the construction of cross-regional transmission channels, continue to increase investment, strengthen the construction and transformation of urban and rural distribution networks, promote the coordinated development of power grids with various voltage levels and primary and secondary systems, and continuously improve the power grid resource allocation capacity, safety and stability level and economic operation efficiency. Relying on modern information, communication and control technology, improve the intelligent level of power grid and meet the requirements of future sustainable development.
Fourth, further improve the clean level of coal-fired power.
The characteristics of China's coal resource endowments determine that coal-fired power has good supply security and economy. In the current situation that the total coal consumption is large and will increase in the future, it is necessary to coordinate the clean and efficient utilization of coal and the development of clean energy, and make contributions to the construction of an energy ecological civilization with sky blue, green land and clear water.
(A) the output of coal-fired power generation in China
In 20 13, the installed capacity of coal-fired units in China reached 7862 1 10,000 kilowatts, which was 4.86% higher than that in 20 12, accounting for 63.03% of the national installed power generation, and 2.64 percentage points lower than the proportion. Coal-fired power generation was 3,947.4 billion kWh, up 6.70% from 20 12, accounting for 73.82% of the national power generation, 0.57 percentage points lower than the proportion. At the same time, in 20 13, 4.47 million kilowatts of small coal-fired units were shut down, and the proportion of units with 300,000 kilowatts and above increased by 1 percentage point. The national standard coal consumption of 6000 kW and above coal-fired units is 32 1 g/kwh, which is 4 g/kwh lower than 20 12. The above shows that coal-fired power is still the main power source in China at present and in the future.
(2) The pollution control of coal-fired power plants in China has reached the advanced level in the world.
According to preliminary statistical analysis, by the end of 20 13, the proportion of coal-fired units with desulfurization capacity is close to 100%, and the operation reliability level of desulfurization facilities is further improved; Nearly 200 million kilowatts of units have completed the transformation of flue gas denitrification. The input capacity of denitration units in China is close to 430 million kilowatts, and the proportion of coal-fired power denitrification is close to 55%. The transformation of dust collectors in coal-fired generating units has been intensified, and the application ratio of high-efficiency electric bag dust collectors and bag dust collectors has been further improved.
Because these pollution control devices have played a great role in reducing emissions, with the continuous increase of power generation and coal consumption, the total annual smoke emission of coal-fired power plants in China has decreased from 3.99 million tons in 1980 to 20 1000 tons, and the smoke emission per kilowatt hour has decreased from 1980. Sulfur dioxide emissions decreased from130,000 tons in 2005 to 8.83 million tons in 2065.438+02, and sulfur dioxide emissions per kwh decreased from 6.4 grams in 2005 to 2.26 grams in 2065.438+02; The emission of nitrogen oxides per kwh also decreased from 3.6 grams in 2005 to 2.4 grams in 20 12 years. In 20 13, although the coal-fired power generation increased by about 6.70% year-on-year, it is estimated that the total emissions of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in the power industry will decrease by about 6%, 7% and 12% respectively, and the total emissions will be reduced to about14,200 tons, 8.2 million tons and 8.34 million tons respectively. At the same time, in the past 20 years, except for urban heating power plants, most pure power plants have been built in the western and northern regions of China or in places with relatively little impact on the environment. Of course, the space for coal-fired power plants to continue to reduce emissions is also shrinking.
Since the revision of China's new ambient air quality standards, a new round of pollution control technical transformation of power plants is under way under the emission standards of soot, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides aimed at reducing PM2.5 emissions and various environmental protection requirements. It is understood that in 20 13, Zhejiang Energy Group took the lead in launching the project of "ultra-low emission of flue gas from coal-fired units" in China, and adopted the most advanced dust removal technology in the world-wet electrostatic dust removal technology. After the implementation of this project, the emission of coal-fired units can meet the emission standards of natural gas units, which will greatly reduce the content of substances such as PM2.5 To sum up, due to the mature technology of air pollutant emission control in the power generation industry, the emission intensity of pollutants per unit of coal combustion is low, and the impact of coal-fired power plants on the environment is decreasing.
In short, we should attach great importance to the clean and efficient utilization of coal-fired power, and put further promotion of clean and efficient utilization of coal-fired power in the same important position as the development of clean energy power generation.
(3) Increasing the proportion of coal used for power generation is beneficial to the prevention and control of air pollution in China.
Practice shows that the key to clean coal utilization is to improve the centralized utilization degree of coal and reduce the proportion of decentralized utilization at the terminal. Let coal be more concentrated in areas with obvious emission reduction advantages such as power generation, realize centralized application and centralized management, and at the same time minimize loose coal at the terminal. This can effectively reduce the emission of air pollutants. This is an international trend. According to the data of Zhejiang University, in 20 12 years, the coal consumption of China's power industry accounted for 52.8% of the total coal consumption. In the same period, the coal used for power generation in the United States and Germany accounted for 93.3% and 83.9% respectively. It shows that there is still a lot of room for improvement in the proportion of coal used for power generation in China. Further increasing the proportion of coal used for power generation in China will be more conducive to the prevention and control of air pollution in China.
(4) Further improve the clean level of coal-fired power generation from two aspects: stock and increment.
It is suggested that the government should increase policy support and encourage power generation enterprises to further improve the clean level of coal-fired power generation from both stock and increment. In terms of stock, power generation enterprises, like Zhejiang Energy Group, should actively adopt the world's advanced technology to upgrade the operating units, so that the coal-fired units can meet the emission standards of natural gas units and greatly reduce the emission level of pollutants. This is of great significance for optimizing the development of coal-fired power in China under the condition of low natural gas resources and high price. In terms of increment, it is necessary to optimize the layout of coal and electricity, accelerate the integrated development of coal and electricity in the western and northern coal bases, and promote the synchronous transportation of coal and electricity. Give priority to the development of cogeneration in areas where heating load is implemented. Power generation enterprises should, like Huaneng Group, research and innovate clean power generation technologies in new projects, and build large-capacity and high-parameter coal-fired generating units, integrated coal gasification combined cycle units and circulating fluidized bed units to further reduce pollution emissions.
Five, pay attention to the non-electric coal industry and loose coal users.
(A brief analysis of coal burning and pollution emissions
Relevant research data show that the proportion of coal burning in China is generally a little more than 50% for power generation, about 25% for industrial furnaces and about 25% for small and medium-sized boilers. Smoke and sulfur dioxide emissions caused by coal combustion account for about 70% of the country, industrial kilns account for about 25%, coal-fired power generation accounts for only about 15%, and the rest mainly comes from small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers. In other words, small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers, which account for about 25% of coal consumption, emit various pollutants, accounting for more than 60% of all coal-fired pollutants. Therefore, to reduce coal consumption and pollution, we should avoid the suspicion of "whipping fast cattle", but pay close attention to the emission reduction management of non-electric coal industry and loose coal users.
(two) to strengthen the control and transformation of emission reduction in non-thermal coal industry.
The state has formulated the most stringent pollutant emission standards for the power generation industry, and achieved the most remarkable results, providing leading experience for the formulation of pollutant emission standards for key coal industries such as steel, cement and chemical industry. At the same time, like the power generation industry, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of emission reduction in the non-coal industry and accelerate the construction of desulfurization, denitrification and dust removal reconstruction projects. Desulfurization and denitrification of iron and steel sintering flue gas will be implemented, and sulfur recovery devices will be installed in smelting facilities with high sulfur dioxide content in smelting flue gas in non-ferrous metals industry. Greatly improve the removal efficiency of hydrogen sulfide from raw coke oven gas in coking industry. The cement industry should implement nitrogen reduction and denitrification in a new dry kiln and carry out flue gas desulfurization transformation. Dust removal facilities of existing coal-fired boilers and industrial kilns should be upgraded. Accelerate the adoption of high-efficiency and low-pollution pulverized coal boilers to replace the existing low-efficiency and high-pollution small and medium-sized boilers.
(3) Strengthen emission reduction control and transformation of loose coal users.
There are more than 700 million people who need heating in winter in China, of whom at least 200 million live in relatively scattered areas. The reality of energy structure and economic development in China determines that small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers and some residential coal will exist for a long time. Due to the lack of professional management, unscientific equipment and system design, complex and unstable operation, imperfect environmental protection facilities or lagging construction, chaotic and changeable coal burning, inadequate government supervision, imperfect laws and regulations, high pollution, low efficiency and potential safety hazards, it is imperative to control the discharge of various pollutants from small and medium-sized coal-fired boilers.
It is suggested that the state should conduct an in-depth investigation on loose coal users to study their existing reasons, transformation costs and alternative methods; Study and formulate support policies for small and medium-sized enterprises and residents to use clean energy and natural gas as soon as possible, and replace coal with electricity, and measures for the government to strengthen supervision.