The third influence of the early development of psycholinguistic theory: firstly, the behavioral theory represented by JB Watson (18781858) and Skinner (BF Skinner, 1904); The second field (bloomfield, 1933) is the representative of structuralist linguistic theory; Thirdly, information theory represented by C.Shannon (1948).

First of all, Watson, the founder of the theory of "objective functionalism", put forward it on the basis of Pavlov: 1870 1932, a famous American psychologist and behaviorist. He believes that learning is a stimulus, not another process of stimulating the establishment of conditioned reflex. According to Watson, most people create a new stimulus response (SR) through conditioned reflex. After Watson, Skinner did it again on the basis of Watson's "operant conditioning" theory. 1957, Skinner published speech act, which was systematically discussed in his last book. Although Skinner later criticized Chomsky's speech act, behaviorism's psychological theories such as "stimulus-reflex" and "operant conditioned reflex" not only influenced the research of psychology and linguistics, but also provided some theoretical basis for the later psycholinguistic research.

In addition, the behavior theory laid the foundation for the early development of bloomfield's psycholinguistic theory of representative structure. Field's structuralist linguistic theory is based on Watson's research on behavior. It is characterized by the principle of behavioral meaning. In the process of establishing language units, it insists on strict development and pays attention to the status of language and scientific freedom as a whole. Although Chomsky's semantic criticism and his theory have become "victims", Broomfield's research method has not only been widely used in the field of linguistics, but also become one of the important ways of sentence processing in psycholinguistics.

The initial development of psycholinguistics is largely due to the study of "theory" represented by Zhongshan South Road (Shannon). The research content involves the theory, transmission, conversion, processing and storage of measurement information. In the study of language, linguistic information theory holds that the output of a series of information symbols shows a change from one state to another. Linguists distribute the research results of information analysis theory, which provides important reference and modeling for language, and also provides a practical framework for psychologists and educators to study learning theory. Since the establishment of 1948, information theory, information theory and many research methods have been used by psycholinguists to study "language perception", "language production", "statistical language information" and "information analysis". Especially in the study of "language coding" and "decoding", many language information analysis and research use information theory research methods.

Third, the theoretical basis of psycholinguistics

The medium-term development of psycholinguistics can be roughly calculated as 1960 to 75 years, *** 15 years. This is mainly based on a large number of monographs based on western psycholinguistics. No matter whether the division is accurate or not, the sixties and seventies are undoubtedly the period of development and growth of psycholinguistics, but at this time psycholinguistics is basically the "power source" of Chomsky's "generative grammar" and the research theory of "generative semantic development" tested by Lecardiff.

Firstly, Chomsky put forward the theory of "transformational generative grammar" in his book Syntax Structure published by 1957. The main contributions of Chomsky's linguistics can be summarized as follows: first, he emphasized the language used in "creativity"; The two people who oppose behaviorism are the "genetic" factors emphasized by his "stimulus-response" learning theory "language acquisition": thirdly, he put forward the theory of "language module", the representation of different rules and rules, and the difference between cognitive system and symbolic language system; Fourthly, he put forward the "surface structure" and "deep structure" of language, which is the most important influence because of the language theory of New Talk. However, when Chomsky tried to revise his theory and put forward a new research model, the "Generative Semantics School" represented by Leikauf and the "Semantic Interpretation School" represented by Chomsky himself had another deep-seated structure dispute: Kaufman thought that the deep structure of music was deep enough, but Chomsky thought that the deep structure was "too deep". Since then, although some people have put forward theories such as grammar, functional grammar or communicative grammar, Chomsky's transformational generative grammar and Letteff's generative semantics still have great influence on temporal linguistics.

Psycholinguistic research on four or three themes

1。 Speech generation

An important issue in psycholinguistics of "speech production" includes four aspects: (1) the data source of speech production model; (3)(2) The speech production unit of a language makes mistakes in speech production; (4) Speech production mode. First of all, the "data model of source speech production" mainly studies the speech production technology and the influencing factors through the data analysis of "speech error", "speech pause" and "disordered speech". Secondly, in the study of "language units in speech production", we mainly study the speech behavior in the process of speech production and who shows the phenomenon of "speech errors" through the analysis of phonemes, phonetic functions, words, morphemes and phrases of human language. Thirdly, the study of "errors in speech production" includes three aspects: (1) speech planning (2) vocabulary organization, (3) the characteristics of tongue slippage and pronunciation and the causes of errors. The research on the planning of "speech" mainly focuses on the theory of "lashley: lesley (1951)" and "word-level organization" put forward by Fournie, especially in the stage of "exploring and expressing" harmony "in oral production mode and predicting oral errors. On the basis of the study of lexical organization, the approximate errors caused by Fromejin's (frome Jin 1988) and Gleiter's (Garrett, 1988) on homophones and syllables are mainly revealed, and the phenomena of "semantic substitution", "phoneme substitution" and "semantic/phoneme combination" are revealed. The research on Slip of the Tongue and the Characteristics of Speech and the Causes of Errors mainly focuses on the exploration of the causes of phonetic errors by Gleiter (Garrett, 1988) and Cutler (Jia, 1980) and the legal analysis in the process of phonetic production, and studies the sentence transposition phenomenon in Hat Cover and Function. 4. The research on model speech generation and speech processing mainly focuses on FromeJin (FromeJin1971), Dell (Dell, 1986) and Walter Knight (Levelt, 1989). Based on Levo Stewart's research on "parallel mode" and "information synthesis mode", speech recognition is based on extracting words from hearing, adding semantics and verification, and discussing the process of speech production and various factors affecting speech production.

2。 language acquisition

Language acquisition is not only a topic of concern in psychology and linguistics, but also one of the topics in psycholinguistics. Research fields include: (1) research methods of language development; (2) the development of speech perception; (3) Children's language and vocabulary; (4) Learning and understanding sentences; (5) the purpose of language communication; (6) Children's language acquisition theory.

First of all, it provides an important way to explore the research method of language development, which was put forward by Leo Stewart (Leopold 1948). Leo Stewart has made great contributions to the development of effective children's language research by observing their daughter Hildegarde's English and German learning progress and observing and studying the Diary of Children's Language Development. But Bates (teaching resource database, 199 1) thinks that it is more effective for parents to observe their children's language performance. Therefore, reports from children and parents become a main way to study children's language development in diaries. In addition, observation, interview and experimental research on language development are also an important way. Second, the development of speech perception research includes three aspects: (1) the relationship between parents and children in language learning and language output; (2) Children's early speech perception (3) Language specialization. Thirdly, the study of children's language vocabulary includes: dental pragmatics words, disyllabic words, grammatical connections, conjunctions and meanings. This research mainly focuses on three aspects: vocabulary and grammar knowledge acquisition, language acquisition and the relationship between words and semantics. Fourthly, learning and understanding sentences includes four aspects: (1) simple sentences in the process of word and phrase transition; (2) the function of grammar in sentences, (3) the formation and strategies of sentence understanding; (4) Simple sentences, complex sentences and turning sentences are complex sentences, which should be understood and used. Fifthly, using the study of oral communication, Bates (1976) and Halliday (1975) put forward "pragmatic function", and Nelson (1973) put forward that "reference" has become the main function of language theory and expression. In particular, Halliday's functions of seven languages have not only become the classics of language research, but also provided important clues for the study of psycholinguistic language acquisition theory. Sixth, the process of children's language acquisition and the mode theory of language acquisition provide an important way of thinking. However, as far as children's language acquisition theory is concerned, the behavioral theory represented by Skinner and bloomfield's "stimulus-response" or "enhancement" and the "heredity" or "general theory" represented by Skinner's "born in" constitute two branches of children's language acquisition theory research. In addition, the representatives of Earle and Bruner's "cognition" theory put forward the "competitiveness" model and Porter's "interaction model" in Bates and sweeney to represent the main contents of children's exemplary language acquisition research. Therefore, the "stimulus-response" theory of behaviorism, the "immanence" theory of idealism, the theory of interaction, the theory of cognition, the theory of information processing and the theory of social interaction constitute the important foundation of children's language acquisition research.

3。 language understanding

The theme of Language Understanding is to discuss psycholinguistics, and the research contents include: (1) speech perception (2) search words (3) sentence processing; (4) Text comprehension. In short, it is to study how people understand language.

Speech perception involves seven studies: speech perception research tools, speech perception conditions, speech signal generation and speech, vowel and consonant perception with acoustic characteristics, speech perception continuity, written language perception and speech perception model. The research tool of language perception (H.Dudley, 1939) was first used, and a "voice recorder" (vocoder) was invented to record and analyze language output information. Later, the principle of "recorder" was created, which promoted the appearance and development of "spectrograph". This is a "war" to analyze the sound signal in product design based on the frequency distribution of sound. Due to the influence of acoustic speech and pronunciation speech, "Actin Recorder" and "Electromyography Recorder" (EMG Recorder) appeared in 1960s and 1970s, which were used to record the voltage changes caused by muscle contraction and the changes of nasal airflow when the mouth spoke. Of course, the latest research tool should be "cinematography", which people use to record dynamic pronunciation. In language sense research, "background" is the most important influence and language sense condition. The research of language signal generation is mostly related to "acoustic characteristics" and "vowel consonants". This is a complicated study, and it is a study on the perception of "phoneme" in English learning. Perception is another research field, which is the study of "written language understanding". This involves the exploration of "visual sense", "letter recognition", "determining the meaning of words", "information storage" and "information organization" Of course, language perception is undoubtedly the most important research field, the study of "speech perception model". Up to now, the theory of "actin model" (movement theory) proposed by Eel Lieberman (1967, 1970) and his colleagues, the "comprehensive model" (analysis-synthesis) proposed by Stevens (1960) and Masero (. Maslan and Wilson's Generation Model (Queue Model) and Irving (ellman,1984,65438+)

Secondly, in the study of vocabulary, we focus on the basic elements of vocabulary, the research methods of mental vocabulary, the influencing factors and organizational factors of vocabulary and the vocabulary model. The study of vocabulary is inseparable from the analysis of basic components, because the basic components of the word are directly related to the meaning of the word. The research method of mental lexicon is directly related to language understanding and is an important part of language understanding research. There are three research methods of mental vocabulary: reaction time experiment, naming/vocabulary extraction and speech error analysis. Among them, the most important words "phonetic error analysis" and "name" are studied in two aspects. People can make mistakes such as "verbal phenomenon", "word transposition" and "slip of the tongue" in words, and analyze the causes of these mistakes, so as to understand how people understand the meaning of a word or extract language information. In the study of lexical influencing factors and organizational factors, the current research mainly focuses on lexical effect, semantic effect and contextual effect. Lexical model is a fruitful research. Up to now, the automatic search mode represented by Foster (Foster, 1976) and the parallel access mode represented by Morton (Morton, 1969, 1979), especially Morton's "vocabulary generation mode", have made great contributions to "vocabulary activities". In addition, another said: "parallel extraction mode", "join the ranks of modes." This is an advocate of an important theory put forward by community-related vocabulary interpretation psychology, philosophy and computer science. The connection theory is final, and the incremental connection is completed from input to function to letter to word. In addition to the "connection model", there is also an auditory vocabulary recognition model called "generation model" (queue model). Maslan and Wilson (1987) proposed that when a person hears a word, all the phonetically adjacent words will be activated at the right time. Of course, no matter which theory, it is difficult to apply to explain the whole complex process of language understanding. However, every "model" emphasizes that the "activation" theory is still a subject of universal significance in explaining complex language understanding, which deserves further study and exploration.

The third sentence is an important part of language understanding. The research in this field can be divided into: (1) sentence structure; Syntactic processing (2), (3) sentence decomposition and syntactic ambiguity; (4) Sentence decomposition model (5) Language processing and memory; (6) Sentence comprehension processing mode. Psycholinguists believe that people can understand language because the recipients of information and output information have the same grammatical rules or "agreements" in their hearts. However, the study of sentence comprehension is not so simple, and there are also problems of surface structure and deep structure of participating sentences. A just says, "It's too cold here", for example. If a sentence is understood literally, then he may not understand the meaning of the real finger. Therefore, the syntactic processing of language understanding is the psycholinguistic aspect of the second question. Syntactic processing involves the relationship between surface structure and deep structure, the relationship between linguistic competence and pragmatic competence, the decomposition of sentence structure and the study of clause processing of four questions, mainly through syntactic processing to study how people understand the meaning of complex sentences. In the decomposition and research of sentence syntactic ambiguity, psycholinguists pay attention to the two aspects discussed above: "local ambiguity" and "permanent ambiguity" Because the fuzziness of language is not necessary for the characteristics of human language, fuzzy statements using the "sentence decomposition model" will become the main means to understand language psychology. In the decomposition research of fuzzy statements, JBCleason (1998) can be divided into two models: one is the "garden path model" and the other is the "persistence success model". The principle of "structure first" or "word first" in the garden road mode, in the process of discussion, understand sentences. However, to understand sentences correctly, sentences are an important part of memory. In this respect, psycholinguists pay attention to the study of "the memory of meaning and surface structure", "semantic reasoning and sentence memory" and "the memory of thought and sentence". Of course, to understand how people remember language information, "sentence understanding processing model" is the basic research of language understanding. So far, constance (Fodor, 1974) has put forward "perception strategy", Bevo (Bevo, 1970) has put forward "non-transformation strategy", and Kimball (kimball, 1973) and Frezize's "Seven Principles of Surface Structure Analysis". In particular, Kimball's "Seven Principles" (23) basically summarizes the general process and research ideas of sentence understanding.

Fourth, the study of "discourse understanding" can be basically summarized into three aspects: (1) the study of coherence and understanding strategies; (2) Memory discourse research; (3) Discourse processing research. In the aspect of discourse coherence, Halliday and Hassan (1976) proposed that the coherence study of "finger" and "cataphor" has become an important theme. Jackie Chan, Mick and Glenn Berger (1990) also regard the understanding of "means" and "reference" as an important prerequisite for the study of speech perception. But whether it is "means" or "meaning", all sentences closely related to the coherence of the text have been said. The study of discourse comprehension strategies is conducted by Clark and Willant (Clark? Haviland, 1977) puts forward "known/unknown strategy", "direct matching strategy", "bridging strategy" and "reviewing known information strategy" in discourse information, which has become an important thinking clue to discuss discourse understanding. Bartlett (1932) was asked about memory. The "organizational planning framework" of human cognitive system is still the memory aspect that affects the current psycholinguistic research discourse. He believes that memory is positive, creative and planned. Memorizing the vocabulary of the terms "proposition" and "reasoning" has become the center of research and development. Psycholinguists believe that not only should we find out the combination of topic sentence and closely related memory and text, but also text understanding is helpful to text memory. In the study of discourse processing, "discourse processing mode" has become the core element of discourse understanding. Such as "context model", "connection model" and "architectural combination model", to understand the process of discourse from all angles.

Fifth, psycholinguistic research.

In the early 1980s, a large number of psycholinguistic research results began to appear. At present, in a short period of 2 1 year, there are as many as 600 monographs and papers published from 1975 to 1997, which can be used for psycholinguistic research. In these monographs and papers, in addition, Broomfield and Ling also reviewed the linguistics of Chomsky and Halliday and the research of phonetics, language, semiotics, grammar, semantics, language and logic by other linguists before 1970s, and reviewed the monographs and research papers of Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, Eriksson, Piaget, tolman and other psychologists Ausubel. There are a large number of monographs and papers devoted to psycholinguistic research and exploration of speech perception, language understanding, language, language acquisition, speech errors, oral memory, discourse analysis, natural language, language based on physiology and psychology, and language information.

1。 Speech perception and achievement

First of all, in the study of speech perception, Linde blom devoted himself to exploring auditory models to explain the application of pronunciation, and published an article entitled "Auditory Phonetics" in 1984 to study the form of "the origin and purpose of discrete sounds and faithfulness". Two years later, on 1986, he published an article entitled "A Study on the Auditory Speech Perception of O 'Hara Bucky's Speech Perception's Direct View of Reality", and therefore put forward five kinds of evidence to support the statement of "auditory object". In addition, it is beneficial to Berman (197 1 year), Samuel (198 1), Remez (1987), Yuschik (1986) (/kloc Stevens (199 1) and Nygard (1993) have published relevant engineering or publishing papers, and studied and described speech perception and speech perception in different positions from multiple angles. Research on speech perception, Lieberman (1973), Fowler (1980), massaro Harry (1984), Fowler and Rosenbloom (199 1) and Armas Miller (/). Among the research institutions of speech perception, Lechner Goldstein, dormann, Cardin and Raphael in Bregman (1974), Gould and Levantin (1979) and Bregman in Steg (198 1 0). Goldstein and two German researchers, including Bernstein, Bregman, Fowler, Lieberman, Remez, Stevens, massaro, Maslen-Wilson and ellman, are the most influential figures in the field of speech perception. So far, Lieberman has studied the "motion model" in speech perception in 1970, the "comprehensive model" of Stevens and his colleagues in 1967, the "fuzzy logic model" of massaro in 1987 and Wilson in 1987. Of course, the list of people listed above can only be a part of the "very few" scholars, such as Bronsten, Boden, Lacorre, H. Dudley, JLMiller, W.Strange and others who have made outstanding achievements in speech perception research and language experience and research in speech perception. Its success is great. They have made great contributions to the research and development of speech perception.

2。 Speech production and achievement

In the study of speech production, the achievements are mainly in speech production, research methods, speech error analysis, speech planning and speech production mode. The research methods of people who have made outstanding contributions to speech production and speech analysis are frome King (1973), Butterworth (1980), Cutler (1982), Garrett (1988) and Huffnagel of shattuck. The research on speech production mainly focuses on the observation and analysis of speech errors in data. Fromm King's famous phonetics research failed because he first studied phonetic errors from the perspective of psycholinguistics, because he founded Selected Works, and because he put forward the unique scenery that "pressure can be misplaced". Fromm King's research achievements ranged from 1973 to 1988. He published Linguistic Proof of Speech Errors (Phonetic Errors as Linguistic Evidence) and eight papers, including Grammatical Errors in Speech, which is an influential research work on speech errors. Butterworth is an expert on language and speech errors. From 1980 to 1982, three influential papers have been published in just three years: one is the study of language production mode, and the other is the study of phonetic errors. However, his greatest contribution lies in the use of natural observation in his collections, which freed him from the shackles of experimental methods commonly used in language understanding research. Cutler is an expert on stress and tongue slippage. Only in 1979 and 1982, he published four documents, such as Speech Failure, Phonetic Expression and Ultrasonography, and edited and published the book Slippery Tongue and Language Generation (1982). In 1980, Cutler pointed out in the article "Stress and intonation errors" that not only affix morphemes will shift when speaking, but also the original words, verbs and nominal owners will change, shifting and distorting prototype phrases. Garrett is a production expert in sentence processing and language research. Only in 1975 and 1988, he has seven influential academic works. In addition, the phonetic errors of his and shattuck Huffnagel initiated the phonetic errors in the "MIT Corpus" and made many valuable first-hand studies. Although Garnham's works are not as rich as frome Kincaitler's, his Modern Phonetic Metrics (1988) is a unified language theory, which is consistent with the key issues of psycholinguistic theory, but it has made great contributions. It is worth mentioning that the four characteristics of Garrett's phonetic errors are an ordinary induced phonetic error, which not only provides an important thinking method for further research. It is worth mentioning that there are some misunderstandings in phonetics research, except lashley and Levitt McLay, because they have their own opinions on the research of "language behavior and brain structure", "monitoring and self-examination and self-correction of speech errors" and "stuttering and stuttering". The results of Special Maclay's research on "spoonerism" provide an important reference for the future study of speech errors. Of course, Levelt's contribution lies not only in his fruitful exploration of automatic correction of speech errors, but also in his pioneering investigation of the stage division of "speech planning" and "oral information generation", and its achievements have become a bright pearl in the field of psycholinguistics.

In the study of "language planning" and "language production mode", Levelt( 1989), frome King (197 1, 1973), Garrett (1975), etc. First of all, in the language research plan, Levelt can be regarded as a "master of a generation". This research achievement is remarkable in his Concept of Information, Information Transformation into Speech Transformation Plan, Speech Program Execution and Self-monitoring and Correction of Speech Acts. The language program of Levelt speaker's communicative intention began to be executed. Therefore, he believes that whoever wants to implement and realize the expected speech act must first encode the intention. This involves the process of "speech plan of information transformation thinking" or "oral plan making" The formulation of oral planning includes macro planning and micro planning. The development of macro planning includes starting point and basic planning, development of discourse planning and control of macro planning information resources. In this respect, although Beatty (1980) put forward the relationship between coherent information and discourse, It also emphasizes that the speaker's speech act is a new information →→→→→→ a new coherent discourse mode to convey the objective information processing cycle, but Levelt believes that if the speaker's attention fluctuates between macro and micro planning schemes, these fluctuations will only lead to the rotation of macro planning. The implementation of the plan is to discuss two important aspects of speech production: phonetic research, actin speech and self-monitoring. First of all, speech mainly refers to the action control in the implementation of speech control plan. Include word stress or weak pronunciation phonemes, as well as rising and falling tones. In addition, a comparative study was made on the speech rate actin. In the process of plan implementation, self-monitoring is a psychological behavior. People who speak this language often monitor their communication according to their own language and social standards. Levelt( 1983) This behavior is called "Saif repair". "Self-monitoring" or "self-correction" includes three elements: first, finding speech errors, second, interrupting the topic by yourself, and third, inserting new language content. In this respect, Levelt( 1983) takes the behavior of describing a specific color and language as the research object, and the research results confirm the inevitability of finding a mode of "self-examination and self-correction" in the process of "self-monitoring". Fromm King (197 1, 1993) put forward a "speech generator model" when studying "speech production mode", which divided speech production into six stages. Garrett (1975) Fromm King's Model has been supplemented many times, but Fromm King's speech has made a breakthrough in the conceptualization of "model" research. However, not long after Fromm King (197 1) put forward his "discourse generator model", Dale (1985, 1986, 1988), McLay (/kloc-0).