Enlightenment of Confucius' educational thought on quality education in the Analects of Confucius.
Confucius is a famous educator, thinker and historian in the history of China. Some people say, "Confucius is the head of the philosophers, and The Analects of Confucius is the head of the philosophers". As a collection of words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, The Analects has a wide range of contents. Every time I read it, I feel that there are many similarities between Confucius' educational thought in The Analects of Confucius and the current quality education, which is worth learning, studying and learning from.
First, inherit the concept of "no class left in education" and strive to achieve balanced and fair education. Confucius taught for 40 years. It is said that there are three thousand disciples and seventy sages. Yan Lu, Yan Yuan and others. They are all poor, while Zigong is rich; Zhong Gong, Bo Niu and Zhang Zi are bitches; Meng and Nangong are both noble children. Confucius advocated that "there is no class in teaching." (Wei Linggong) In other words, the educated should have equal opportunities, not noble or humble. Today, Confucius' thought of "teaching without class" is "educational balance and fairness".
Confucius was a real pioneer of private education. The school he founded has no walls, fences, guards, tall and magnificent buildings or even a fixed lecture hall. It is completely open to the whole society and has no barriers to the outside world. Because there is no fixed place for Confucius to give lectures, the whole world can't be a place. Confucius' spring outing is a true portrayal. You can either "visit Wei Zilin, rest in the apricot altar, study by disciples, and play the piano and drum by Confucius", or express the feelings between mountains and rivers, pointing out that "the wise enjoy water and the benevolent enjoy Leshan." Wise people move, benevolent people are quiet. Wise people enjoy water, benevolent people live long ",lamenting that" the deceased is like a husband "; It can not only warn students to "talk through hearsay and abandon morality" when traveling around the world, but also tell them the ambition of "helping the poor with a gentleman" and the solemnity of life when Cai Chen is short of food or even at the critical moment of life and death. Although Confucius has no fixed school, there is no Confucius school anywhere in the world. At the top of the mountain, by the water, in the forest, in the yard, on the road ... In short, for Confucius, teaching is everywhere.
Confucius' thought of "teaching without class" reveals that education is not a problem for some people, but for all. Confucius taught people not how to make big money, make big money and be a big official, but how to be a man, how to be a man and how to be a complete person. Confucius told us that being a man is more fundamental, more basic and more rooted than making a fortune. Be a man, you must cultivate yourself. Everyone in reality has many things that are not elegant, disciplined and legal, and there are also many things that are greedy, paranoid and melodramatic. These things do not conform to human nature and human feelings, and deviate from the normal state of life. Don't they need to be "repaired" Don't you need a reason? Self-cultivation means self-repair, self-management, and changing one's mentality and behavior from improper to correct. Nothing is more profound than the normal life here. Self-cultivation is not divided into classes, rich and poor, men and women, young and old, but something that everyone should do and know. The significance of Confucius' educational thought lies in opening the education of rites and music to everyone, regardless of race, age and age, and implementing "teaching without distinction".
Since the reform and opening up, China has implemented nine-year compulsory education, but the gap between regions, urban and rural areas and schools still exists, and the "fast and slow classes" and "school choice" have been repeatedly banned, making it difficult to achieve educational balance in the nine-year compulsory education stage. Therefore, the newly revised Compulsory Education Law is of great significance to rationally allocate educational resources, promote the balanced development of schools and narrow the gap between schools. There are clear provisions on ensuring compulsory education in rural areas and ethnic minority areas and ensuring that school-age children and adolescents with financial difficulties and disabilities receive compulsory education. There is no doubt that there is still a long way to go for China to achieve the balance and fairness of education. The urgent task is to study, publicize and implement the Compulsory Education Law. Only through the unremitting efforts of several generations can we realize the beautiful ideal of balanced and fair education.
Second, inherit the educational thought of "benevolence and courtesy grow together" to promote students' all-round and healthy development. Confucius said, "A gentleman's business is based on his foundation." (Learning) The "business book" here is learning to be a man. Confucius not only emphasized that "learning to be a man" is a basic or primary position, but also attached great importance to the role of teachers in setting an example. Confucius said, "It's just and not ordered; His body is not right, although he does not obey. " (Lutz) This passage can be seen as a summary of Confucius' administrative character as an official, and it can also be seen as Confucius' requirements for teachers. From this perspective, we can know that Confucius believes in "teaching by example" rather than "teaching by example". Confucius has repeatedly expressed his dislike of eloquent people. I also said in front of Luz, "I am a wicked man." On the point of believing in "teaching by example", Confucius particularly emphasized moral cultivation. The so-called integrity and dishonesty refer to whether the behavior is correct or not. It can be said that if the teacher's behavior is correct, the students will follow suit. If the teacher is dishonest, even if you ask the students to do something, they won't listen. Here we can see the power of example and the infiltration of moral education.
Confucius' educational thought of "complementary benevolence and courtesy" and its life value mainly include: 1. Honesty. Confucius said, "Those who are born straight and idle are lucky to be spared." According to Confucius, a person should be upright, and only integrity can be aboveboard. However, dishonest people in our lives can survive, but that's just a fluke to avoid disaster. According to the logical reasoning of the development of things, such a lucky man will fall down sooner or later.
Second, we should pay attention to "benevolence" in life. This is one of the most important issues in Confucius' life. In Confucius' view, benevolence is the foundation of being a man and occupies the first place. Confucius said, "Disciples are filial, and younger brothers are younger. They sincerely believe that they love people all the time, but they are kind. I have spare capacity to study literature. " This shows that it is meaningful to study only on the basis of benevolence. Confucius also believed that only the benevolent can treat others selflessly and get people's praise. Confucius said, "Benevolent people can be good and hateful." (Liren) "There are thousands of horses in Qi Jinggong. On the day of his death, he said the people were immoral. Boyi and Shu Qi starved to death under Shouyang, which people now call. " (Ji Shi) This fully demonstrates the value and strength of benevolence. So, how can we calculate benevolence? Yan Yuan asked Ren, and Confucius said, "Self-denial is benevolence. A day of self-denial and self-denial, the world is benevolent. " ("Yan Yuan") In other words, only by restraining yourself and making words and deeds conform to the ceremony is benevolence. Once you keep your word, people all over the world will praise you as a kind person. It can be seen that "benevolence" is not innate, but the result of "self-cultivation" and "self-denial" acquired. Of course, Confucius also put forward the external standard of benevolence, that is, "rigidity, toughness, wood, laziness and kindness." (Lutz) That is to say, people with strong, decisive, simple and modest language are close to benevolence. At the same time, he also put forward five standards of practicing benevolence, namely "courtesy, tolerance, faithfulness, sensitivity and benefit" (Yang Huo). That is, humility, generosity, faithfulness, diligence and kindness. He said that respect for others will not lead to insults, generosity to others will win everyone's support, honesty to others will trust them, hard work will succeed, and kindness to others will command the people well. Confucius said that those who can practice these five virtues can be regarded as benevolence. Of course, in Confucius' view, it is extremely difficult to be completely benevolent. Therefore, he taught people to pursue the way of benevolence and righteousness, that is, "be knowledgeable in the text, be polite, and be a husband!" " ("Yan Yuan") that is, we should extensively study cultural classics, restrain our behavior with courtesy, and make ourselves not deviate from the right path. At the same time, we should also pay attention to learning from benevolence and help cultivate benevolence with benevolence. A benevolent person should be a person who can stand up for himself and let others stand up, help others realize what they want and push others to do everything well. That is: "I want to stand up and stand up, I want to get in touch with people, and I can look at them at close range." It can be said that the benevolent side has already existed. " (Yongye)
Third, we should pay attention to the all-round development of self-cultivation. Ceng Zi said: "I save three times a day: are you unfaithful to others?" Don't believe in making friends? Can't you learn? "(Learning) That is, I have to reflect on myself repeatedly every day: Have I tried my best to help others? Do you keep your word when dealing with your friends? Have you reviewed the lessons taught by the teacher? Emphasize the importance of self-cultivation. Confucius said, "Take Tao as the aim, virtue as the support, benevolence as the support, and art as the tour" (Shu Er). Only in this way can we truly be a man. Confucius emphasized the all-round development of being a man, which reflected his understanding of human sociality and the mutual restriction of personal accomplishment. Confucius said: "if you hold it in poetry, you will stand in ceremony and become happy." "(Taber) That is, poetry can inspire people's spirit, etiquette can strengthen people's sentiment, and music can promote people's career success. In Confucius' view, all-round development is extremely important for personal cultivation.
Third, adhere to the teaching goal of "applying what you have learned" and strengthen humanistic quality education. Confucius emphasized "writing, behavior, loyalty and faith" when cultivating talents. ("Shu Er") Put "Wen" in the first place. Confucius offered six courses: etiquette, music, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics. Rites and pleasures are both humanistic education. Confucius said: "Prosperity is based on poetry, standing on ceremony, and success is fun." (Taber) Poetry refers to cultural education, while ceremony refers to etiquette and moral education. He believes that Tao is supreme. Confucius said, "It doesn't hurt to listen to the sermon in the morning and die at night." It shows that Confucius attaches great importance to humanistic education, moral education and the cultivation of humanistic quality. Confucius said, "If you don't study poetry, you have nothing to say. I can't stand it if I don't learn etiquette. " ("Ji's") "Recite 300 Poems and teach them to be political." ("Lutz") "Three hundred poems. In a word, it is' naive thinking'. " ("Politics") and said: "Li Xia, I can say that it is not enough; Li Yin, what I can say is not enough in the Song Dynasty. Lack of literature. That's enough, then we can collect it. " ("Bashu") "Yin gains and loses, because, so you can know; Zhou's gains and losses are also well known. "(Politics) Confucius separated" Poetry ",which is one of the contents of" Music ",and" Poetry "is an independent art here. Poetry is still emotional, and ceremony is still rational. In the construction of personality, the function of poetry is mainly "xing", that is, to start people's emotional xing, to prepare for accepting the enlightenment of the ceremony, or to provide a psychological basis. This is because poetry takes language as a means of communication and mainly undertakes the expressive function of words, but because words are the form of concepts after all, they must have rational content. It is this rational meaning that makes poetry reach the ceremony directly. Li mainly talks about how people deal with the relationship between individuals and society, including the relationship with elders, peers and the next generation in the family. In the sense of unity of ideas and actions. Therefore, it plays a key role in shaping character. It is the backbone of human beings, the basic principle of human life and the basic principle of human survival in society. So "reciprocity" is said. The form of music is music, which is different from language. It is purely a symbol of emotion, and it is difficult to express its meaning. Although music is lyrical, this feeling has been filtered by reason, dissolving the content of reason, which is the benevolence mentioned above. Because the content of reason is completely dissolved in emotion and deeply cultivates personality into the depths of psychology, the effect is more lasting and the function is all-round. In this way, happiness fundamentally improves the personality structure. Therefore, it is higher than courtesy in the achievement of personality. These thoughts show that Confucius not only paid attention to the education of poetic rites, but also paid attention to the summary, excavation and research of these contents, which played an important role in enriching and perfecting the contents of ancient Chinese education. This is quite enlightening for us to implement the new curriculum standards, strengthen humanistic quality education and cultivate special interests.
Fourth, adhere to the teaching principle of "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" and follow the individual differences of students. Confucius advocated "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". In his long-term educational practice, he created the concept of human differences, and took "the similarity of sex is far away" (Yang Huo) as the guide of educational practice, and then put forward the educational principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. He said: "If you are above average, you can also talk about it;" Under China people, you can't speak orally. "That is to say, for people with above-average intelligence, you can talk to him about profound truth; You can't talk to a person whose intelligence is below average. In order to carry out this thought, Confucius attached great importance to students' observation and understanding, such as "visiting Guo Ye", "giving to others" and "seeking Ye Yi". On this basis, he adopted different ways of education, such as Ran Qiu's timidity, so we should encourage him; Lutz is bold and self-righteous, so we should restrain him deliberately. Namely: "Seek retreat, so advance; Because I am also a person, I retired. " (advanced)
The key to teaching students in accordance with their aptitude and following their individual differences is to have a profound and comprehensive understanding of students, accurately grasp their characteristics in all aspects, and then carry out targeted education. Confucius paid great attention to observing and studying students. His methods include "Listen to what you say and observe what you do" (Gongye Chang) and "Look at what it is, what it is, what it is for, how can people waste it, and how can people be thin?" (Politics) is to get a comprehensive understanding by observing and talking with students. Because of this, Confucius knew the characteristics and personalities of his students very well. For example, he said, "Chai is also a fool, and he is also a teacher." (Advanced) That is to say, his students Gao Chai is stupid, Zeng Shen is dull, Zhuan Xu is extreme, and Zhong You is reckless. It is precisely because of the full understanding of students that Confucius' education and teaching can be carried out according to the actual level and personality characteristics of students. Confucius' answers to questions such as benevolence, filial piety and politics are often different in difficulty, depth, detail and complexity. For example, Fan Chi and Yan Hui both asked about "benevolence", Confucius replied that Fan Chi was a "lover", and Yan Hui replied that "self-denial is benevolence".
The purpose of paying attention to students' personality differences is to promote the harmonious development of students' personality. Confucius' teaching principle of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude is quite enlightening for us to implement quality education according to law at present. As we all know, the future society is a knowledge economy society, and the talents needed must have various abilities, such as innovation ability, practical ability, ability to absorb and use information, gregarious ability and so on. Under the baton of college entrance examination, the educational model of "a thousand troops crossing a wooden bridge" obliterates the individual differences of students and ignores the improvement of their overall quality. Take students' so-called "main course" test scores and enrollment rate as the evaluation method of education. Excellent score, the winner is king. Students' ideological and moral qualities, physical and mental qualities, personalities and specialties are all neglected. In today's implementation of quality education, we should learn from Confucius' thought of teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, proceed from students' reality and pay attention to students' personality characteristics, so as to achieve the goal of people-oriented, learning well and harmonious development.
In the Analects of Confucius, there are many teaching principles and methods that are reasonable. For example, learn from each other's strengths, combine learning with thinking, combine literature with Taoism, inspire teaching, step by step, review old things and learn new things, and so on. Of course, Confucius' educational thought inevitably embodies the class attribute, but as a social person, many ideas advocated by Confucius under the historical conditions at that time have their elements in line with human nature and are an indispensable part of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. They should be dialectically analyzed and discarded, so as to truly make the past serve the present and bring forth the new.