The route is generally north-south, crossing Maanshan in the extension of Yuzhai Mountain. The northern slope of Maanshan is within the territory of yanshi city, and the southern slope is under the jurisdiction of Dengfeng City. Ma 'anshan is at an altitude of 1258m, with a height difference of 950m on the north slope and 680m on the south slope. Ma 'anshan ridge is steep and straight, and the north and south slopes are relatively flat. There is a simple automobile expressway with convenient transportation.
The north and south slopes of Maanshan are one of the areas with the highest degree of geological research in Songshan area. Since the 1950s, countless geologists, geologists, teachers and students from the College of Geology have come here to study. Many Precambrian stratigraphic rock units have been established in Songshan area, including Archean Dengfeng Group, Neoarchean gneiss suite in northern Zhao Jun, Proterozoic intrusive rocks, Mesoproterozoic intrusive rocks and Mesoproterozoic Wufoshan Group. The place names used to name stratigraphic units are Guojiayao, Jinjia, Laoyanggou, Beigou, Qingyanggou, Wu Jia, Jinyao, Lijiagou, Lujiagou, Wufoshan, Maanshan, Puyu, Luotuotan and Hejiazhai. It is also the most published monograph on the north and south slopes of Maanshan.
The route starts from Shuimo Bay, 20 kilometers west of Dengfeng. Shuimowan is located in Shicheng potash feldspar granite body, and enters metamorphic rock area not far to the north. The southern slope of Ma 'anshan is the place where the Dengfeng Group was established in the early stage, and the geological content of strata, structures and magmatic rocks is extremely rich. The strata, schistosity and schistosity of intrusive rocks are nearly north-south. Most of Nanpo Highway hovers in Guojiayao Formation of Dengfeng Rock Group. In order to observe more stratigraphic units, it is necessary to leave the road from time to time and pursue to the east and west sides to broaden our horizons. It can be seen that the deformed almond-shaped structures in the three strata of Archean Dengfeng Group, namely Guojiayao, Jinjia and Laoyanggou, amphibolite schist and amphibolite schist are clear and common. Metamorphic intrusions such as Neoarchean Beigou adamellite, Qingyanggou metamorphic gabbro and Wu Jia gneiss adamellite can be seen. We can see the Proterozoic Jinyao pegmatite group, Lijiagou metamorphic basic dike group and Lujiagou potash feldspar granite, and we can see their interpenetrating intrusion relationship, and we can see the deformation and metamorphism relics of different levels and stages.
Climbing up the ridge of Maanshan, you can see the silhouette of Mangshan Mountain in the distance to the north, and the Ilo River under Mangshan meanders eastward and flows into the Yellow River. To the south, facing Mount Ji, there are endless green fields on both sides of the Ying River. There are two north-south ridges on the east and west sides of Maanshan-Dangyang Mountain and Anpo Mountain, which are composed of hard quartzite of Songshan Group. The mountains are magnificent.
Ma 'anshan Ridge is a one-sided mountain composed of Ma 'anshan Formation of Wufoshan Group. Maanshan Formation is unconformity covered by Archean Dengfeng Group and gneiss intrusive rocks, and Songshan Group is not seen near the highway. The unconformity surface is the Sino-Vietnamese movement interface. Follow the north slope of Maanshan and enter Foguangyu, which is the complete profile of Wufoshan Group. There are five sliding triangles in the south of Wufoshan village, which are shaped like five Buddha statues and are the product of the sliding structure of Songshan Mountain. Here, the sandstone of Maanshan Formation is the underlying strata, and Puyu shale is the sliding layer. The triangular surface seen today is the sliding surface, and the Puyu shale and camel sandstone on it are the sliding systems. Sliding surfaces with different orders and shapes can be seen in many places. The illusion of micro-angle unconformity can be seen between the top of Puyu shale and sandstone beside camel in Wufoshan Group. Professor Ma Xingyuan named it "Yanshi Movement" from 65438 to 0958. There has been a slip between the two, and there may have been a short-term sedimentary interruption or underwater scouring, which should still be an integrated relationship.
Continue northward, pass through the seat of Foguangyu township government, and enter the distribution area of Cambrian in Paleozoic. Foguangyu Cambrian outcrop is good, and the horizon is continuous and complete. Limestone of Ordovician Xiamajiagou Formation can still be seen on Fengshan Formation on both sides of the mountain pass.
2. Traditional tourist routes of Shaolin Temple
The tourist route starts from Dengfeng City and goes along the highway to the West Hill of Shaolin Temple, which is a route with rich human and geological landscape.
The Neoarchean gneiss suite in the west of Dengfeng city is distributed in hilly areas. From the old to the new, there are greisen gneiss, Huishansi adamellite gneiss and Niuwulan adamellite. These three rocks are plutonic rocks that have undergone strong structural metamorphism and deformation. The southwest of Datasi is the discovery place of Songyang Movement, which was first described by Professor Zhang Bosheng in 1950. However, the unconformity surface here is not obvious enough, and it is far less clear than the old mother cave discovered later. If you don't go into the mountains, you can also see the unconformity of Songyang movement next to Xuantianmiao Highway.
Song Yue Temple and Huishan Temple are famous temples in Songshan Mountain and national key cultural relics protection units. Song Yue Temple was built in the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Song Yue Temple Tower in the temple is the oldest existing brick tower in China, with a height of 15 stories, a tall and soft tower body and beautiful appearance. Huishan Temple was originally built by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. There is also a tower in the temple called Jingzang Zen Master Tower, which was built in the Tang Dynasty.
After passing Shilipu, you can reach Shaolin Reservoir, on the hillside of Yuzhai Mountain in the west of the dam, which is the discovery place of "Zhongyue Movement" first described by Professor Zhang Erdao in 1954. Zhongyue Movement is the most obvious of the three major sports in Songshan, and there are Zhongyue Movement in almost all places where Maanshan Formation is distributed. This is its birthplace and has special significance.
Looking to the west in Shilipu area, the towering nine lotus mountains show people the true colors of the stalwart quartzite of Luohandong Formation of Songshan Group in Proterozoic, and the huge recumbent folds show people that such hard rocks have been repeatedly bent into dough by geological stress in the past, which shows the great power of nature.
Shaolin Temple was built in the contact zone between Wufoshan Group in Mesoproterozoic and Cambrian in Paleozoic, and Shao Xigu occupied the contact line. The burned temple pavilion in Shi Yousan of Shaolin Temple has been completely restored, which makes this ancient temple with a history of 1500 years welcome visitors with a brand-new look. Outside Shaolin Temple, Chuzu 'an, Zu Er 'an, Tallinn and Shaolin Martial Arts School have their own characteristics, all of which are worth visiting. Behind the Shaolin Temple are five nipple peaks, which are said to represent the flag, drum, sword, seal and bell respectively. The stratum where Wurufeng is located is CAMBRIAN, and there is a hiking trail leading directly to Damo Cave. Zen master Zudama has been in this cave for 9 years, studying quietly. Damodao Cave was excavated in dolomite limestone of Upper Cambrian.
It is about 3 kilometers westward from Shaolin Temple, which is the birthplace of the famous "Shaolin Movement". 1959, Professor Wang Yuelun discovered the unconformity contact relationship between CAMBRIAN and Songshan Group in the pass of Songshan East, traced it all the way to the western hills of Shaolin Temple, and finally found a typical place where CAMBRIAN unconformity covered Wufoshan Group, named "Shaolin Movement". It is still the most ideal place to observe the "Shaolin Movement".
3. Three adventure tourist routes in Huang Zhai
The route basically follows the valley southwest of Yuzhai Mountain. The mountains on both sides of the route are extremely steep, and there are ropeways, plank roads and ladders along the route, which greatly improves the traffic conditions of this tourist route. Nowadays, tourists of different ages and constitutions can easily visit San Huang Zhai Scenic Area.
The route starts from Shaolin Temple, goes south along the west ditch of Shaolin Temple, passes through the dripping pool, climbs Haohanpo, enters the Nantianmen, and reaches Sanhuangzhai. You can also climb mountains by elevated cableway to save your strength. Sanhuangzhai is the most concentrated, steep and spectacular natural landscape in Songshan area. The strange mountain formed by quartzite in Songshan Group is unique among many famous mountains in China. It is no exaggeration to say that the places we pass by are all landscapes step by step, and there are no surprises everywhere. According to statistics, there are dozens of famous scenic spots. Stalagmite, Stone Forest, Daixian Gorge, Dishuitan, Juxian Cliff, Immortal Monkey Worship, Hanging Ice Cliff, Haohanpo, Jiaojiashi, Monkey Seeing Sorrow, Shan Ying Stone, Yuemen Stone, Mother and Child Stone, Shouxian Stone, Huangsanxianbao, Monkey King Shoushan, Stone Monkey Watching the Sky, Yunfeng Hu Xiao, Immortal Playing Stone, and Xianweng Fragrant Buddha. The most spectacular scenery is the view from the worse gate to the west. When Yangshan looks like two heads, it is recognized by local people as the "Second Emperor of Yanhuang", and sometimes it is worshipped. This is the only natural stone statue of Emperor Yanhuang found in the Central Plains. All this is closely related to the transformation of quartzite in Songshan Group by crustal movement in the past 2 billion years. People often use "wonderful workmanship" to describe some supernatural infinite power, which is actually the internal and external power of the earth.
Sanhuangzhai is the most beautiful scenic spot in Songshan Mountain, which is famous for its "beautiful peaks, strange rocks and dangerous roads". San huang Village can experience breathtaking plank roads, leisurely cable bridges, palaces in Huang San and Baozhai in Huang San. In the vast sea of clouds, it is a great feeling of flying high. Standing on the top of Wang Luo and looking at Luoyang, the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties, you will know what "other mountains look at the sky" means.
On the way down the mountain, you can see the gravelly quartzite of Luohandong Formation of Songshan Group in Proterozoic, which is unconformity covered on the adamellite of Huishansi in Neoarchean. The Songyang movement interface here is transformed by ductile shear deformation, the unconformity interface is in a strong deformation zone, and the gravel has been elongated into a strip, which is different from the Songyang movement interface of Laojundong Formation and has unique charm.
Go out of the canyon and reach the end of this route, Liang Qing Temple. Liang Qing Temple was built in Jin, with simple architecture and exquisite craftsmanship. Liang Qing Temple was built on Mesoproterozoic Shicheng potash feldspar granite. In the north of Qingliang Temple, schists, Neoarchean gneiss and Paleoproterozoic quartzite xenoliths of Dengfeng Group are common in the rock mass, and their lithology has changed into granodiorite or adamellite. This kind of rock was once classified as the marginal body of rock mass by predecessors, but it should actually be an assimilation mixed zone.
The ancients had a poem praising san huang Village of Shaoshi Mountain: "Songshan Mountain is the best in the world, and Shaoshi Mountain is very dangerous. It is reasonable not to go to san huang Village, but it is not a Shaolin guest.
4. Climbing the tourist route of Ji Junfeng
From ancient times to the present, it is a beautiful talk for tourists to visit Songshan Mountain and climb to the top. Ding Song, namely Ji Junfeng, is the main peak of Taishi Mountain, with an altitude of 149 meters ... The mountain consists of quartzite of Luohandong Formation of Songshan Group in Paleoproterozoic, with steep cliffs on the south slope. The gentle slope zone in front of the mountain is composed of Neoarchean Datasi mica gneiss, which is easy to weather, and the contact boundary is where the slope changes from gentle to steep.
There were four routes to the top of the Song Dynasty in ancient times: during the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was mostly from Xiaoyao Valley to Wild Boar Slope, and Ouyang Xiu took this road when climbing dangerous peaks; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty climbed Songshan Mountain from Qimi Stone to the east side of Viva Peak. Emperor Qianlong went to Songshan by the route of Zhongyue Temple and Qinggangping. Xu Xiake, a traveler in the Ming Dynasty, went north from Laojun Cave, passed through Zhou Shi, the first heaven, the alchemist temple and reached the summit in the 18th century. Comparatively speaking, Xu Xiake took a shortcut, which is one of our tour routes.
The tourist route starts from Songyang Academy, passes through Laojun Cave to Jijunfeng, reaches the summit and returns along the five pagodas in the west, and ends at Datasi, or you can go back the same way. Songyang Academy is 450m above sea level, Laojun Cave is 700m above sea level, and the road can reach Laojun Cave, and it is about 800m on foot.
Songyang Academy is an ancient institution of higher learning in China, where Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi, Sima Guang and Fan Zhongyan all taught. Part of Sima Guang's Zi Tong Zhi Jian was written in Songyang Academy. The Han Dynasty general Bai in the courtyard and the "Datang Songyang Guanluo Shengde Induction Monument" outside the door are two treasures of Songyang Academy. Songyang Academy and Laojun Cave are built on the gneiss of Neoarchean greisen diorite, with fresh outcrops along ravines and highways, from which the rock features of gneiss can be observed. Laojun Cave, also known as the Old Mother Cave, was built by Pan, a famous female Taoist in the Tang Dynasty, with its back against dangerous peaks and facing Xiaoyao Valley.
Ji Jun Palace near Laojundong, namely "Zhou Shi", is the unconformity interface between Luohandong Formation of Songshan Group and Neoarchean gneiss, and it is the most ideal place to visit Songyang Movement in Songshan area. The interface and the rocks above and below it are very clear, revealing the "unprecedented" crustal movement that occurred in Songshan 2.5 billion years ago with indisputable facts.
The mountain started at Ji Jun Palace and suddenly became steep. Climb the stairs along the steep slope, sometimes turn into the valley, sometimes bypass the mountain ridge, hover and twist, pass the palace, Erxian Cave and Baiheguan, and arrive at Jijunfeng. Ji Junfeng got its name from the meaning of "Gao Song Yue Wei, the third runner-up". Because Emperor Qianlong wrote a poem and set up a monument here, it is also called "Yubei Peak". The peak is open and bright, standing on the peak and overlooking, the Yellow River is like a line, the mountain is like a shadow, the clouds are lingering, the peaks are continuous, the rivers and mountains are magnificent and the weather is myriad. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended Songshan Mountain, there were "Ascending to Sendai", "Long Live Pavilion" and "Eight Immortals Altar" on the top of Taishi Mountain. When Wu Zetian closed her menstruation, she built a "Dengfeng altar" and set up a "monument for the treatment of Zhong Shusheng in Zhou Dynasty". Emperor Qianlong has "Imperial Poetry Monument". The golden bamboo slips left by Wu Zetian beside the Dengfeng altar in 700 AD were discovered by Qu Xihuai, a farmer in Tangzhuang, in 1982, and became a rare treasure (the existing exhibits of Songyang Academy are replicas, and the original is kept in Henan Provincial Museum).
Song Yue Temple Tower under Ji Junfeng is the oldest existing brick tower in China. The tower is made of glutinous rice juice mixed with yellow mud. After nearly 1500 years of wind and rain earthquake, it is still not brittle or oblique. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit. The nearby Fawang Temple is the earliest temple in Songshan Mountain. Its tower is arched and covered with pine and cypress trees. Known as "the first scene of Songshan".
About 2 million years ago, a mountain glacier occurred in Songshan, which was in the glacier movement area. Standing in Fawang Temple and Song Yue Temple, surrounded by high mountains, the glacier landforms such as tinder, blade ridge, ice bucket and glacial valley are clearly visible.
5. The scientific investigation route of Luya Temple in Zhongyue Temple.
This route starts from Zhongyue Temple, enters the mountain along Lisi River, crosses the mountain pass at Qinggangping Hougou, and returns along Longtangou. Basically walking.
Most of the route is located in the schist distribution area of Wu Zhiling Formation of Songshan Group. Due to the anticline and syncline structure east of Qinggangping, quartzite in the upper part of Luohandong Formation is exposed twice. Along the way, we can observe the stratigraphic sequence, metamorphic deformation characteristics of Luohandong Formation and Wu Zhiling Formation of Songshan Group, and we can see the large-scale recumbent folds and multiple superimposed structural forms in Songshan Group.
Zhongyue Temple is the Yue Temple in Songshan, Zhongyue. Founded in the Qin dynasty, it has a history of two thousand years, with yellow tiles and red walls, and ancient cypresses set each other off. With seven entrances and eleven floors, it is built on a slope and is the largest Taoist activity place in Henan Province. There are Hantai Room Que in front of the temple and Huanggaifeng behind the temple, which are places where tourists hang around.
Along the Miaohe River is Luya Waterfall Scenic Area. Walk past Yingbin Bridge and Changshou Well, and you will find Yudai Bridge. After splashing the water pavilion, climb the heroic steps of 108, and then enter Morangxi of Shitan River. All the pools are crystal clear, and the cliffs on both sides of the valley are steep. Crossing the Shenmen Gate is a "first sight" wonder, only 1.5m wide, and only one person can pass in a narrow place. The two walls are smooth and steep, like knives and axes.
Crossing the water pass along the ditch and entering Longtan ditch, there are Longtan Temple and Balongtan, and the scenery is even more charming.
There was an alpine glacier in Songshan about 2 million years ago, and the glacier operation area is east of Paomaling. With Paomaling as the boundary, the valleys in the east, including Lisi River and Longtangou, may all be glacier valleys. Dengdengguo and Baishijian on Paomaling are fires formed by backward erosion of slopes by ice. Paomaling is a "blade ridge" formed by the backward expansion of ice buckets or ice rooms on both sides. According to experts' investigation, Luya Waterfall and Balongtan are ice ridges formed by glacier excavation and grinding. Glacier hanging valley landform at the junction of branch valley and main valley can be seen nearby. After a long period of running water transformation after the ice age, the glacier landform in Songshan area has changed, which is very different from the typical landform of modern glaciers. Many of the glacier landforms we see today are actually the products of running water transformation.
6. Jishan nostalgic tourist route
Mount Ji is located at about 15㎞ in Shan Zhinan of Song Dynasty, equivalent to Songshan Mountain, with an altitude of 721m. It is named after the mountain shape like a dustpan, and is famous for Xu You and Chao Fu. According to legend, he was the master of Yao, Shun and Yu, who lived in seclusion in order to avoid Yao's abdication. Up to now, there are Xu, Xu Youmiao, Xu Youzhai, Xu Zhihuai, Xu Youxi Erquan, Yinniukeng and other cultural relics. Is the ancestor of Xu. Every year on June 9th (Xu You's Day of Sacrifice) and August 1st (Xu You's Birthday) of the lunar calendar, people come to seek roots and worship their ancestors in an endless stream.
Jishan consists of Permian strata, the main ridge of Jishan is Pingdingshan sandstone, the eastern slope is the upper and lower Shihezi Formation, and the western slope is the Triassic strata. Sections of Triassic Liujiagou Formation, Heshanggou Formation and Ermaying Formation were measured near Juanmen Reservoir on the west side of Jishan Mountain, and the strata were exposed clearly and completely, which was the deposit of inland rift basin after the marine environment in Songshan area ended.
Gaocheng, located in the northeast of 5㎞ Mountain, is Guyangcheng. There are a lot of Peiligang culture, Yangshao culture, Longshan culture and cultural relics since the Xia Dynasty around Yangcheng. The famous sites include the Neolithic site in Bafang, the site of Wang Chenggang, the Yangcheng site from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Han Dynasty, the ancient Yangcheng site, the Zhougong Temple and the observation deck.
Five miles east of Gaocheng is Shicong River. Cambrian dolomite formed 500 million years ago formed a special karst landform under the action of surface water, also known as karst landform. This landform type is widely developed in the south of China, but it is very rare in the north. Empress Wu Zetian once built a large-scale Sanyang Palace in Shicong River, where she enjoyed the summer vacation and gave a big banquet for ministers. "Stone can drink" is one of the eight scenic spots in Songshan Mountain. People call Shicong River "Small Guilin".
7. Summer tourist routes in Wu Zhiling
This route is dominated by geological landscapes and landscapes. Start from Zhifang Lake, pass through the pass and go down to Shecun, gongyi city. Then go east to Wu Zhiling and return to Tangzhuang from Jingwan.
Zhifang Lake is Zhifang Reservoir, with beautiful lakes and mountains. From Zhifang Lake to the mountain, there are schists of Wu Zhiling Formation along the road. Through careful observation, we can distinguish the original sedimentary foliation from the late structural foliation, and all kinds of structural features are very vivid and interesting. Climbing to the top of the mountain is the closing of the "Guyangguan", which was also related to the city wall and closing the door. Guankou formation is the bottom conglomerate of CAMBRIAN Xinji Formation. 1959, Wang Yuelun and others first discovered the unconformity contact relationship between the bottom conglomerate and Wu Zhiling schist, and named the glutenite as "Guankou glutenite". Cambrian and Ordovician strata are all exposed from the mountain pass to the north through the cellar and grain pit to Shecun, gongyi city. 1957, teachers and students of Beijing Institute of Geology surveyed the section here. 1977 and 1983, the Henan regional survey team made two local re-surveys of this section and collected a large number of trilobite fossils, making this section the most studied section in Songshan area in Cambrian and Ordovician. The upper thick layer of Cambrian Xinji Formation contains flint dolomite limestone, which is a good indicator layer with stable horizon. At that time, Professor Wang Yuelun named it "Limestone Down the Well". Daodaojing Village is just a mile northwest of the mountain pass. There are springs flowing on the hillside, and horseshoe prints appear on the slate at the mouth of the spring. According to legend, when Liu Xiu was chased by Wang Mang, Liu Xiu's men came here hungry and thirsty, and suffered from drilling deep wells. Liu Xiu sighed. He moved the well down by himself, and the water flowed out by himself. Liu Xiu's people were saved. The legend is not credible, but the spring water is really sweet.
After visiting the profile, we arrived at this village, winding up along the Panshan Highway to Wu Zhiling. The elevation of the main peak in Wu Zhiling is 12 18m, which consists of Wuzhiling Formation, Miaoposhan Formation and Huayu Formation. The southern slope is full of cliffs, and the peaks are like five fingers, reaching straight into the sky. The top of the mountain in Wu Zhiling is miraculously flat, with chickens crowing and dogs barking, rural farmhouses and rural scenery. There are small pieces of Maanshan sandstone and Cambrian outcrops on the top of the mountain.
Wu Zhiling has a cool and pleasant climate and is an ideal summer resort.
The Jingwan area in Wu Zhiling is the "ancestral home" of the Songshan Group in Paleoproterozoic, and the Wuzhiling Formation, Miaoposhan Formation and Huayu Formation are all built in this ditch. The sequence and metamorphic deformation characteristics of Songshan Group are well revealed here. There is also a special nappe structure near Jingwan-Feilaifeng. Dengfeng Iron Mine is named after Jingwan Iron Mine is located in Dengfeng. Huayu Phosphate Mine and Jingwan Oilstone Mine are distributed in a small area near Jingwan.