It is a short essay, which concisely and accurately describes the important contents of the document, with the purpose of providing a summary of the contents of the document, without comments or supplementary explanations. Its basic elements include research objectives, methods, results and conclusions. Specifically, it is the main object and scope of research work, the means and methods adopted, the achievements and important conclusions obtained, and sometimes other important information with intelligence value. Abstract should be independent, self-evident and have the same amount of information as the document, that is, it does not.

Summary of main functions of 1

1. 1 Let readers know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the topic. Modern scientific and technological literature information is vast, whether readers will read the full text after searching the title of the paper is mainly judged by reading the abstract; Therefore, the abstract is responsible for attracting readers and introducing the main contents of the article to readers.

1.2 provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval database. After the paper is published, abstract magazines or various databases can directly use the abstract without modification or slight modification, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others write the abstract. With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, querying, retrieving and downloading professional data on the Internet has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. Various full-text databases and abstract databases on the Internet are increasingly showing the level and development trend of information exchange in modern society. At the same time, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.

2 Classification of abstracts

According to the different functions of abstracts, there are roughly three types.

2. 1 reportable summary

A reportable summary is a concise summary indicating the subject scope and content outline of the document, which is equivalent to an introduction. Summary of report is generally used to reflect the purpose, methods, main results and conclusions of scientific papers, provide readers with as much qualitative or quantitative information as possible within a limited number of words, and fully reflect the innovation of research. A scientific paper will not interest readers if it has no innovative contents, unique methods or conclusions that can stand the test. Therefore, it is suggested that academic journals (or collections of essays) use more reportable abstracts and introduce the main contents of the papers to readers in a slightly longer space than other abstracts. The author's main research results and relatively complete quantitative and qualitative information should be reported in the form of "abstract points" The length should be about 300 words.

2.2 Indicative summary

Indicative summary is a summary showing the nature and level of the theme of the document and its achievements. Its purpose is to give readers a general understanding of the main content of the study (that is, what the author has done). For papers with less innovative content, the abstract can be written as an indicative abstract, which is generally suitable for academic journals' briefings, problem discussions and other columns and technical journals, so that readers can have a general understanding of the main contents of the paper. The length is 65438+.

2.3 Report-indicative summary

Report-indicative summary is to express the most valuable part of the paper in the form of report summary and the rest in the form of indicative summary. The length should be 100 ~ 200 words.

The above three abstract classification forms are available for the author to choose from. Generally speaking, contributions should be submitted to academic journals in the form of report summaries. Only papers with less innovative content can be written into reports-indicative or indicative summaries. The ultimate goal of publishing a paper is to be used by people. If the abstract is not well written, in the era of information explosion, the chances of being read and quoted will be much less or even lost. A high-value and innovative paper may lose more readers if it is written as an indicative abstract. In this case, more readers will be lost.

3. Matters needing attention in writing

3. 1 abstract should exclude the content that has become common sense in this field; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).

3.2 Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation of Several Orchid Seeds Cultured in Vitro in China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.3 Rigorous structure, concise expression and precise meaning. What should be written first, then the summary, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Be careful with long sentences and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.

3.4 In the third person, it is suggested to use narrative methods such as "under study", "reporting the current situation" and "under investigation" to indicate the nature and theme of the document, instead of "this article" and "author".

3.5 Standardized terms should be used instead of symbols and terms that are not well known and commonly used. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.

3.6 In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.

3.7 Unless the document confirms or denies the published works of others, there is no need to quote.

3.8 Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be stated when they first appear, except for adjacent professional readers. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as using legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. At present, the main problems in abstract writing are: incomplete elements, lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Simplification is not appropriate.

4 English abstract

What we want to discuss here is mainly the English abstracts attached to Chinese scientific papers, including titles, abstracts and keywords. Gb77 13-87 stipulates that scientific and technological reports, dissertations and academic papers should be accompanied by foreign language abstracts (mostly in English) for international exchanges. In principle, the above precautions in writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits.

4. 1 English title

1) the structure of the title. English titles mainly take the form of phrases, especially nounphrase, that is, titles basically consist of 1 or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes. For example, the frequency of bryophytes in Helan Mountain; Thermodynamic characteristics of water absorption of heat-treated wood. The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression. Generally speaking, the title should not be a declarative sentence, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences easily make the title have judgmental semantics; Besides, declarative sentences are not concise and eye-catching, and the key points are not easy to highlight. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refutable), questions can be used as the title, because questions can have an exploratory tone and easily arouse readers' interest. For example, canagriculturalization berelize with trottrum? Can agricultural mechanization leave oil? ).

2) The number of words in the title. The title should not be too long. Foreign sci-tech journals generally limit the number of words in titles. For example, the American Medical Association stipulates that the title should not exceed 2 lines and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Jnat cancerinst, the journal of the National Cancer Institute of the United States, requires that the title should not exceed 14 words; The British Mathematical Society requires that the topic should not exceed 12 words. These regulations can be used for our reference. The general principle is that titles should be precise, concise and eye-catching, and the fewer titles, the better.

3) Consistency of Chinese and English titles. The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, some unimportant words can be omitted or changed. For example, the direct heat calculation of industrial wet steam, the direct translation of the English title is "direct heat measurement of wet steam", compared with the Chinese title.

4) The article in the title. In the early years, articles in the titles of scientific papers were frequently used, but in recent years, there is a trend of simplification, and articles that can or cannot be used can be used. For example, the influence of groundwater quality on where to farm and the quality. Articles from both places can be used.

5) Capitalization in the title. Heading letters can be capitalized in the following three formats. All letters are capitalized. For example, the first letter of each word is capitalized, but articles, conjunctions and prepositions with less than three or four letters are lowercase. For example, deformation and strength with defects.

The first letter of the word 1 in the title is capitalized, and the rest letters are lowercase. For example, topographicinversionofinitvalvecities. At present, the most widely used format is format B, and format C is increasing.

6) Abbreviations in the title. Abbreviations that have been recognized by the whole scientific and technological community or technicians in this industry can only be used in titles, otherwise they should not be used easily.

4.2 English translation between the author and the author's unit

1) author. China's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin; The names of other non-English speaking countries are spelled according to the Roman alphabet provided by the author himself.

2) unit. The name of the company should be written in full name (from small to large), with address and postal code attached to ensure convenient contact. Some time ago, some units and institutions used abbreviations in English translation, and outsiders didn't know what they meant, which led to confusion. FAO, WHO and MIT are well known, but Beijing Normal University is Beilin University, so I'm afraid only "insiders" know about it. In addition, unit translation must adopt a unified translation method (that is,

4.3 English abstract

1) English abstract tense. The use of English abstract tenses is also better to be concise. The present tense and past tense are often used, the present perfect tense and past perfect tense are seldom used, and the continuous tense and other compound tenses are hardly used.

The simple present tense is used to explain the research purpose, describe the research content, describe the results, draw conclusions, make suggestions or discuss, etc. Examples are as follows: This research (survey) is for …

The secondary xylem is located between Davidia involucrata and Davidia involucrata.

The Camptotheca acuminata was compared.

The result shows (reveals) ... what it found ... conflict is ... the author suggests ... involving recognized facts, natural laws, eternal truths and so on. Of course, we should also use the simple present tense.

The simple past tense is used to describe the discovery of a certain time (period) and a certain research process (experiment, observation, investigation, medical treatment, etc.) in the past. For example, in July and August, the trunk sap flow of evergreen broad-leaved forest was studied by thermal pulse technique.

It should be pointed out that discoveries and phenomena described in the past tense are often not recognized as natural laws and eternal truths, but just as they were at that time; The research process described also has obvious traces of the past.

Present perfect tense and past perfect tense. Perfect is rarely used, but it is not unnecessary. The present perfect tense relates what happened or was completed in the past to the present. The past perfect tense can be used to indicate what was completed before a certain time in the past, or another past behavior that was completed before a past thing was completed. For example, concrete has been studied.

formanyyears . manhasnotyetlearnedtostoretholarenergy。

2) The sound of English abstract. What kind of voice should be used, we should not only consider the abstract characteristics, but also meet the needs of expression. An abstract is very short, try not to mix it casually, let alone put it in one sentence.

Active voice. Nowadays, more and more people advocate that the predicate verbs in abstracts should use the active voice as much as possible. Because it helps to make the text clear, concise and expressive. The author systematically introduces the development history of HetissueCultureofpoplar. Ucedsystematically has a strong sense of language. If necessary, you can delete theauthorsystematically and start directly from the introduces.

Passive voice. In the past, passive voice was emphasized because scientific papers mainly explained the facts, and as for who did it, it was not necessary to prove them one by one. In fact, in the indicative summary, in order to emphasize the person who takes action, it is best to use the passive voice. Even in the summary of the report, in some cases, the passive person is irrelevant, and the emphasized thing must be the subject. For example, in this example, agreateraccuracinmeasuring dist.

3) Person of English abstract. The first sentence of the original abstract usually starts with the third person, thispaper…, but now it tends to start with more concise passive voice or prototype verbs, such as: description …, research …, investigation …, evaluation …, determination …, subject classification model and theHazardZonmapping model are development databases on geographic information systems. It is best not to use the first person when writing, so as to facilitate the editing and publication of abstract publications.

4) Precautions. Some common mistakes should be avoided.

Articles. Mainly the definite article The is easy to be omitted. The is used to express the whole, classification, time, unique things other than place names, superlative adjectives, etc. Easily grasped, used of facts that are often omitted. Here is a principle, when we use it, the audience or readers already know exactly what we mean. For example, AuthorDesignedanewmachine. This machine uses solar energy to generate electricity. Due to more and more abbreviations, we should pay attention to distinguish between a and an, such as anxray.

Numbers. Avoid using Arabic numerals as the first word, such as: three hundred deddeddeddeddeddederolimustabulaeformisravae collected … don't write 300 as 300.

Simple complex number. The singular and plural forms of some nouns are difficult to identify, which leads to errors in predicate forms.

Try to use short sentences, because long sentences are easy to cause semantic ambiguity; However, monotony and repetition should be avoided. There are many specialties involved in sci-tech periodicals, and English is even more difficult to master. There are differences in expressions, words and sentences in all walks of life. If there is an opportunity, we should contact our counterparts in English-speaking countries and ask them to revise some abstracts or papers written by China people, so as to accumulate experience and explore the rules. If there is no such opportunity, reading more English documents will also help improve our English writing and level.

5 "English Digest" basic requirements

5. 1 completeness of English abstract

At present, when writing English abstracts, most authors translate the Chinese abstracts in front of their papers into English. This ignores the fact that China readers can get comprehensive and detailed information from the full text of the paper after reading the Chinese abstract, but because English readers (such as ei's editors) generally can't understand Chinese, the English abstract becomes his only source of information. Here, it is necessary to put forward and emphasize the completeness of English abstracts, that is, the information provided by English abstracts must be complete. In this way, even if readers can't understand Chinese, they can only understand the main purpose of the paper, the main methods and processes of solving problems, and the main achievements, conclusions, innovations and uniqueness of the article through English abstracts. Have a relatively complete understanding. Paying attention to quantitative analysis is one of the important characteristics of scientific research, which should also be reflected in the writing of English abstracts. Therefore, when writing English abstracts, we should avoid too general and empty general statements and conclusions. Try to explain your method, process, results and conclusions in the most specific language in the article, which will not only give readers a clear idea, but also make your statement meaningful and well-founded. Let readers have a clear and comprehensive understanding of your research work. Of course, this does not mean that Chinese abstracts do not need to emphasize completeness. In fact, when Chinese abstracts are published on the Internet alone or articles are included in Chinese abstract journals, the information provided by Chinese abstracts must also be complete. In addition, due to the huge differences between eastern and western cultural traditions, China's long-standing traditional education has placed too much emphasis on intellectuals' "modesty, caution, arrogance and rashness". Therefore, scholars in China generally don't pay attention to (or dare not) highlight their contributions when writing papers. This is just the opposite of western tradition. When writing a thesis, western scholars always clearly highlight their contributions and their innovation and originality. Western readers always pay special attention to the innovation and originality of papers when reading them, otherwise they will think that the papers are not worth reading. Due to the different readers of Chinese and English abstracts, in view of the above two factors,

5.2 "EI" writing requirements for English abstracts

At present, most of the English abstracts written by the authors are rough, far from meeting the requirements of participating in international exchanges, and need to be greatly revised and sometimes even rewritten. On the one hand, the author's English writing level is limited; On the other hand, most authors are not familiar with the writing requirements and international practices of English abstracts. According to ei's writing requirements, this paper discusses how to write English abstracts of scientific papers. The Ministry of Information of China requires that the "purpose", main research "procedure" and "method" of the paper should be expressed in concise and clear language (generally no more than 150 words). The main "results" and important "conclusions" obtained from this are clearly stated. If possible, the application scope and situation of the results and conclusions of the paper should be mentioned as much as possible. In other words, to write an English abstract, the author must answer the following questions:

1) The purpose of this article or the problem to be solved (whatiwanttodo? )

2) Methods and processes to solve problems (howididit? )

3) Main results and conclusions (what results and conclusions are drawn)

4) the innovation and uniqueness of this paper (what is a new original paper? )

5.3 Writing of each part of English abstract

According to ei's requirements for English abstract writing, there is no fixed format for English abstract writing, but generally speaking, English abstract is an accurate and short summary of the original documents, without explanation or comment, and it is required to reflect the main information of the original documents.

5.3. 1 purpose (whatiwanttodo? )

Purpose. Mainly explain the author's purpose of writing this article, or the main problems to be solved in this article. Generally speaking, a good English abstract should clearly explain the purpose of this article or the main problems to be solved at the beginning. If necessary, the latest literature listed in the paper can be used to briefly introduce the work of predecessors, but this introduction must be extremely concise. In this regard, ei put forward two specific requirements:

1) Eliminate or minimize background information (don't talk about background information or talk as little as possible).

2) avoid repeating the title of Robert of Heitleinfersence of Heabstract (avoid repeating the theme or part of the theme in the first sentence of the abstract).

5.3.2 Processes and Methods (howididit? )

This paper mainly explains the author's main working process and methods, and also includes many boundary conditions, main equipment and instruments used. In English abstracts, the explanation of process and method plays a connecting role. After explaining the problem to be solved at the beginning, the natural answer is how to solve the problem. And the final results and conclusions are often closely related to the research process and methods. When most authors explain the process and method, the most common problems are general and empty, and only qualitative description makes it difficult for readers to clearly understand the problem-solving process and method in the paper. Therefore, when explaining the process and method, it is necessary to combine (point to) the formula and experimental block diagram in this paper, which can not only give readers a clear idea, but also give those.

5.3.3 Results and conclusions (What results and conclusions can be drawn? )

Results and conclusions represent the main achievements and contributions of this paper. Whether a paper is valuable depends mainly on the results you get and the conclusions you draw. Therefore, when writing the results and conclusions, we should generally try to explain them with charts, tables and curves of experimental results or simulation results, so that the conclusions are meaningful and well-founded. At the same time, for those English readers who can't read Chinese, the results and conclusions of the paper can be clearly understood by combining these charts with the explanations of English abstracts. Only in this way can the conclusion of the paper be convincing. If possible, the results of the paper can be compared with the latest research results of others at the end to highlight the main contribution, innovation and uniqueness of the paper (answer what is new and innovative).

5.3.4 How to improve the writing efficiency of English abstracts

Ei attaches great importance to the writing efficiency of English abstracts. In order to improve writing efficiency, we should try our best to delete all redundant words and sentences. In this regard, ei put forward two principles:

1) defines the abstract as information formation (only talk about the new information in the abstract).

2)trivefor is concise. At present, due to the lack of English writing by most authors, the English abstracts written by the authors are far from the requirements of ei. Some authors write long English abstracts, but their writing efficiency is very low, and there are many redundant words and sentences. Some authors write short English abstracts, but they also have redundant words. In short, the amount of information in the text is small. Therefore, ei Chinese Information Department also put forward the following specific requirements for the writing of English abstracts.

5.3.5 Syntax of English Abstract

Regarding the syntax of English abstracts, ei puts forward the following three general principles:

1) Try to use short sentences.

2) Generally, the past tense is used to describe the author's work (because the work was completed in the past), but the present tense should be used to state the conclusions drawn from these works.

3) generally use the active voice of verbs, for example, it is better to write aexceedsb instead of bisexceededbya.

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