the Chen Dynasty
A few years ago, I read the book "None is serious" by Guangxi writer Zhang Facai. On the last page, there is a narrative: Mr. Wang Li thinks that Guangxi Beiliu dialect is the official dialect of Tang and Song Dynasties. As a Beijinger, it is inevitable to be curious. Mr. Zhang Facai is a scholar writer. Although what he writes is a bit "gossip", what he writes is always well-founded. Don't talk nonsense! Out of curiosity, I spent nearly five years discussing it, and the conclusion is: this is true. Based on two points: the node of Beiliu Hayes Road must circulate Mandarin; At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the diversion of the ancient Hayes Road formed the natural interception of Beiliu River, which inevitably produced language fossils.
First, the development of Putonghua in China.
The so-called "Putonghua" should be a common language. For uploading and distributing, officials often use a relatively popular language as the official language. The earliest popular mandarin in China is Yayan, which is based on the primitive Huaxia language used by the Yellow Emperor's Huaxia Tribal Alliance. In the Zhou Dynasty, Yayan developed into the national language of the Central Plains. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, dialects of different countries were different, and elegant words were used in official exchanges, scholars' lectures and sacrificial activities. Confucius once said, "Confucius is polite, and poetry and calligraphy are polite."
Elegant language is the embryonic form of Central Plains Mandarin, so Qin Chinese is the developing period, and Tang and Northern Song Dynasties are the central Central Plains languages.
After the Southern Song Dynasty, the Central Plains was occupied by northern minorities such as Xixia, Liao, Jin and Yuan, and Han people began to Hu Hua. It is generally believed that
In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols moved their capital to Dadu (formerly Yanjing, later called Beijing) in sixteen states, and the local dialect was the official language. At that time, Chinese in the Central Plains developed rapidly to Beijing Mandarin, and the tones of Beijing Mandarin soon disappeared, and four tones of light tone appeared, which did not belong to the tradition of "entering".
From the Ming Dynasty to the mid-Qing Dynasty, the rhyme of Central Plains Mandarin further disappeared. After the founding of New China, Beijing dialect was designated as the standard pronunciation of Putonghua, and it was no longer called Putonghua.
From this point of view, the Central Plains Mandarin has three turning points, before the Northern Song Dynasty, after the Southern Song Dynasty (Hakka dialect) and the Yuan Dynasty.
Then, does the language that preserved and continued the Central Plains Mandarin in the Tang and Northern Song Dynasties still exist?
There is Cantonese, which has been preserved and developed independently without the influence of Hakka dialect and Yuan Dynasty Mandarin.
Guangdong is the abbreviation of Guangdong now, but historically Guangdong refers to Guangdong and Guangxi, that is, Guangdong and Guangxi. Guangdong and Guangxi were called "Baiyue" before Qin unified China, and they were all slash-and-burn ethnic clans and tribes. Due to the barrier of Lingnan Mountain Range at the junction of Guangdong and Hunan, even the closest Chu State to Guangdong (namely Hunan) did not rule Baiyue during the Warring States Period. After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he assessed the situation and sent troops to the south to pacify Baiyue, which led to the emptiness of military power in the Central Plains, so that the "Chen Guang Uprising" and "Chu Hanyingxiong" swept through the Central Plains, leading to the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty. surname
Many experts believe that Wuzhou is the birthplace of Cantonese culture and the county of Guangxin County.
There are four schools of Cantonese in Guangxi.
Wuzhou Cantonese (Wuzhou dialect): Wuzhou Cantonese belongs to Guangfu dialect and is close to Guangzhou dialect. Mainly distributed in Wuzhou City, Pingnan Daan, Danzhu and Wulin Town, Guiping County, Jintian Town, Cangwu County, Hezhou and its vicinity.
Yongxun Cantonese (Nanning dialect): It is close to Wuzhou Cantonese and is mainly popular in towns with convenient transportation on both sides of Yongzhou and Zhou Xun, such as Nanning, Yongning, Chongzuo, Ningming, Hengxian, pingnan county and parts of Liuzhou.
Qinlian Cantonese (Qinlian dialect): Qinlian Cantonese is basically the same as Yongxun Cantonese, with little internal difference, mainly distributed in Qinzhou, Hepu (formerly known as Lianzhou), Pubei County, Fangcheng County and Beihai City.
Goulou Cantonese (Beiliu dialect): It is distributed along the Beiliu River, in the upper reaches of Nanliu River, and in tengxian, Rongxian, Beiliu, Luchuan, Yulin, Bobai and Xingye. In addition, there are Guigang and Mengshan.
Among the four major schools of Cantonese in Guangxi, Goulou Cantonese is the farthest from Guangzhou Dialect, and the other three parts are close to Guangzhou Dialect. Which dialect is most likely to retain the Mandarin of Tang and Song Dynasties (Northern Song Dynasty)? I think it is a hook-and-leak language, because it has two basic conditions for the circulation and preservation of Mandarin in Tang and Song Dynasties.
Second, the nodes of the ancient Hayes Road must pass Mandarin.
Beiliu is the most important node of Gunan Road in China. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yuetang in central Vietnam sent Wan Li all the way to Zhoudu to pick a hoe and pay tribute to the Zhou royal family. The emissary sailed north along the coast of Beibu Gulf from his country, landed at Hepu seaside, then went north by land and water, and finally reached the pickaxe. This road must pass through the ghost gate of Beiliu.
After Qin Shihuang unified the six countries, he sent troops to attack Lingnan. Because the mountains are high and the forests are dense, it is extremely difficult to transport grain and grass. After three years of hard work, he ordered the excavation of Lingqu. Lingqu, also known as Gui Xiang Canal, is located in Xing 'an, Guangxi. It was built in 2 14 BC and is one of the oldest canals in the world. The excavation of Lingqu connects Xiangjiang River and Lijiang River, and opens the north-south water channel. At the same time, an ancient road leading to Qinzhou, Jiao Jiao and Hainan was formed. People criss-crossing can enter Hanshui River from the Central Plains by boat, Xiangjiang River in Hunan along the Yangtze River and Lingqu in Guangxi, drift from Lingqu to Lijiang River in Guilin, then go up to Xijiang River along Gui Jiang, then go upstream to Beiliu River, land at Beiliu Shajie Wharf, and then walk or take a sedan chair.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, two sisters rebelled and occupied 60 cities along this road. General Ma Yuan led 30,000 troops along this road.
Pearl picking in the Western Jin Dynasty made Shi Chong often go this way. When he crossed Bobai in the upper reaches of Nanliu River, he married the stunning beauty Green Pearl, which became a much-told story in the history of China. There is a poem in Wang Luobin that says, "Green Pearl still has pity on Shi Chong."
Li Deyu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, was defeated in the battle with the Niudang, and was banished to Hainan, leaving a poem in Beiliu: "If you don't pay back a thousand dollars, it's a dead end now". In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang's two poems, "Making the South Envoy to the North", are: "The mountain is near the gate of hell, and the city is around the river". In the Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian's Ci of Zhi Zhu included "Mo Yan is far away from the gate of hell, and his fifty-three posts are in Huangzhou". Zhang Shuo and Huang Tingjian may not have gone through Beiliu, but it can be seen that the gate of hell on this ancient road is famous.
When Su Shi was relegated to Hainan in the Northern Song Dynasty, he went back and forth through Beiliu. There is a stone carving in Sujing Building of Beiliu Qiaotou Park, which is called "Dongpo Raft River Map". The picture shows Su Dongpo disembarking from the shore. There is a saying in Su Shi's Zhuzhi Ci: "Go through the gate of hell and ask my colleagues to sail with me." When he was in Hainan, after receiving the will to return to Beijing, he also recited the poem "The end of the world is used to meeting people, and it is still happy to return home".
Under the siege of the capitulators, Li Gang, a famous anti-Jin Dachen in Song Dynasty, was demoted to Wan 'an Army (now Wanning, Hainan) in the second year of Jianyan (1 128) and spent three years in Jianyan (129). 1 1 On 25th, Li Gang and his son Li Zongzhi crossed Qiongzhou in the south. Between the round trip, I left my footprints in Jiaodu Mountain in Rong County, so I have to take this road.
Did Wang Bo, a "prodigy" in the Tang Dynasty, cross the Beiliu River and the gate of death before crossing his toes? Some people think that Wang Bo had been to Guangzhou before his death, and he should have crossed his toes by boat in Guangzhou. No, although there was overseas trade in Guangzhou during the Tang Dynasty, most of them were overseas ships. Moreover, due to the underdeveloped shipbuilding and navigation technology, sailing at sea is very risky, and Wang Bo will not take this risk. After making friends in Guangzhou, he will take a boat from Guangzhou, cross the Xijiang River and take the ancient Beiliu River Road. In Yichun Township, Lu County, nghe an, northern Vietnam, Wang Bo's cemetery and temple were originally built. Bases and shrines
This shows that people come and go on this ancient road.
Beiliu is also an important land node of the ancient Maritime Silk Road. Hepu, Beihai has been designated as the port of origin of the ancient Silk Road and is applying for world cultural heritage. According to Hanshu, as early as 1 13 BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty conquered it.
This section of land is about 30 kilometers, and the goods are transported to the wharf of Beiliu Shajie, then landed, passed through the flood society of Beiliu, passed through the gate of death, arrived at Gudu of Nanliujiang in Yulin, and then went downstream to Hepu. Sand street is a sand street full of childlike interest written by writer Lin Bai. Fifty years ago, there was an old shop in Sha Street.
Many people travel from south to north, and a large number of porters, drivers and porters are definitely needed for a large number of goods transportation. These people must also learn Central Plains Mandarin, otherwise they can't communicate and grab business. This is the origin of Beiliu dialect. It's only 40 years since the reform and opening up, and it's only 20 or 30 years since tourists flocked abroad. Mandarin can be circulated in all tourist spots in Viet Nam and Thailand, and even some street vendors in the United States can bargain with China tourists with the American Beijing accent. Beiliu, the node of the ancient Hayes Road, has played an important role for more than 1200 years. It can't circulate Mandarin, and will keep pace with the times with the change of dynasties.
Thirdly, the change of ancient waterway will inevitably leave language fossils.
During the Jurassic period, the whole continent of the earth was a dragon-fearing world, but the place where dinosaur fossils could be left was in the answer of the generation outside the ridge.
An Answer from Outside the Ridge was published in five years (1 178), which is a famous geographical work in Song Dynasty, with ten volumes written by Zhou Qufei.
Zhou Qufei (date of birth:1134 ~1189) was born in Yongjia (now Wenzhou, Zhejiang). Zhou Qufei was a 29-year-old Jinshi, eight years in the Southern Song Dynasty (1 172). Zhou Qufei went to Qinzhou, Guangxi as a professor. "Professor" was a local teacher in the Song Dynasty, and the professors in the state were equivalent to the education directors of prefecture-level cities today. The next year, he returned to his hometown to worry about it. I haven't lived in Yongjia for long. In the ninth year of Southern Song Dynasty (1 173), he worked in Lingnan. This time, he served as a county commandant in the ancient county of Jingjiang Prefecture (Guilin) and became Fan Chengda's staff. His job was stealing, and a scholar became the "police chief". In the second year (1 175), Fan Chengda took office in Chengdu, and Zhou returned to Qin Zhou to continue to be a professor. Famous soldiers at this time
In the Southern Song Dynasty, Guangxi became an important gateway for sending officials and doing business. Scholars, officials and businessmen all want to know about this place. Because they are poor in rewarding tourists who inquire about Lingnan, they wrote an answer outside the ridge. This manuscript
Later studies believe that "answering relatives and friends" is just a statement that Zhou Qu is not modest. When he was in Guangxi, he always paid attention to it everywhere. From the preface, he said that "you can get more than 400 notes with everything", and what he said was "the thing of the battlefield, the weapon of the country, the custom of famine, the magnificent and bizarre product". This is obviously to prepare for writing local chronicles. The real motivation of his book writing is "to guide the current situation, so that teachers will have a test", that is, to provide reference for people at that time and later generations in order to achieve the purpose of "making a statement".
Sure enough, The Generation Beyond the Ridge is much richer than all previous works on Guangxi historical records, which has attracted the attention of modern scholars and is regarded as the representative work of Guangxi historical records in the Tang and Song Dynasties.
"Answering the Generation Beyond the Ridge" is extremely rich in content, including caves, mountains, rivers, foreign trade and so on. But some parties
Why do you want to divert? There are three reasons. First, during the Southern Song Dynasty, the shipbuilding technology and shipping level were greatly improved, and the ships were tall and heavy, which could withstand the impact of rivers and seas. Second, it takes 30 kilometers of land to take the Beiliu reach, which requires handling and changing ships, while it takes water all the way to Guangzhou Port. Third, the Beiliu River is getting shallower.
After the diversion of shipping, the upper reaches of Beiliu River and Nanliu River are naturally closed, although the degree is not as good as Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, but the difference will not be great. Otherwise Zhou Qufei wouldn't be completely ignorant.
It is said that Xu Xiake, a traveler, geographer and essayist of the Ming Dynasty, has still walked this ancient road. He "travels around the mountains like a bosom friend, explores the poor and lowlands like a treasure". His purpose is to explore and further prove the blocking degree of Beiliu River in Ming Dynasty.
The change of the ancient river course coincides with the node of the development of Mandarin in the Central Plains, and the Mandarin before the early Southern Song Dynasty has also been preserved. In addition, because this ancient road was lively before the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains moved south here during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and local ethnic minorities were forced to leave long ago, so the language could not be integrated with Putonghua, thus preserving the purity of Putonghua in the Middle Ages.
Formed a huge fossil mountain of ancient Central Plains language.
Fourth, Master Wang Li and
1900, Wang Li was born in a small village called Qishanpo in Bobai, Guangxi. The local people speak the local dialect. This is an ancient Chinese language. The local dialect has 24 initials, 46 finals and 10 tones. Thirty years later, Wang Li walked from the mountain village to Paris, France, and tested Bobai dialect with modern scientific instruments.
Two of Wang Li's works are closely related to tick. Wang Li is a native of Bobai, which is located in the upper reaches of Nanliu River. There are two local dialects, Hakka dialect and local dialect. Wang Li's Qishan slope village speaks Hakka. The other is the local dialect, which is a cross talk phrase in Cantonese. Wang can also speak fluent local dialects. Professor Qin Xiang (formerly known as Jude Wong He), Wang Li's son, said: "Our village speaks a vernacular, which is similar to that of Yulin, Beiliu, Rongxian and Luchuan, and belongs to a branch of Cantonese. This vernacular retains Guang Yun's tone system and has ten tones so far. " The vernacular here is the local dialect. It was with his familiarity and research on the local dialect that Wang Li wrote a graduation thesis "Experimental Records of Bobai Dialect" with 654.38+ 10,000 words in French, thus obtaining a doctorate in literature from Paris University and becoming famous in one fell swoop.
Another book is John by Wang Li.
Why is Wang Li so interested in the China-Vietnam Association and determined to study it? I think, as a linguist, Wang Li knows the development history of ancient Chinese. He knew that ancient Chinese had matured in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Because of historical reasons, since the Southern Song Dynasty, Chinese in the Central Plains did not inherit the language system of the Northern Song Dynasty, but developed in another direction. The language of Tang and Song Dynasties seems to have disappeared in the vast history. Are there any living fossils of Tang and Song languages? He hopes to find, excavate and try to fill this blank in the ancient history of China. In addition, he feels that his local dialect (hook language) and
Wang Li often reads Guang Yun. Guang Yun is called Rebuilding Guang Yun in the Great Song Dynasty and consists of five volumes. It was the official rhyme book of China in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was compiled on the basis of the rhyme book "The First Year of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008)" by Chen Pengnian and Qiu Yong. It is the most well-preserved and widely circulated rhyme book in the history of China, and a master of rhyme books before the Southern Song Dynasty. Guang Yun
The so-called vernacular, that is, hook-and-leak language, is a branch of Cantonese, represented by Beiliu dialect. Is Beiliu dialect the official language of Tang and Song Dynasties? Wang Li made a big question mark. Except for ...
The following is a passage written by Wang Li in Sino-Vietnamese Studies.
"1autumn of 939 to1summer of 940, because I was allowed to take a vacation in Tsinghua University, I did a year's research work at the Far East Institute in Hanoi. Besides reading general works about oriental languages, I also paid special attention to the study of Chinese and Vietnamese. I wrote a note about China and Vietnam. 1In the autumn of 940, I started this course at Southwest United University. 1947, I also started this course at National Sun Yat-sen University. I never dare to write it into a book or an article, because I don't think just one year's research is enough, I hope so.
As can be seen from the small quotation in Wang Li's A Study of Sino-Vietnamese Language, Wang Li was anxious to uncover the mystery of hook-and-leak language at that time. At that time, he was teaching in Tsinghua University and even dropped out of school for a year. I don't think I got paid for my holiday. However, the research work encountered many difficulties. First of all, before Mandarin was taught in the Tang Dynasty, the local people had their own original language, which will change greatly after the merger, just like "Nanpu" today, which is the fusion of modern Mandarin and Zhuang language. Secondly, later
Verb (abbreviation of verb) language fossil mountain
As Goulou dialect is a fossil mountain of language, and its representative is Beiliu dialect, I grew up in Beiliu and am very familiar with Beiliu dialect, so I will make a preliminary exploration to attract more people to explore.
Beiliu dialect is mainly divided into Shangli dialect and Li Xia dialect. Shangli dialect influenced by Gaozhou dialect is another kind of Cantonese film, which does not belong to Goulu Cantonese film. The Beiliu dialect referred to in this paper refers to the Li Xia dialect represented by Beiliu City, which is a relatively pure language fossil of Tang and Song Mandarin.
1. Some ancient characters that have almost disappeared are still common in Beiliu dialect.
",pronounced m: n. Interpretation: Press the medicated surface on the wound with your finger. Example: Put some anti-inflammatory powder on the wound quickly. Beiliu dialect: pronunciation, intonation and extended meaning are similar, for example, you can't help it.
Pronunciation is nié. Interpretation: Tired, depressed. Ex.: The child is not feeling well. He may be ill. Beiliu dialect has the same meaning and similar pronunciation, nià.
Li Ao, which means: Mules and horses jump up and kick their legs with their hind legs. For example: children. Beiliu dialect: pronounced like liāo, with extended meaning, it can also be used for people. Exodus: Why did you lick me with your feet?
The rain blows obliquely. Rain is pouring into the house. Beiliu dialect: the pronunciation is the same, and the word meaning is basically the same. For example, it rained a little last night and caught a cold.
Táng, which means: non-condensing, semi-flowing. Example: boiled eggs. Beiliu dialect: pronounced as tuang, with the same meaning. For example, I have loose stools and need conditioning.
Liáo, interpretation, sewing, hemming and sewing. Example: When the cuff is open, just a few stitches. Beiliu dialect: liāo, with the same meaning and the same examples.
Hey, pronunciation: dè n. Pull, clean and jerk, make it straight or flat. For example: straighten the rope and flatten the clothes. The example of Beiliu dialect has the same pronunciation and explanation.
2. Many ancient Chinese words have lost their original meanings in modern Chinese and Cantonese.
Walking means "walking" in modern Chinese, such as walking, walking and visiting relatives. Cantonese means leaving. In ancient Chinese, it means "run", such as "take a quick look at the flowers", "spread like wildfire" and "the old man climbed over the wall and the old woman went out to see"; "Yuefu Mulan Poetry" "Two rabbits walk beside the ground". In Beiliu dialect, "walking" also means running. For example, "You can't beat me on foot" means "You can't beat me on foot".
"Noodles" basically disappeared in modern Chinese and Cantonese. In classical Chinese, it means "chopsticks". In Li Bai's "I can hardly walk", it means "I throw my food bar and cup aside, so I can't eat or drink". Sima Qian's "Shi Ji Twelve Governors Table" is "like an elephant, but Ji Zi is sad". In Beiliu dialect, chopsticks are often represented by chopsticks, which are called chopsticks.
The word "cricket" in modern Chinese was called "promoting weaving" in ancient times. Nineteen ancient poems: the bright moon shines at night: "The bright moon shines at night, promoting the weaving of the East Wall". Tang Du Fu's poem "Promoting Weaving" has the following words: "Promoting weaving is very small, so why do you cry?" . Beiliu dialect is also called "promoting weaving", but its pronunciation is biased and it is called "bamboo pawn"
"Hugua" is the "bandit talk" of the outlaws in the Song Dynasty. It is common in Master Jin Yong's "Liancheng Tactics". Usually used with "Jin Feng". "The wind is tight and the voice is hoarse" means "the situation is critical, so hurry." It is also common in Beiliu dialect, but "Hu" is pronounced "wǒu".
In addition, Beiliu dialect also retains the classical Chinese content words such as "posture", "drinking" and "blade". It is also common for Beiliu dialect to retain function words in classical Chinese.
"yé" can be used as an interrogative particle in classical Chinese. Ma Shuo by Han Yu: "Is there really no evil horse? I really don't know horses. " "Evil" is also used as an interrogative auxiliary word in Beiliu dialect, with similar pronunciation. Read thank you and tune in.
The exclamation "alas, alas" commonly used in classical Chinese is also very common in Beiliu dialect, which also expresses exclamation and wonder. The pronunciation is "oh, oh, hey."
3. Beiliu dialect retains almost all the ancient tones.
There are four tones of "Shang ru" in ancient Chinese. In Yuan Dynasty, "Shangsheng" was divided into "Pingsheng" and "Shangsheng", that is, Shangsheng and Xiasheng. Some "Shang" and "Shang" are combined into three tones, and some "Shang" and "Shang" are now four tones. Therefore, there is no entering tone in northern dialect of modern Chinese. Modern "Putonghua" is the standard. Modern Chinese takes Beijing pronunciation as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect, so there is no entering tone in Mandarin. Some dialects still retain the entering tone, but the degree is different. Beiliu dialect retains almost all the entering words.
There are many entering words. The following are more than 100 flat and common entering tone words:
Eight, build, collapse, careless, insert, inspect, kill, evil, clip, chivalrous, blind, cure, narrow, box, fork, duck, bet, press, brush, scrape, slide, kid, dig, philosophy, tongue, pigeon, cut, arm, put aside, ask. Lacquer, suck, rest, daughter-in-law, past, mat, tin, present, one, one, jump, crawl, servant, blessing, bat, radiation, clothing, blessing, supervision, sudden, blessing.
All the above words 129. In Beiliu dialect, only "Mo" and "Ba" can't be pronounced, but the word "Mo" is polyphonic, the word "Mo Yu" is pronounced flat, and the word "Mo" of "stealing chickens and touching dogs" is pronounced correctly in Beiliu dialect. Ba is pronounced in Beiliu dialect, but not in the older Yulin dialect and the more modern Guangzhou dialect. Why is this? I don't understand. But it can still be said that Beiliu dialect retains almost all the entering words.
4. Look at Beiliu Dialect from ancient poetry couplets.
Compassion for farmers is a well-known Tang poem for women and children. The writer is Li Shen, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty. "After cutting the grain at noon, sweat dripped into the soil. Who knows that the Chinese food on the plate is hard. " At noon in midsummer, under the scorching sun, farmers were still working and sweat dripped into the soil. Who would have thought that the rice in our bowl was full of the blood and sweat of farmers? "From the translation, the word" He "in the poem should be" He Miao ",which means the He Miao of rice. However, rice can't be "hoed", paddy field can't be hoed, it's all water. And it can only "sweat and drip". " Then it can only be interpreted as "grain" referring to crops in general, but the problem comes again, both of them.
There is a building in Chengdu, engraved with the first couplet of Xue Tao, a poetess in the Tang Dynasty: "Wangjiang Tower, Wangjiang River, Wangjiang River on Wangjiang Tower. The river flows through the ages, and the river floor is eternal. " This 2 1 word is semi-connected, which is necessary. Many literati
5. The allusions of Northern Song Dynasty in Beiliu swear words.
The swearing word "Cai Hui" is often used in Beiliu dialect and even in Goulou language family.
As soon as Wang Anshi left
According to expert research, the word "picking up ashes" did not come from Wang Anshi. I estimate that Wang Anshi's political reform harmed the interests of many powerful people, and some officials who opposed the new law were demoted to Hainan by Wang Anshi. When they passed Beiliu, they would curse Wang Anshi and spread this fabricated story everywhere, and this swearing word came into being.
Six, about a few questions
1. Yulin is adjacent to Beiliu. Why are dialects so different?
Yulin dialect sounds more primitive than Beiliu dialect. Although they all belong to the Goulou language family, they are quite different. Beiliu dialect and Guangzhou dialect can still communicate, but Guangzhou people and Yulin people can't communicate in dialects. There are many homophones in Yulin dialect. The word "Yu" in classical Chinese is suitable for reading "Zhu", and there are also many homophones in Yulin dialect. Because I can't express it in words, I won't give examples. Why is Yulin dialect so different from Beiliu dialect? I think one of them, the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty, is located in Yulin.
Tens of thousands of troops were stationed in Yulin, which was sparsely populated at that time. Yulin Bayin is a court military music in the Han Dynasty, so it has been passed down to this day, and Yulin dialect is also shaped at this time.
If my inference holds, Yulin dialect is the official language of Qin and Han dynasties, and Beiliu dialect is the official language of Tang and Song dynasties. An experience
2. Why is there a big difference between Beiliu dialect and classical Chinese?
If Beiliu dialect is really the official language of Tang and Song Dynasties, why is it far from classical Chinese in semantic grammar and has few similarities?
In my opinion, language development should have two lines, one is written language and the other is spoken language. Before the invention of ancient papermaking, as a written language, it was first engraved on the back of a turtle (Oracle Bone Inscriptions), then written on bamboo slips, and then written on
3. How to treat the "standard" Tang and Song Mandarin of online video?
In recent years, many scholars at home and abroad believe that Cantonese is an extension of Tang and Song Mandarin, which is the closest to Tang and Song Mandarin. At this time, the video of reading Su Shi's "Shuidiao Song Tou" in "standard" Tang and Song Mandarin appeared on the Internet, and people forwarded it one after another, which had a great influence. Several friends forwarded it to me, questioning my view that Beiliu dialect is the official dialect of Tang and Song Dynasties. When you open it, the pronunciation of video reading is very different from that of Beiliu dialect, which is close to the accent of Hakka dialect. I opened Baidu and explained that the pronunciation of this video came from Guang Yun. I was thinking, what I did was to spell and cut two words to get another pronunciation. Before modern spelling letters appeared, dictionaries used anti-tangent phonetic notation. This is the right thing to do, but since it is to imitate the pronunciation of Tang and Song Dynasties, we must use the ancient pronunciation of Tang and Song Dynasties, and we must not use modern Mandarin, otherwise it will be very different. For example, the word "Tou" in the head of Shuidiao song is pronounced "Toouche", which is completely different from Beiliu dialect in modern Mandarin. So he said his, I still write out my views, and a hundred schools of thought contend.
4. Purity of language fossils
Many people have asked me: "What is the purity of Beiliu dialect that retains the Mandarin of Tang and Song Dynasties?" This question is really difficult to answer. There is a dipstick for wine. You can know how many degrees it is when you measure it. Mandarin, subject to CCTV broadcast. And the ancient mandarin, never a standard.
Words have power. Intensity is determined by culture, politics, economy, number of users and usage history. When two languages collide, the strong will alienate the weak. For example, after the Southern Song Dynasty, the north was stronger than the south, and the northern language swept across the Central Plains and pointed directly at the south. There are also forces of equal strength, and all parties maintain and live in peace. Such as Hakka dialect. Most of them moved from Fujian and Guangdong during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty.
There is a third situation. After the Southern Song Dynasty, the natural interception of Beiliu River was relative, not absolute. The court will send officials to Beiliu, and some people in Beiliu will go out to study, be an official and do business. Salt is not produced locally. Merchants in Qinlian area will sell salt to Yulin, and local products such as turpentine and porcelain will also be shipped out. Especially after the opening of 1936 National Highway 324, there will be more people coming and going. Will it alienate Beiliu dialect? No, the vocabulary will increase a lot, but the dialect pronunciation will remain the same. Since the reform and opening up, a large number of people have gone out to make a living, and a large number of people have gone out to study and speak Mandarin outside.
Therefore, whether Beiliu dialect is alienated or not, the latter two factors can be ignored, and the key is the first factor. Let's look at the situation before liberation. The northern part of Beiliu was swept by Mongolian and northern languages, but under Liuzhou.
After liberation, Putonghua was popularized throughout the country. Radio, radio, television and rural loudspeakers are broadcasting Mandarin. Children also speak Mandarin at school, which seems to have a great influence on Beiliu dialect. But in fact, bilingualism is still parallel. Speak dialect, speak Mandarin, and do not stick to one pattern. I have absorbed a lot of vocabulary, but my pronunciation has not changed. Therefore, it still retains the purity of Tang and Song Mandarin.
It should be said that it is the development of Beiliu dialect itself that affects purity. Thousands of years of history cannot be changed. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Beiliu had "irony". Since it is "thief talk", it can't be mandarin. Now Beiliu dialect has some distinctive pronunciations. Sometimes, a sentence has its weight. For example, the word "bu" in "radish" means that radish is bigger when it is stressed and smaller when it is lightly read. There is also the phenomenon of children's pronunciation. A puppy and a pig are called a dog and a pig respectively. Are these spoken words from the Tang and Song Dynasties? Or is it generated by self-development afterwards? Only experts and scholars can study judgment.
So I think the purity of Beiliu dialect is still very high, and the purity of pronunciation should be above 90%. Of course, the vocabulary has increased a lot. Some people think that such purity is not worth studying. But in the whole country and even the whole world, where can we find a dialect with higher purity than this? Language is not wine. The longer it is preserved, the purer it is. Maybe it will evaporate one day.
Note: The information in this article mainly comes from the Internet.