Opening report of graduation thesis of traffic management major
Topic: Study on the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities and the choice of pedestrian exits.
First, the background of the topic
With the continuous growth of economy and the rapid development of society, the scale and population of China city have increased dramatically, and large-scale pedestrian gathering and travel have become very frequent. In order to meet the needs of residents' travel and group activities, many cities have expanded the number and scale of large-scale pedestrian facilities such as transportation hubs, stadiums, cinemas and theaters, comprehensive shopping centers and theme parks. With the development of economy and society, the daily entertainment and leisure activities that can attract residents to travel are increasing day by day, and leisure consumption in various large shopping centers is becoming an indispensable part of residents' lives. Major sports events are held frequently, and going to major stadiums to watch sports events has gradually become a part of the cultural life of urban residents. In addition, urban transportation infrastructure also develops rapidly with the increase of pedestrian travel activities. Many cities have built a considerable number of large-scale transportation hubs to meet the different travel purposes of pedestrians. The establishment of various comprehensive transportation stations has also promoted the coexistence and convergence of various modes of transportation, as well as the transfer between different modes of transportation and different lines. These leisure centers, stadiums, transportation hubs and other large-scale pedestrian facilities have gathered a large number of pedestrians and become indispensable places in people's daily lives. These building facilities have effectively improved people's daily living standards, enriched the living content of China residents, and made the daily travel of surrounding residents more convenient. At present, there are three main types of large-scale walking facilities: large-scale transportation hub, large-scale shopping and leisure center, large-scale sports venues and so on. The common large-scale transportation hubs in typical cities mainly provide the transfer between the same modes of transportation and the connection and connection between different modes of transportation. Travelers often complete the vertical or horizontal displacement in the pedestrian space by walking in the transportation hub. When the pedestrian flow increases, the pedestrian flow lines in the hub are seriously intertwined, which puts great pressure on the hub and seriously affects the rapidity and safety of pedestrian evacuation. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the spatial characteristics of large-scale pedestrian facilities represented by transportation hub stations and find out the weak points in pedestrian evacuation for improving the evacuation conditions of pedestrians in pedestrian facilities.
Life complexes of large shopping and leisure centers have also begun to rise widely in cities. This comprehensive building integrates shopping, dining, entertainment, leisure and even art, bringing new places to people's lives, and the building itself also gathers a large number of pedestrians. Therefore, for this multifunctional shopping and leisure center, the design of walking space and the analysis and research of walking streamline are also very important. With the improvement of China's national strength, more and more cities began to hold various provincial, national and even international sports events, and the number of large stadiums increased rapidly. However, due to the lack of research on the characteristics of space facilities needed for pedestrian evacuation in large-scale activities, there are potential safety hazards in buildings and venues, especially when people are congested, which is easy to cause stampede accidents. However, when a large number of pedestrians gather in the same pedestrian facility, when there are emergencies such as fire and terrorist incidents, accidents will still occur when pedestrians in the pedestrian facility are evacuated. In the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, the holy land of Saudi Arabia, pedestrian accidents occur from time to time: 200 1 year, and 35 people are killed in the pilgrimage adventure; In 2004, 244 people were killed in the evacuation after the Hajj. In 2006, 362 people were killed and more than 600 injured in the pilgrimage. India's Datura Temple is located in Maharashtra. In 2005, a religious assembly was blocked, causing more than 300 deaths. In China, stampede accidents also occur from time to time. In 2009, a stampede accident occurred in Yucai School in Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, killing 8 students and injuring more than 20 others. In 20 14, an exploration accident occurred in Beida Temple in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region during the commemoration of the late religious figures, resulting in 14 deaths and 10 injuries. Especially since the vicious incident of 36 people died in the New Year's Adventure accident on the Bund in Shanghai on June 0, 20 15+ 15, how to set up safety exits and adjust the pedestrian flow of each evacuation route so that the evacuated pedestrians can evacuate safely and effectively and get out of the pedestrian facilities smoothly has become a hot issue that has attracted much attention from all walks of life. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to study large-scale pedestrian facilities and pedestrian evacuation behavior. The spatial characteristics of large-scale pedestrian facilities have an important impact on the safe evacuation of pedestrians. While people put forward higher requirements for the scale and form of pedestrian facilities, there are still many pedestrian evacuation problems in the building space of large-scale pedestrian facilities, and the safety of pedestrian evacuation needs further research and discussion from design to analysis and evaluation. Social and economic development and scientific and technological progress have brought more demands to pedestrians, resulting in residents' demands for various large-scale walking facilities and walking spaces. These demands for walking space lead to the development of large-scale walking facilities in cities in a more three-dimensional and complex direction. At the same time, the high land price in urban centers and prosperous areas also requires the builders of pedestrian facilities to increase the number of pedestrians per unit area as much as possible when building pedestrian facilities, so as to make full use of the value of urban land and space. It is under this trend that the extensive construction and application of large-scale comprehensive walking building facilities rise. The rise of architectural complex is precisely the collection of complex functions on limited urban land. These large-scale pedestrian facilities have various operation modes, complex structural forms, long construction period, comprehensive functions, diverse levels of personnel quality, and are usually large in scale and complicated in pedestrian streamline, which brings more severe challenges to pedestrian evacuation and emergency organization. Therefore, it is very important to make a reasonable layout of walking space in large-scale walking facilities. It seriously affects the time spent in the normal evacuation process of pedestrians, the degree of congestion, the moving distance, the distribution ability and safety performance of pedestrian facilities. First of all, the reasonable layout of pedestrian space in facilities is helpful to provide the best pedestrian movement route, shorten the movement distance and relieve pedestrian congestion, thus improving the pedestrian distribution ability of pedestrian facilities, the effectiveness of pedestrian organization and management and the safety of emergency evacuation. On the contrary, the unreasonable layout of facilities walking space will easily lead to the reduction of facilities utilization efficiency and evacuation safety. At the same time, it will also lead to the waste of building resources and increase economic costs. In order to improve pedestrian walking efficiency and carrying capacity of pedestrian facilities, shorten moving distance and pedestrian evacuation time, alleviate pedestrian congestion, avoid stampede, and actively organize, manage, control and induce pedestrian flow in large-scale pedestrian facilities, it is necessary to analyze the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities and how to form a reasonable spatial layout from the stage of facility construction, thus providing a reasonable theoretical basis for the organization and management of pedestrian flow movement and the setting of guiding signs. Therefore, the research on the spatial evacuation characteristics of large-scale pedestrian facilities is an important content in the fields of building facilities fire protection and transportation comprehensive hub design. Secondly, it is also an important part of solving the pedestrian evacuation problem to study the pedestrian evacuation behavior and master the behavior characteristics when choosing the safety exit during the pedestrian evacuation process. The characteristics of pedestrian evacuation are related to the macro and micro characteristics of pedestrian flow. In different scenes, pedestrians have different characteristics in the evacuation process. When there are multiple exits in the pedestrian space, pedestrians will choose the exit. However, due to the influence of individual differences, environmental differences and other factors, pedestrians will adopt different strategies when choosing safety exits. Pedestrian facilities with sufficient safety exits and reasonable layout have a positive impact on pedestrian evacuation safety.
Second, the purpose and significance of the study
Research purposes
The rapid development of social economy puts forward new requirements for the evacuation effect of large-scale pedestrian facilities. However, there are still some problems in the spatial design and obstacle layout of pedestrian facilities in China, such as the lack of scientific basis for the design standards of pedestrian space, the inability to accurately measure the distribution efficiency and service level of pedestrian space, and the unclear understanding of the relationship between pedestrians and walking environment. Based on the research results at home and abroad, this paper studies the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities and pedestrian exit selection behavior according to the results of pedestrian flow simulation in recent years. By studying the characteristics of this space, we can understand the external factors affecting pedestrian evacuation characteristics, put forward the evaluation index of pedestrian evacuation characteristics, and evaluate the rationality of evacuation space layout. Through the simulation of evacuation pedestrian exit selection behavior, we can study the characteristics of evacuation pedestrian exit selection, grasp the macro characteristics of evacuation pedestrian exit selection behavior, and provide technical basis and theoretical support for the design of pedestrian walking facilities in large-scale comprehensive shopping centers, stadiums, transportation hubs and other places, so as to make suggestions for better design of pedestrian space in the future and help solve the problem of safe evacuation of pedestrian facilities.
Research significance
There are two main factors that affect the safe and effective evacuation of pedestrians: the characteristics of evacuation space and the characteristics of pedestrian flow. The characteristics of evacuation flow are different under macro and micro conditions. At the same time, the spatial characteristics and design of pedestrian facilities will also have a great impact on the effect of pedestrian evacuation. Therefore, in order to ensure the pedestrian's safe, comfortable and efficient walking behavior, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the spatial characteristics of pedestrian walking facilities, the characteristics of pedestrian flow in facilities, the safe and efficient exit choice for evacuating pedestrian flow and the relationship between the above research objects, so as to improve the safety of pedestrian traffic, reduce the occurrence of various accidents and make pedestrian travel safer and more convenient. Based on the above background, this paper analyzes the evacuation characteristics and networking mode of evacuation facilities, puts forward the evaluation standard of evacuation space characteristics, and studies and discusses the behavior characteristics of pedestrians when they choose safety exits by simulating the evacuation behavior of pedestrians in facilities. The analysis and evaluation of spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities still need to be further deepened. A place where pedestrians gather intensively is usually an indispensable place for residents' life. Analyzing the spatial characteristics of walking facilities is helpful to deeply understand the rationality, safety and convenience of walking facilities, and also provides theoretical basis for designing reasonable, safe and efficient walking facilities. The establishment of the evaluation system of spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities is not only helpful to evaluate the evacuation characteristics of existing pedestrian facilities, but also helpful to the spatial design of pedestrian facilities in the future. Instruments provide reference. Through the simulation of pedestrian exit selection behavior based on cellular automata, we can analyze the congestion and related effects caused by different exit selection strategies of pedestrians in the case of multiple exits, and provide technical and theoretical basis for further research on evacuation path selection. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to analyze and evaluate the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities and pedestrian exit selection behavior for analyzing and studying the safe evacuation of pedestrians, improving the safety of pedestrian traffic and reducing the occurrence of various trampling accidents.
Third, the main theories involved in this study.
The founder of the basic theory and thought of cellular automata is the famous Hungarian-American mathematician and computer scientist Feng? Newman. The first applicable model of large parallel computer is based on the idea of cellular automata. Since it was put forward, cellular automata has been widely and profoundly applied in military technology, social and economic development and scientific and technological innovation. In the field of traffic science, cellular automata theory provides ideas and methods for reference, and has been widely used at many levels. Cellular automata is a discrete dynamic model. In the traffic system, pedestrians, drivers, motor vehicles, road conditions and other factors and their mutual influence and connection are often regarded as particles in the system, and the traffic system is a complex system composed of multiple particles. For urban traffic network, because traffic elements are discrete in nature, cellular automata, as a completely discrete model, has unique advantages in studying traffic problems.
When studying the characteristics and characteristics of pedestrian flow by means of simulation, the methods and techniques proposed based on the idea of cellular automata are widely used in the study of evacuation pedestrian flow, opposite moving pedestrian flow and intersection pedestrian flow. The essence of cellular automata is a mathematical model, which needs to be based on certain theoretical assumptions, that is, an idealized state. The essence of cellular automata is a dynamic system with finite states defined in a discrete cellular space, which is updated and evolved according to certain local motion rules and evolution rules on the discrete time axis [1], where these cellular spaces are composed of several cells with predefined states. Cellular automata can simulate the micro-behavior characteristics of basic unit individuals in a specific system, specify the interaction rules between basic unit individuals, and realize the macro-study and simulation of this specific system as a whole [2]. Based on the basic theory of cellular automata, the space in the system is divided into several sub-units by grids, and the division and formulation of grids are also determined by preset rules. Each cell in these regular grids is called a cell, and these cells can only take values in a limited set of discrete states. All units follow the same action rules and are updated according to the pre-established local rules. A large number of cells are updated according to specific evolutionary rules, and this dynamic system is updated and evolved through the interaction between cells. Different from the general physical dynamics model, the theory and model of cellular automata are not strictly defined as physical functions or equations, but are composed of a series of artificial evolution rules for specific purposes [3].
From the composition and operation rules of cellular automata, cellular automata models usually have the following characteristics [5][6]: homogeneity and homogeneity, that is, all cells in a cellular system obey the same evolutionary rule, and each cell and each sub-cell group in the space obey the same rule and update according to the same preset evolutionary update rule; Spatial dispersion, that is, the cell space of cell distribution is discrete; Time discrete, that is, the time step used for evolution is equal time interval; State discretization is limited, that is, the state parameters of cellular automata model can only take finite discrete values; Synchronous calculation, that is, the processing of cellular automata model is synchronous, which is convenient for parallel operation; Time and space positioning, the state of each cell in the next time step is determined by the state of cells in its field in this time step; With high dimensions, the Euclidean space on which cellular automata is based can diverge and expand in infinite dimensions, and cellular automata itself can become an infinite dynamic system.
Fourthly, the main content of this paper.
Firstly, on the basis of reviewing relevant research at home and abroad, based on the theoretical basis of cellular automata, the evacuation space of large-scale pedestrian facilities is divided into spatial networks by establishing related concepts such as evacuation bottleneck, and on the basis of networking, the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities are studied and relevant evaluation indexes are put forward. Secondly, based on the theoretical basis of cellular automata, the pedestrian exit selection behavior in the evacuation process is simulated. Through the simulation results, different strategies and different effects of pedestrian exit selection are evaluated and analyzed, and based on the analysis of exit selection behavior, the research direction and theoretical basis are provided for the future research on path selection behavior. This paper is divided into six chapters. Among them, the first chapter is an introduction, the second chapter is a summary of the relevant basic theories and research frontiers at home and abroad, the third chapter studies the spatial characteristics and spatial networking methods of pedestrian facilities, and puts forward the corresponding spatial characteristics evaluation indicators, the fourth chapter mainly simulates the behavior of pedestrians in multi-exit evacuation spaces by means of simulation, and the fifth chapter takes Beiyuan comprehensive commercial complex in Dallas, Texas, USA as an example to conduct a case study on large-scale pedestrian facilities. The main research contents of this paper are arranged as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction. This chapter puts forward the research status of spatial characteristics analysis and pedestrian flow characteristics of large-scale pedestrian facilities in China, clarifies the research direction of this study, and expounds the research background, research purpose, theory and application significance of this paper. At the same time, the related research methods involved are also summarized. Chapter two: theoretical basis and literature review. This chapter summarizes the domestic and foreign literatures about the basic theory and simulation model of cellular automata, the spatial networking of pedestrian facilities, the characteristics of pedestrian flow in facilities, network paths and traffic distribution methods. Chapter 3: Spatial characteristics analysis of pedestrian facilities. This chapter first analyzes the spatial characteristics of walking facilities; Secondly, by establishing the concept of evacuation bottleneck, this chapter puts forward the related methods and construction process of networked pedestrian space. Finally, a series of indicators to describe and evaluate the spatial characteristics are put forward. Chapter four: Analysis of evacuation exit selection strategy. On the basis of analyzing the flow direction of pedestrians in evacuation space, this chapter simulates the pedestrian's exit choice behavior through simulation, and analyzes the simulation results. At the same time, the next research direction is put forward when the walking facilities are multi-level and multi-safety exits. Chapter 5: Examples. Based on the above research results, this chapter takes North Park Commercial Complex in Dallas, Texas as an example to analyze its spatial evacuation characteristics. Chapter VI: Conclusion and prospect. This chapter summarizes the research results of the full text, and expounds and explains the innovations and shortcomings. For the problems that need further study, this chapter briefly summarizes and puts forward the prospect of future research direction.
Five, writing outline
Express gratitude/gratitude
abstract
abstract
catalogue
Chart catalogue
List number
Table directory index
tabulation/listing
1. Introduction 1
1. 1 dependent projects
1.2 research background
1.3 research purpose and significance
1.3. 1 research purpose
The research significance of 1.3.2
1.4 research contents and methods
Research content 1.4. 1
1.4.2 research methods
2. Basic theory and research status at home and abroad.
2. 1 cellular automata
2. Definition of1.1Cellular Automata
2.1.Composition of 2 yuan Cellular Automata
2.1.Characteristics of 3 yuan Cellular Automata
2.2 Characteristics of pedestrian traffic flow
2.2. 1 Macroscopic traffic characteristics of pedestrians
2.2.2 Micro-traffic characteristics of pedestrian flow
2.3 Spatial networking of walking facilities
2.3. 1 network composition and characteristics
2.3.2 Composition and characteristics of trees
2.4 Network path and traffic allocation method
2.4. 1 Pedestrian network traffic
2.4.2 Distribution of People Flow and Traffic
2.5 Research Status at Home and Abroad
2.5. 1 organization of people flow in the facility
2.5.2 Simulation of pedestrian flow based on cellular automata
3. Study on the spatial characteristics of pedestrian facilities
3. 1 Pedestrian facilities space
3.2 Facilities and pedestrian space networking
3.2. 1 bottleneck of walking space
3.2.2 Mobile network walking
3.2.3 Mobile Network Construction
3.3 Spatial characteristic index of walking facilities
3.3. 1 Spatial evacuation characteristics of pedestrian facilities
3.3.2 Spatial traffic characteristics of pedestrian facilities
4. Study on exit selection strategy for evacuation.
4. 1 Pedestrian evacuation in pedestrian facilities
4. 1. 1 Influence of space layout of facilities on pedestrian movement
4. 1.2 Influence of pedestrian spatial layout on pedestrian movement
4. 1.3 Pedestrian choice behavior with multiple exits
4.2 Simulation of pedestrian flow with multiple exits
4.2. 1 Basic rules of simulation model
Safety exit selection rules
4.2.3 Calculation of the shortest estimated distance
4.2.4 Evolution Rules of Simulation Model
4.3 Simulation result analysis
4.3. 1 exit layout
4.3.2 Analysis of Safety Exit Selection
4.4 Selection of evacuation routes for pedestrian facilities
5. Examples of spatial evacuation characteristics of pedestrian facilities
5. Overview of1northpark
5.2 evacuation space networking
5.3 Pedestrian Path Analysis in Evacuation Space
5.4 Calculation of evacuation spatial characteristic index
5.5 Example analysis
6. Conclusion and prospect
6. 1 research conclusion
6.2 Research Prospect
refer to
Six, the main literature read so far.
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[2] Lv Xiaoyang et al., Evolution Equation and Steering Probability Effect of CA Traffic Flow Model, 46(3), 435-44 1, 1997.
Jia Bin, Gao Ziyou, Li Keping, Li Xingang, Modeling and Simulation of Traffic System Based on Cellular Automata, Beijing: Science Press, 2007.
Sun, Xie Yichun, Research on Geographical Cellular Automata, Beijing: Science Press, 2000.
Xie Huimin, Nonlinear Science Series: Complexity and Dynamical Systems, Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technology Education Press, 1994.
Li, cellular automata and spatio-temporal evolution simulation of complex systems, Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1997.
[7]LWen, QChen and Chen, "Computer Simulation of Human Evacuation Scenes", Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science), 1998.
Founder, Chen Dahong, Zheng Zhang, Lu Zhaoming, "Computer Simulation of Building Fire Evacuation", page 3(2), 49-52,2001.
Liu Fang, Zhu Wei, "Computer Simulation Based on Regional Power Grid Evacuation Model", Journal of Safety and Environment, No.3, 170- 173, 2009.
[10] Chun Xiao, Qiang Er, Shen Jike, et al. , "Location Optimization Algorithminforemergencyinpublicffalsificationie and its application to single-storey supermarket", Journal of Fire Safety, page 44 (1):113-120. ,2009.
[1 1] Hao Yue, Shao Chunfu, Guan Hongzhi, etc., Journal of Beijing University of Technology, page 39 (06):120-125,2013.
[12] Jia Jialing, Li Qiang, Liu, "Emergency Safety Evacuation Indicating System for Subway Tunnels", Urban Rapid Transit, 19(5):40-42, 2006.
[13] Song Bo, Chen Fang, Su Jingyu, Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 34 (5): 504-5 10, 2008.
ChenPH, FengF, "afastflowcontrol algorithms for real-time", journal of fire safety, page 44(5): 732-740, 2009.
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