Grounded theory is a set of procedures for collecting and analyzing data, which emphasizes that theory should come from original data. The theory comes from 1967. In the 1960s, many researchers in the United States were testing big theories, while young people only did theoretical reasoning and testing, and ethnographic research theories were not enough.

Glazer put forward the grounded theory. He is calm and positive, emphasizing the middle-level theory and thinking that the theory must be generated.

Influenced by the social school of the University of Chicago, Strauss emphasized initiative, process, meaning exploration and field investigation.

Therefore, grounded theory is the traditional integration of the two disciplines.

Form a theory on the basis of data, literature and personal and professional experience; Literature can be used as data, and it can also be used for dialogue with existing theories, but it does not directly copy existing theories. I can't find some data to support a theory. For example, I want to apply SCCT theory to explain the case of employment interview, which is wrong. The generated theory must be supported by data, rooted in data and generated by continuous comparison method; Collect data, analyze data and generate theories at the same time.

At first, it is best not to read the substantive literature in this field, but to look at the higher-level theories in this field, such as sociology, anthropology, philosophy, etc., which have a theoretical perspective, but reading too many articles in this field will limit your perspective and frame yourself.

It is free and flexible to ask research questions. If the concepts related to this phenomenon are not clear, or the relationship between concepts is not well understood, you can ask questions. Research problems should be open and extensive enough, and should be action-oriented and process-oriented. Many people have no action and no difficulties. When an actor is in trouble, it is appropriate to use grounded theory. There must be situations, difficulties, actions and processes. It is meaningless for some people to study the standard of a good teacher, because it is static, has no situation and does not meet the theoretical requirements of grounding gas.

Collecting data, generally sampling according to theory, not demographic variables; Determine the sampling standard according to the theoretical needs; According to the preliminary analysis results, the following sampling standards are determined by continuous comparison method. For example, if you study the professional development of teachers, you find a teacher and find a feature. You will find this function a little thin. You can find someone different from him, interview and collect information and objects. The object of sampling may be events rather than specific people, and the focus is on what people do and don't do; A person can also be a group, an event group. When can we stop? That is, when the theory reaches saturation, when the new attributes of common names no longer appear, the relevant information about common names begins to appear repeatedly.

Conditions of theoretical saturation: the possibility of obtaining data; Theoretical integration degree and density; Theoretical sensitivity of researchers

We must look at the big theory, and the theory of grounding gas emphasizes the familiarity with the big theory. How did the theoretical sensitivity come from? It comes from reading literature, professional experience, personal experience and analysis process. Keep a balance between science and creativity: always doubt, jump out and think regularly, "What is the other person trying to tell me?" "What does he mean by this?" This often makes us jump up and remain suspicious. Opportunities are only given to those who are prepared.

1。 Ask questions. How did this happen? Who is it? What? What time? Where is it? How much/how much? Why?

2. Summarize the information first, and then focus on the words and sentences.

What do you mean by holding the red flag? Do you really mean that? )

4. Comparison: By systematically comparing two or more different types, different types of groups can be created; The flip method is more extreme, (why do some people grow up to be experts quickly, and some people are still lecturers in their fifties and sixties)

Basic logic: generating theory through continuous comparison method

The purpose of continuous comparison: to find relevant but not necessarily accurate evidence; Establish the universality of empirical facts; Concretization of concepts;

Types of generation theory:

Material theory: a theory in the field of matter or experience;

Formal Theory: Cross-entity or Conceptual Theory

Spontaneous emergence theory: emphasize empirical and objective data, and don't contaminate your own theory.

Interactive emergence theory: emphasizing pragmatism and symbolic interaction theory. The key point is to introduce the experience of researchers into the research,

Pragmatism+constructivism. It is the grounded theory of constructivism, because the information you collect is because your role has been brought to the scene, the information has been constructed by you, and various personal factors and social relations have made you see different things.

These versions attach great importance to coding: breaking data, conceptualizing it, and then recombining it in new ways. On this basis, China localized the grounded theory.

The task is complex, with nine responsibilities, requiring "specialty", and the standard and path of professional development are not clear. The Ministry of Education requires two-track development.

Similarly, how do normal students find jobs?

(What is the current situation of job hunting for normal students? What are the requirements of all kinds of education industries for normal students to apply for jobs? How do normal students cope with these requirements? )

When you see a paragraph or a word, you should give it a name. What event is this event talking about, and what superordinate concept does it represent?

Every sentence has notes, so you should try to understand the meaning you want to express, the metaphorical meaning and the superordinate meaning in the language.

Find GM:

You can gradually abstract by columns, cluster concepts around similar phenomena, and then put forward a more abstract concept, preferably a researcher's local concept (such as "24-hour non-stop", "highway and country road", etc. If not, you can borrow academic, self-created or other concepts, preferably a local concept.

Combined with several categories, the attributes and dimensions are analyzed to see what features and characteristics these attributes and dimensions have, and what kind of continuous statistics each feature and dimension has (strong, weak, large and small), and then the dimensions are further classified to determine the superior attributes and categories.

The above is the first round of data collection, and we have formed a preliminary genus.

Find a consultant who is different from the first situation (for the difference)

After this information comes out, you don't need to read it carefully line by line. Anything that is not in front of it is taken out. It is important to add new categories and their attributes and dimensions, such as "differentiation strategies", such as "aggression" and "appropriateness", which shows that counselors have adopted different coping strategies under different intervention conditions; The attributes of "diversified courses" include "life cycle" reflecting individual life stages and "professional qualification" in professional stages. Further improve the attributes and dimensions of existing genera. (In my opinion, the reason why researchers are so powerful is that they generalize the characteristics of counselors' work as "dispersion" and "enthusiasm" and put forward such categories as "enterprising", "appropriateness", "life cycle" and "professional qualification", but ordinary people can only say that counselors' work is trivial, they need to give love to students, and they need to take care of children and family balance, but they cannot generalize. )

Key groups (departmental level cadres, departmental level cadres, organizational cadres, etc.). )

According to the new data, add new categories, and add new attributes and dimensions to the existing categories. This is very interesting and adds a wealth of information. The following figure shows the nine genera that were finally formed:

Dimensions in the table are distinguished by size, which is convenient for analysis. Why do you need dimensions? Because to form a "model", this group of people are facing the same problem. Due to the constraints of different conditions, they will have different actions and then form different results, and each result has a different model. This model is usually pushed forward from the back of the dimension, such as whether the career ambition is high or low, that is, different models are formed. Only by pushing forward from the back can different models be formed.

Up to now, this is the completion of the first-level coding, but many people's articles stop here.

Refer to Glazer's practice and form the core category first. The core genus means, can you find one of the first nine genera and pick them all up, just like a string of jiaozi (the main concept in which all other genera are integrated is a summary of the central phenomenon)? Usually only one core genus is selected for research.

How?

1. Storytelling: Describe the central phenomenon.

The story is refined and wonderful, and there are many refined concepts, which describe the dilemma of counselor's promotion incisively and vividly, and many descriptions are particularly accurate, such as: promotion strength, opportunity space and career ambition; Suffering from ethics; Rational and perceptual hesitation; Especially the crisis of professional identity, vividly summarizes three different states of counselors.

This is an objective description of the story with comparative theory. Then extract the core category and develop a new concept from the upper position of nine categories, which is called "double-line lifting paradox: separation of name and reality" There are two modes of core categories, one is the sun mode and the other is the house mode. The nine attributes are all independent parts, and * * * together constitute the "core category".

Discussing the relationship between various genera is actually what the process of actors encountering problems is like, and it is necessary to form a theory and talk to them.

Definition: a set of procedures that link a large genus with a small genus.

So the researchers put forward a paradigm model, which is actually the perspective of symbolic interaction theory.

At this time, I came back to read the literature and put forward the questions raised in the literature. No one has studied the unintended consequences of the policy.

Strong dislocation: high accuracy and strength (find two jobs)

Weak dislocation: high accuracy, excellent evaluation, encouraging the exhibition of works (papers) (ranking first)

Big deviation: (professional title is dominant)

Small deviation: when there is no policy requirement, it is easy to be promoted (two-position weakening)

A: The position is very high and not suitable for administration.

B: Associate professor, director, professional doubt.

Dichotomy between reason and sensibility

D: I don't have time and energy to manage students, and I am tortured internally.