Model essay on social work for the elderly 1: Application status of social work for the elderly in rural home-based care for the elderly Abstract Objective To explore the application status of social work for the elderly in rural home-based care for the elderly. Methods Questionnaire survey was used to understand the needs of rural elderly and the problems encountered in their lives. Results The aging in China and Jilin Province is serious, and many villages have implemented the way of government purchasing services, and farmers' income and living conditions are better, which creates conditions for home-based care for the elderly. The demand for providing for the aged in rural areas is diverse, and the childless elderly tend to provide for the aged at home. However, people's awareness of social work for the elderly is low, and the development of social work for the elderly in rural areas is still in its infancy. Conclusion Introducing the concept and method of social work for the elderly is an effective way to promote the process of home-based care for the elderly in rural areas, improve the effectiveness and solve problems. The application of social work for the aged in rural home care needs to be popularized.
Keywords social work for the aged; Rural home-based care for the aged
In recent years, scholars have applied social pension work to pension institutions, analyzed the trend of family pension to social pension, and put forward suggestions on establishing rural pension security system. Pay attention to and effectively solve the problem of home-based care for the elderly in rural areas; It is pointed out that rural home-based care for the aged needs strong moral support [1], and social work of rural elderly should be strengthened to improve their quality of life in their later years [2]. Based on the investigation of rural home-based care for the aged in Jilin Province, this paper puts forward the application path of social work for the aged in rural home-based care for the aged.
1 data and methods
Through the method of literature, the information of the elderly population in the whole country and Jilin Province was collected to understand the experience and shortcomings of the old-age service in Jilin Province and the objective conditions for carrying out social work for the elderly. Through the questionnaire survey, we can understand the needs of the elderly in rural areas and the problems encountered in their lives. 20 10 1, the research group carried out in rural areas of Jilin Province? What is the demand for home-based care for the elderly in rural areas? Questionnaire survey. The content of the questionnaire focuses on the choice of home-based care for the aged, the needs and problems to be solved urgently in the care for the aged, and whether you have received the services of professional social workers for the aged. Through simple random sampling, the rural areas in different areas of Jilin Province were determined as the investigation scope, such as Sangang Township in Nong 'an County, Qishe in Fumin Town of huinan county, Xinghua Village in Xinglong Mountain Town, Xisanjiazi Village in Sanchahe City, Chenjia Village in Yushu County, Gaojia Village in Hunchun City, Longjing Town Village and Machuanzi Township. The survey object is limited to rural villagers over 60 years old, and the survey object is determined by combining random sampling with judgmental sampling. Investigators are composed of college students majoring in social work. * * * 400 questionnaires were distributed and 357 questionnaires were recovered, with a questionnaire recovery rate of 89.25%. Because there are great differences in the choice of providing for the elderly with or without children, the respondents are divided into two categories: children take care of the elderly and live in the same hospital or village with their children; Empty nesters who take care of the childless elderly and settle down in the city for their children, left-behind elderly or childless elderly whose children work outside the home; 200 people who have children to take care of the elderly were investigated. Among them, the former recovered 160 valid questionnaires, while the latter recovered 164 valid questionnaires, accounting for 324 valid questionnaires, with an effective rate of 8 1%. At the same time of issuing and recycling questionnaires, we learned the cognition degree of rural elderly to social work for the elderly and the development of social work for the elderly in rural areas through interviews.
Two results
2. 1 China and Jilin Province are seriously aging and have objective conditions to carry out social work for the elderly. 1 By the end of June 2006, the total number of elderly people aged 60 and above in China was 654.38+465.7 billion, including 38.56 million in urban areas and 1.080 1 billion in rural areas. At the end of 2006, the population over 60 in Jilin Province was 32 1 10,000, accounting for nearly 1.2% of the total population, including 0/.44 million in rural areas. By the end of 2005, there were 3.077 million elderly people aged 60 and above in Jilin Province, and the rural elderly population was 6.5438+0.346 million, accounting for 43.73% of the elderly population in Jilin Province. In families with elderly people, 57.30% have one elderly person and 42.438+08% have two elderly people. In families with elderly population, 70. 10% live with adult children or other relatives, and their daily life can be taken care of by other family members. 29.90% of the elderly families are left unattended, of which 8.37% are single elderly families, 19.5 1% are elderly couples, and 1.50% are elderly people living with minor relatives. By the end of 2009, there were 657 rural social welfare service centers and welfare homes in Jilin Province, with 43,700 beds, 27,200 elderly people and 3,748 service personnel. There are 5,936 activity rooms for the elderly in rural areas in the province, with a total area of 285,500 square meters, with an average area of 48. 1 square meter. Jilin Provincial Office for the Aged carried out the pilot work of rural home-based aged care service compound in Yanbian Prefecture and Baicheng City, and provided day care, temporary care, leisure and entertainment, study and education, medical care, spiritual comfort and other services for the elderly in the village. In the village association for the elderly, 3 065 organizations for cultural and artistic activities and 3 150 organizations for sports and fitness activities for the elderly have been established [5]. Machuanzi Township, Hunchun City is a pilot township of rural home care service compound in Jilin Province. At present, nine villages in the township have established home-based aged care service compounds, which have provided services for the elderly in various ways and achieved practical results. At the end of 20 10, 30% of villages in Jilin province had home-based care service compound, 60% of villages had home-based care service compound, and at the end of 20 12, all villages in Jilin province had home-based care service compound [6]. In 2009, the per capita net income of rural residents reached 5266 yuan, an increase of 6.8% over the previous year. The per capita living consumption expenditure of rural residents was 3,902.90 yuan, an increase of13.4%; The per capita housing area in rural areas was 22.79 square meters, an increase of 0.86 square meters; The rural minimum living standard and the annual per capita subsidy level reached 1 yuan and 760 yuan respectively, increasing by 4 1.0% and 40.7% respectively, effectively guaranteeing the basic livelihood of rural minimum living objects. 48.37% of the elderly mainly rely on other family members to support them [7]. Because the home-based care service is a welfare service supported by the government, many villages have implemented the way of government purchasing services, even if there are charging items, the cost is very low. Farmers' good income and living conditions create conditions for rural home-based care for the elderly.
2.2 The demand for rural old-age care is diverse, and the childless elderly tend to stay at home for the elderly. The questionnaire survey shows that rural elderly like to live in their own homes for the elderly, including traditional family-style old-age care (here only refers to relying on children to provide help) and home-based old-age care. Few people choose institutional pension; Most people want to get help from their children or society (willingness to accept help refers to whether they expect help when they encounter difficulties), and about 9% of the elderly have it? Are you willing to rely on Dont Ask For Help? Psychology; It is urgent for the elderly without children to choose home-based care for the elderly. See table 1. Table 1 Main Needs and Willingness for the Aged in Rural Areas
2.3 The elderly have a low awareness of social work, and the development of social work for the elderly in rural areas is still in its infancy. Through home interviews, more than 90% of rural elderly people don't know what social work and social work for the elderly are, except for the elderly parents of college students whose children are studying in social work and the elderly with a little higher education. The practice of social work for the elderly is reflected in the fact that the village Committee asks for help for the elderly, but it lacks professional ideas and methods; At present, there are no professional elderly social workers engaged in spiritual comfort, rights protection and other old-age services in the rural areas where the survey is located; After introducing the concept, functions and specific practices of social work for the elderly, more than 90% of the elderly are willing to accept the services provided by social workers for the elderly, but they are worried about the expenditure of service fees.
3 discussion
Traditional family pension and home-based pension are in line with the wishes of the elderly in rural areas; For those who have children to take care of the elderly, the traditional family care function is still continuing, and they are willing to go to the home care service mainly to participate in entertainment activities to meet the needs of interpersonal communication and killing time; It is more urgent to take home-based care for the elderly without children. Among them, the elderly whose children live in cities think that rural housing is more spacious and the air is fresh than that in cities, and the elderly have their own relatively independent space, which is smaller than that of their children living in cities. Pigeon cage? In the house, they feel wronged and uncomfortable; Even if elderly children have spacious houses, they often feel that their living habits are different and it is inconvenient to live for a long time; For the elderly in nursing homes, only the economic conditions are good, and both the elderly and their children have modern consciousness. They think that going to nursing homes is a good choice and will not cause trouble to their children, but they are also worried about the service quality of nursing homes, which is understandable. ? Black nursing home? The exposure of the incident reflects? Black? Nursing homes are unkind to the elderly and infringe on their rights and interests. Although this serious immoral behavior can't represent all, it reflects that the old-age service institutions need to enhance their sense of social responsibility and improve their professional ethics [8]; Most elderly people think that going to the old-age care institution will embarrass their children or make them unhappy, because in their eyes, the old-age care institution is the home of the elderly without children or women, or the choice of the disabled and unable to take care of themselves, and their children have no time to take care of them; The consultation on the protection of rights and interests that the old people care about mainly involves rural medical insurance and low-income policy. Life care for the elderly without children; Medical care; Solve loneliness; Culture and entertainment; Solve disputes such as intergenerational barriers and support for left-behind elderly people; Rights and interests protection consultation; The need to eliminate the fear of the elderly is obviously more than having children to take care of the elderly; Home-based care for the aged in rural areas is suitable for the social situation in rural areas of Jilin Province and the living habits and psychological characteristics of the elderly in China. The concept of social work for the elderly is to adhere to the principles of people-oriented, individual self-determination, empowerment development, safeguarding human rights and social justice, respecting the emotional and psychological needs of the elderly, helping others to help themselves, and being accepted by the elderly, which has advantages and feasibility in solving the problem of providing for the elderly; Rural elderly people have certain economic affordability and living conditions for home-based care for the elderly, and have the objective basis for vigorously developing home-based care for the elderly. Due to the imperfect development of social work in China, the rural elderly have a low awareness of social work, and there is a gap with developed countries. It is normal that rural elderly professional social work is still in its infancy, which also provides a broad space for the development of rural elderly social work. Jilin and other provinces have a lot of practical experience and government planning in serving the elderly, which laid the foundation for the social work of the elderly to intervene in rural home-based care for the elderly; It can be seen that it is necessary and feasible to introduce the concept and method of social work for the elderly to meet the needs of rural old-age care, improve the quality of life of the elderly in their later years, improve the effectiveness of old-age care services, and solve the problem of rural home-based care for the elderly.
3. 1 Carrying out targeted case work for the elderly is a service activity that social workers provide material or emotional help and support for the elderly and their families with professional knowledge and skills under the guidance of professional values, so that the parties can reduce their pressure, solve problems and achieve a good welfare state; For the countryside? Old people left behind in rural areas? Because children have been working outside for many years, it takes a long time to go home to visit the elderly. Old people will be lonely, afraid of old people and eager to communicate with others. Elderly caseworkers deeply understand the needs of the elderly, use conversation skills, concentrate and actively listen to the voices of the elderly, so that the elderly can get psychological support and clarify their vague problems. Provide psychological counseling to the elderly, encourage them to bravely face the physical and mental changes of the elderly, guide them into a positive and optimistic life atmosphere, help the elderly case owners understand and accept the elderly, help the elderly to establish a scientific and healthy lifestyle and psychological preparation in their later years, and actively respond to various life events in their later years, such as some children interfering with the remarriage of lonely elderly people and family economic support disputes. Workers carry out differentiated work for different cases, analyze problems from the perspective of the elderly, and put forward reasonable suggestions.
3.2 to carry out the work of elderly groups with prominent themes.
Group work for the elderly refers to helping the elderly members learn from others' experience, change their own behavior, face difficulties correctly and recover themselves by using the interaction and group cohesion among the elderly members with the help and guidance of social workers.
Model essay on social work for the elderly: on the new carrier of old-age security: community service; Paper Keywords: urban family pension service community social workers
With the advent of an aging society, providing for the aged is the basic and core problem to solve the aging problem in China. Family pension is still the main form of pension. However, with the gradual weakening of family pension, it is urgent to play the role of social pension, in which community pension is a new carrier of social pension. This paper proposes that the community should expand community service projects, introduce social workers and professionals, improve the quality of community service, win wide social support, and establish an index system for community service development.
According to the data released by the National Bureau of Statistics, the proportion of the elderly over 65 will reach 7% in the total population in 2000, which indicates that China has entered an aging society. According to the prediction of relevant experts, by 2050, the population of the elderly over 65 in China will reach 320 million Ibm, accounting for about 1/5 of the total population of China and 1/4 of the world's elderly population. With the development of aging population, the problem of providing for the aged has become a common concern in society, and there are also various disputes about the way of providing for the aged:
First, the family pension function is weakened and faces great challenges.
With the implementation of family planning in China, the rapid development of market economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the contemporary urban family pension model, as the product of traditional agricultural civilization, is facing challenges from population conditions, family structure, living style and cultural concepts, and its fragility is beginning to appear, and non-family pension model is receiving more and more attention;
(a) Family size has shrunk, nuclear families have increased, and family functions have weakened.
Since the implementation of the family planning policy in China, especially in cities, it is an indisputable fact that the birth rate has declined. The miniaturization and core of family structure make it difficult for children to take care of their elderly parents. Many children mean that the elderly have more sources of support, and the emergence of the one-child phenomenon makes it extremely difficult for the only-child parents to provide for the elderly.
Social development has promoted the change of the people who buy houses, and the phenomenon of family separation between two generations has gradually increased. According to the recent family population forecast made by demographers, the proportion of elderly people living with adult children will gradually decrease, and the proportion of elderly people over 65 living alone or only with their spouses will rapidly rise from 65438+ 10% in190 to 27% in 2050, which is very obvious in cities and economically developed areas.
(2) In modern society, the population is moving rapidly and the competition is becoming increasingly fierce.
With the development of science and technology era and the acceleration of urban industrialization, rural people
As more and more people flock to cities, the competitive pressure of cities is increasing. Many young people are caught in the role dilemma. It is difficult for them to play the roles of successful people, qualified parents and filial children at the same time. For example, the work pressure is getting heavier and heavier, and children should be educated so that some children have no energy to take care of their parents. Due to the increasing demand for cultural knowledge in the current society, young people need to re-learn to adapt to the growing society, or look for more development opportunities and stay away from their elderly parents, leading to the outflow of family population. All these make the existing family model strongly impacted.
(3) The average life expectancy of the elderly is prolonged, the morbidity and disability rate are increased, and the ability of self-care is decreased.
With the continuous improvement of living standards, the life expectancy of the elderly is also extending. At the same time, with the growth of age (especially after 75 years old), the health status of the elderly population deteriorates, the prevalence rate and disability rate increase, and the ability of self-care declines. It is bound to increase the burden on families. It will also lead to the passive exclusion of young people from the elderly, and the superposition of various challenging factors will lead to the disintegration and differentiation of the traditional family pension model, which is the trend of separation of children's pension and home-based pension. Children's care and comfort for elderly parents are not as dense and frequent as in the traditional model in the past, which is a new change in the traditional family pension system under the impact of modernization:
It can be seen that the problem of providing for the aged cannot be solved by families, but needs the strength of society.
Second, community pension conforms to the trend of the times, and the quality of community service must be strengthened.
(A) the concept of community service
Community service is a variety of social welfare and social services provided for people's material life and spiritual life under the advocacy and support of the government, in order to meet the various needs of community members and relying on streets and neighborhood committees. Under the general trend of community development, we can make full use of social resources to develop community services and improve the situation of the elderly:
(B) the construction of community service pension system
With the development of urbanization, the trend of population aging and the weakening of family pension function, community pension service has become an important guarantee for the elderly in their happy old age, and the community has become the best carrier of urban socialized pension service. Developing community service system for the aged is an important strategic choice to solve the problem of urban old-age care in China. The community is the most important settlement place for the elderly, so the elderly will rely more and more on the community. This community-based service can give the elderly a sense of identity and belonging in time, so that they can get spiritual comfort, physical exercise and pour out their feelings in mutual communication, which makes up for the shortage of family pension. Therefore, developing community service and promoting community construction are effective ways to improve the conditions for providing for the aged.
1. Give full play to community functions and expand pension projects.
Due to the weakening of the family's function of providing for the aged, the elderly in the community are not well cared for in life and spirit. Even if some old people live with their children, their children don't have enough energy to take care of them. Relatively speaking, the elderly tend to rely on the community. In terms of life care for the elderly, it can be divided into home service and out-of-home service. Home service is a service for the elderly who live in their own homes and have a certain ability to live, but can't take care of themselves completely. Off-home services include nurseries and nursing homes. This mode of providing for the aged not only lightens the burden of children's care, but also won't make the elderly completely separated? Home? In addition, it is also very meaningful to improve the physical and mental health of the elderly; Nursing homes, as facilities that directly serve the elderly, are accepted by the public. They should increase their distribution density and be scattered in the community, so that the elderly can not leave their familiar living environment, and it is also convenient for children and relatives to visit and strengthen family communication.
In improving the mental condition of the elderly, we can adopt a combination of direct and indirect methods.
Can the direct way pass? Chat station chat corner? Let the old people get together and communicate with each other; Indirect ways can increase the construction and opening of entertainment facilities? Nursing home, activity center for the elderly, university for the elderly? And so on, you can also carry out cultural and sports activities, hold spring outing and summer camp activities. Realize the effective use of resources, let the elderly get a sense of satisfaction and accomplishment in the community, and transfer their unhappiness.
2. Under the macro-management of the government, improve the economic capacity of the community.
Macro-management of the government means that the government formulates policies, regulations and rules related to social welfare, summarizes and intensifies the promotion of advanced experience, provides good services, solves practical problems, creates a big environment, and guides the development of community service welfare institutions.
The socialized distribution of pensions enables the elderly to receive them nearby, forming a community service network. However, the role of the government is limited after all. In the case that the government and enterprises can't provide more protection for the elderly, the community can play its effective role, make full use of its social resources, absorb and resettle a large number of retirees by developing the community economy, so that retirees can create benefits for the community and get the necessary labor remuneration themselves to achieve a win-win situation. After retirement, the elderly will have a psychological gap and feel that their self-worth is lost, which will lead to a negative attitude towards life and even be detrimental to their old age. Many of these old people are still able to work, and some of them are highly educated, so they can use community resources to realize their own? Re-employment, this kind? Re-employment, right Belt and Road? Or? How many areas are there? Let everyone interact and find the joy of life. This is not only a subsidy to oneself, but also can realize social value.
3. Improve the quality of community service personnel, introduce professional social workers and improve service quality.
Community elderly service personnel should not only master the basic life knowledge of caring for the elderly, but also understand the psychological status of the elderly at different ages. Therefore, it is necessary to do a good job in the professional ethics, professional knowledge and job skills training of on-the-job service personnel, strengthen professional education and skills training, instill professional ideas, and measure them by the standards of professional social workers.
Community development is one of the signs of urban development, and the rise of professional social workers is also to meet the needs of community residents. Social workers need not only basic nursing skills, but also psychological counseling skills, and have received special education and training, holding professional social worker qualification certificates. The study of social work (group work, case work and community work) is more the accumulation of practice than the accumulation of theoretical knowledge, and the combination of theory and practice is more conducive to the development of work. On the road of socialization of social welfare, social workers have the soil to develop their professional expertise and realize their professional value, which is also conducive to achieving community stability. Of course, the intervention of social workers also needs the corresponding mechanism and mode in the community to start. Only with the support of relevant policies can the effectiveness of social work be brought into play. Therefore, professional social workers are the executors of community services, and community and social workers are closely linked. Introducing professional social workers is an effective way to improve the quality of community service.
4. Give full play to social collective consciousness and strive for broad support.
The quality of community service depends on the strength of the community in a certain sense, and the development of the community is the result of conforming to the market economy. In a society with fierce competition in market economy, only by exerting collective consciousness, winning the support of all walks of life and working together can we embark on the road of benign development. From the government's point of view, the civil affairs department should play the role of planning, inspection and supervision, and the social insurance bureau should also participate in planning, inspection and supervision, and allocate the endowment insurance fund as appropriate. From the aspect of community coordination committee, we should give full play to the role of enterprises and related units in the community and strengthen the care and support for community members.