(1) Title and title)
Titles are also called titles or titles. A title is a logical combination that reflects the most important specific content in a short passage with the most appropriate and concise words.
The title of a paper is the first important information related to the scope and level of the paper. At the same time, it is necessary to compile secondary documents such as titles and indexes, taking into account the specific practical information that can help select keywords and provide retrieval.
The topic of the paper is very important and must be carefully chosen. Some people use the following sentence to describe its importance: "The title of the paper is half of the article".
The requirements for the title of the thesis are: accurate and appropriate; Short and pithy; Proper extension and connotation; Eye-catching The requirements of these four aspects are as follows.
1. Accurate and decent
The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research.
Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. For example, "the study of metal fatigue strength" is too general, so if it is changed to the specific object of study, it must be mentioned. The effect will be much better. For example, the topic "Study on Fatigue Strength of Nickel-containing Famous Brand Alloy Materials" is much more appropriate. Another example: "Study on the influence of Al and Ti content in 35Ni- 15Cr superalloy on long-term properties and microstructure stability at high temperature" is too long and inaccurate. What is the meaning of 35Ni- 15Cr in the title? It's puzzling. Is it a percentage? Is it a weight ratio? Volume ratio? Metal grade? Or something else, I don't know, it's called ambiguity. The solution is to clearly show the content of the paper from the reader's point of view. If the above title refers to the percentage content, it can be explained in the text, not in the title, and the title only needs to reflect the fact that it contains Ni and Cr. The reference modification scheme is: "Effect of Al and Ti contents in Ni and Cr alloys on high temperature properties and microstructure stability".
The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.
Concise and clear
Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for how many words are qualified, there is no uniform "hard" rule. It is generally hoped that the title of the paper will not exceed 20 words. However, the pursuit of fewer words should not affect the proper reflection of the topic in content. When there is a spear between the two, it is better to use more words and express them as clearly as possible.
A common title is "Study on rapid analysis method of chemical composition of molten steel". In such topics, words such as "about" and "research" will not affect the expression if they are omitted. The drama is a paper, and what aspects of research and investigation are included by the general contractor, so the above topic can be refined as: "Rapid analysis of chemical composition of molten steel". In this way, the number of words is reduced from 265,438+0 to 65,438+02, which is clear and concise.
If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles can be enriched and accurate, rather than generalized. Like what? Quot Dynamic Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups-(Subtitle) Computer Simulation of Sliding Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups ".
3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.
"Extension" and "connotation" belong to the concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object.
If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate. For example, there is a logical error in the title "Rational design of rural whole, livestock and machine power combination". The extension of "people" in the title may be young adults, infants, young children or the elderly, because the latter is also? Quot "people", but people are not people who have the ability to work, and obviously do not belong to this proposition, so it is inappropriate to use "people" in its extension. Similarly, "livestock" can refer to cattle, sheep and pigs. Where have you seen sheep and pigs plowing and grinding flour? So it is also a mistake of improper extension. Among them, because of the use of "labor force" and "animal power", it will not be misunderstood as a person without working ability and working ability.
stand out
Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same.
Some people made a statistical analysis on the titles of some papers published in 36 public medical journals 1987, and screened out 100 wrong titles. Of the 100 titles with errors, 20% were "improperly omitted" (for example, the title "Determinants of abnormal blood pressure response of patients with coronary heart disease after exercise" was omitted as "coronary heart disease"; The title "Progress of world liver diseases in the past year" omits "treatment of liver diseases" as "liver diseases"); 65,438+02% of the errors are attributed to "improper use of prepositions" (for example, the title "Evaluation of endoscopic fluorescence detection in the diagnosis of digestive tract cancer" was originally used by the author to diagnose and evaluate digestive tract cancer, but in fact "endoscopic fluorescence detection" became the subject, which is of course inappropriate). The mistakes in using prepositions mainly include: ① omitting the subject-after the first person substitution fails to express its meaning, the preposition structure is not used, which makes the auxiliary components mistake for the subject; ② Do not use prepositions when necessary; (3) Use when prepositional structure is not needed. 65,438+065,438+0% of the cases are "the principal's mistakes" (such as the mistakes about coronary heart disease in the clinical and experimental research of COVID-19 Tablet); 9% of them are "improper juxtaposition" (such as "cystoscopy and complications in elderly patients"); 9% of the mistakes are "improper use of words" and "confused sentences", and other types of mistakes, such as lengthy titles, inconsistent titles, repetition and ambiguity, also occur from time to time.
(2) the author's name and department.
This item belongs to the problem of paper signature. The first is to show the responsibility of writing, the second is to record the results of labor, and the third is to facilitate readers to contact the author and literature retrieval (author index). It can be roughly divided into two situations, single-author papers and multi-author papers. The latter is listed as the first author and the second author in the order of signature. It is important to adhere to the attitude of seeking truth from facts, and list those who have made the greatest contribution to research work and thesis writing as the first and second authors, and so on. It is also convenient for readers to contact the author by indicating the author's unit.
(3) Abstract
Papers usually have abstracts, some for international communication, and foreign language (mostly English) abstracts. It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments or annotations. Other uses are to obtain necessary information without reading the full text of the paper.
It should include the following contents: ① the purpose and significance of this study; (2) the main content of the study, which shows what has been done; (3) The basic conclusions and research results highlight the originality of the paper; ④ The significance of the conclusion or result.
Although the abstract of the paper should reflect the above contents, the text must be very concise, the content should be fully summarized, and the length is generally limited to less than 5% of the words in the paper. For example, a 6000-word paper usually has an abstract of no more than 300 words.
Don't give examples, talk about the research process, use charts, give chemical structures, and make self-evaluation.
[example]
Topic: the influence of celestial bodies on the acceleration of gravity of the earth.
Abstract: The acceleration of the earth's gravity is an extremely important physical quantity. With the improvement of the accuracy of gravity acceleration measurement, the influence of celestial bodies on the earth's gravity acceleration must be considered. This paper introduces the basic concept of celestial bodies (including the sun, the moon and the planets of the solar system) influencing the acceleration of the earth's gravity, and deduces the calculation formula of the influence. Through error analysis, it is proved that the relative error of this formula is less than 1× 10-9, which can fully meet the requirements of modern precision gravity acceleration measurement.
The common problems in writing the abstract of a paper are as follows: 1. Plagiarizing the subtitle (table of contents) or the text of the conclusion part of the paper; Second, the content is not centralized and the text is too long.
[example]
Thesis title: thermal simulation model and algorithm of integrated circuit
As we all know, various characteristic parameters of semiconductor devices are temperature-sensitive functions [such as LS (t), B (t), C 1 (t), CP (t)...]. Integrated circuits have integrated a large number of components on the wafer. When the circuit works, the power consumption of components will generate heat, which will spread around along the wafer. However, due to the thermal resistance of the semiconductor chip and the substrate material, the temperature of each point on the chip cannot be the same. Especially for power integrated circuits, there will be high temperature in the area of high power devices, so there is uneven temperature distribution on the chip.
However, in order to simplify the calculation, this temperature difference is often ignored when analyzing the performance of integrated circuits, and all components are assumed to be at the same temperature. For example, the general circuit simulation program-spice is handled in this way. Obviously, this assumption brings calculation errors to integrated circuits. The error of power integrated circuit will be greater. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is how to calculate the temperature distribution on the integrated circuit chip, how to calculate the circuit characteristics at different component temperatures, and how to consider the thermal and electrical interaction on the chip.
This paper introduces the thermal simulation model of integrated circuit, simulates the thermal circuit problem as a circuit problem, and then uses the circuit simulation program to solve the chip temperature distribution. In this way, a mature circuit analysis program can be used to greatly improve the speed and accuracy of calculation. Based on this model and algorithm, the author compiled a FORTRAN program YM- LIN -3, which can determine the chip temperature distribution and calculate the circuit characteristics of components at different temperatures. The program has been passed on IBM-PC microcomputer and satisfactory results have been obtained.
The abstract of the above paper is nearly 600 words, which is obviously too long. As long as it is carefully revised (for example, the first paragraph can be deleted, the second paragraph only keeps the last few sentences and the third paragraph is added), the abstract of the paper can be written in 200 to 300 words.
Keywords (keywords)
Keywords belong to a category of subject words. Subject words include not only keywords, but also narrative words of unit words and title words.
Keyword is a new vocabulary of information retrieval language, which is used to describe the theme of literature and give information retrieval. It is precisely because of its appearance and development that it is possible to computerize information retrieval (computer retrieval).
Keywords refer to words or phrases that distinguish things through the characteristic relationship of concepts, express them in natural language, and have collocation function to accurately express the dynamic semantic conceptual relationship between words.
For example, one of the keywords "plasma application". It has the characteristics of concept, which shows that it is nothing more than "plasma application" and uses natural language vocabulary.
Keywords are keywords that mark the subject content of document construction, but have not been standardized. Like, keys? Quot atomic energy "(the key word of its specification may be" nuclear energy "). Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the main contents and information items of the full text. A paper can choose 3~8 words as keywords.
[example]
Thesis title: A new synthesis method of antenna array pattern.
Keywords: antenna array; Directional map; Comprehensive; Mutual coupling; Dipole; English translation of input impedance (***6);
Title: A New Synthesis Method of Array Pattern
Keywords: antenna array; Pattern; Synthesis; Mutual coupling; Dipole;
Input disorder
The general selection method of keywords or subject words is: after the author finishes writing the paper, read the full text and first think of information or vocabulary that can express the main content of the paper. These residences or words can be found and selected from the title or content of the paper. For example, in the last example, six keywords were selected, of which the first three were selected from the topic of the paper and the last three were selected from the content of the paper. The selection of the last three keywords supplements the main content information that the title of the paper fails to express, and also improves the conceptual depth involved. For example, the research of antenna array pattern synthesis method (the topic of the above paper) involves concepts such as mutual coupling, dipole and input impedance. The words used in these concepts appear frequently and have key physical significance, so they need to be selected together with the keywords selected from the topic to form the keyword group of this paper.
The use of keywords and subject words is mainly to meet the needs of computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval. Adding "keywords" to periodicals opens up a new way for periodicals to improve their citation rate and increase their popularity.
(5) Introduction (Introduction)
Introduction, also known as preface, belongs to the introduction part of the whole paper. Its writing contents include: reasons, purposes, background, previous work and knowledge gap, theoretical basis and experimental basis, expected results and its position, role and significance in related fields.
The text of the introduction should not be lengthy, the content selection should not be too scattered and trivial, and the wording should be refined to attract readers to continue reading. There is no rigid and uniform regulation on the length of introduction, but it needs to be determined according to the size of the whole paper and the needs of the content of the paper. It can be as long as 700~800 words or 1000 words, or as short as 1000 words.
[example]
Topic: Clinical characteristics of bile reflux stomach fire.
Chronic gastritis is a common disease, and its etiology has not been fully clarified. At present, it is considered that there are many pathogenic factors of this disease, and duodenal juice including bile reflux may be one of them [1]. This paper discusses the clinical characteristics of bile reflux gastritis.
Here, a few short lines clearly clarify the research background, reasons and knowledge gaps, and also show the previous work (reflected by the annotation document [1], the details of which can be found in this document) and the research content that the author is engaged in now.
(6) subject
The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle).
Paragraphs and division should depend on the nature and content of the paper. The common classification methods are: ① experimental raw materials and materials/experimental methods/experimental results and analysis. ② Comparative analysis of theoretical analysis/experimental devices and methods/experimental results.
According to the needs of the content of the paper, other paragraph division schemes can be flexibly adopted, but generally speaking, it should include experimental part and theoretical analysis part. "Experimental results and analysis" is the key part of this paper. Someone once said: "The result of the experiment is that the paper will be dirty", which is no exaggeration. The novelty of the paper is mainly reflected here.
Papers in many disciplines can be further simplified. For example, medical papers often divide the text into two sections, namely "materials and methods" (or "objects and methods") and "results and discussion" (or "results and analysis").
To write the section "Materials and Methods" well, it is necessary to give the technical requirements, quantity, source, preparation method and other information of raw materials or materials used in the experiment, and sometimes even list the relevant chemical and physical properties of the reagents used. In order to avoid using commercial names, common chemical names should usually be used. The experimental method should introduce the main experimental process, but not describe it mechanically in chronological order, but combine all related methods to describe it. The main purpose of this is to enable competent scientific and technological workers to reproduce the experiment and its results according to the information provided in this part of the paper, and achieve the goal immediately. Quot reproducibility or repeatability and confirmation requirements.
People who lack the experience and accomplishment in writing papers are easy to write this part as an experimental report and list the experimental process one by one. They always want to write all their hard work into the paper, but the effect is counterproductive, and it is easy to drown the important content that must be known in a long and boring article. Therefore, the main, key and uncommon contents should be expounded, and all adopted, standard and commonly used instruments and equipment only need to provide models, specifications and main performance indicators.
The "Results and Analysis" section is the core of the paper, from which all the conclusions, all the arguments and all the inferences are drawn. This part needs to list the experimental data and observation values, and analyze and discuss the experimental errors. Attention should be paid to scientifically and accurately expressing the necessary experimental results and discarding unnecessary parts. Experimental data or results are usually expressed in tables, charts or photos. Try to use charts instead of tables.
If the topic is "results and discussion", the "discussion" (or "analysis") part is more difficult than other parts to determine what to write, and it is usually the most difficult part to write. A well-written "exposition" (or "analysis") mainly has the following characteristics: ① Try to put forward the principles, interrelationships and inductive explanations proved in the "result" part, but only discuss the "result" without repetition. (2) Be able to point out that your results and explanations are consistent or inconsistent with previously published works. (3) Discuss the theoretical significance of your research work and the possibility of practical application. (4) be able to point out any exceptions or problems in the relationship, and clearly put forward the unresolved problems and the direction of solution.
Because of the great differences in the topics and contents of academic papers, the methods of segmentation and writing cannot be rigidly and uniformly stipulated, but must be realistic, objective, direct, accurate and complete, logical, clear and concise.
The text of academic papers is the core part, occupying the main space. Generally speaking, the text can always include the following parts or contents: investigation object, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, original data, experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data and information, processed charts, arguments formed and conclusions drawn. Of course, the conclusion can be described in a separate section (or section).
(7) Conclusion
The conclusion part of the paper should reflect the academic views obtained through experiments, observation and research and theoretical analysis. The conclusion should be the final conclusion and overall conclusion of this paper. In other words, the conclusion should be the conclusion of the whole paper, not the conclusion of a local problem or a branch problem, nor the simple repetition of the summary of each paragraph in the paper. The conclusion reflects the author's deeper understanding, which is a new academic general concept and general viewpoint obtained from all the materials of the whole paper through logical analysis processes such as reasoning, judgment and induction.
Conclusion should be accurate, complete, clear and concise. The writing content of this part should generally include the following aspects: ① What problems do the results of this study explain; ② What amendments, supplements, developments, confirmations or denials have been made to the previous viewpoints? (3) The shortcomings or unsolved problems of this paper, and the possible key points and directions to solve these problems.
The writing requirements of the "conclusion" part are: strict words, strict logic and concrete words, which are often listed as articles in the order of 1, 2 and 3. Just like legal provisions, and the provisions are tentative, only one interpretation can be made, and neither ambiguity nor ambiguity can be made. Don't exaggerate the text, there is room for attention to the content that is not completely determined.
[example]
Thesis title: Control of polymer composition in the oligomerization of butadiene and acrylonitrile.
The conclusion of this paper is:
1. For the batch polymerization system of butadiene and acrylonitrile with hydrogen peroxide as initiator and ethanol as solvent, it is necessary to control the composition to improve the performance of NBR due to the different polymerization rates of monomers.
2. In this work, the monomer composition and polymer composition of the reaction solution can be controlled by adding rapidly consumed monomers into the reaction system.
3. Based on the theory of free radical polymerization, a new calculation method of monomer addition is proposed. The experiment shows that the liquid NBR polymer with uniform composition ratio can be synthesized by this calculation method. This method can be used not only for the synthesis of butyronitrile hydroxyl, but also for other radical binary polymerization reactions.
4. The NBR synthesized by this method is not only uniform in composition, but also uniform in sequence release, and the distribution probability of sequence length 1 is as high as 97%.
[Part of this paper was reported in the 29th IUPAC Polymer Symposium (Romania) and published in Applied Chemistry, No.3, 1984]
Finally, it is pointed out that some academic papers, such as medical papers, are often? Quot The conclusion part is not listed separately, but its content is implied in the text of the discussion part (often in the last part, which is also the shortest text part), which is also a feasible treatment method. For example, the paper entitled "Clinical Significance of Determining the Concentration of 25- hydroxyvitamin D3 in Blood by Competitive Protein Binding Method" has a natural paragraph at the end of its "discussion" paragraph, which reads: "This study shows that CPBA method is not only a simple method, but also a sensitive and reliable indicator for observing the deficiency and excess of vitamin D in the body." In fact, this is the conclusion of the full text, and it is a general concept obtained from all the materials in the text through logical thinking processes such as reasoning, judgment and induction.
(8) Thanks
According to the provisions of GB77 13-87, the words of thanks can be placed at the end of the article, reflecting the thanks to the following aspects: National Science Foundation, scholarship funds supporting research work, contracting units, enterprises, organizations or individuals funded and supported; Organizations or individuals that assist in the completion of research work and provide convenient conditions; Someone who gives advice and help in research work; Owners of materials, pictures, documents, research ideas and ideas that have the right to reprint and quote; Thanks to other organizations and individuals.
(9) Reference
References (tables) should generally be listed after academic papers for three purposes, namely: ① to reflect the real scientific basis; (2) In order to reflect a serious scientific attitude, distinguish one's own views or achievements from those of others; (3) In order to show respect for the scientific achievements of predecessors, the source of the cited materials should also be indicated for easy retrieval.
In the process of writing academic papers, many documents may be cited. Do you need to list them all? The answer is no. In fact, you only need to list the most important and critical documents cited.
People's Republic of China (PRC) national standard GB 7714-87 * * specifies the marking method of the entry documents. It is pointed out that the labeling method of cited documents in the main body of monograph can adopt sequential coding system or "author-publication year" system.
1. sequential coding system
[example]
People have different views on the origin of thematic teaching method. Some people in China think that "the formation and development of topic-based retrieval system began in 1856 with the book Library Cataloguing Technology written by Cresta Doro in Cresta, England", and "the related topic index of Dewey Decimal Classification, which was the first foreign country to organize directory index by topic-based method …". Some people think that "the American Bergson Franklin lending library was the first to use the subject method". ②
References:
① Liu Xiangsheng. On the standardization of subject method and classified retrieval system in China. North Map News, 1980 (2): 19 ~ 23.
(2) Yang Peiting, Zhao Liancheng, Several Problems in Establishing Retrieval System, Beijing: China Institute of Science and Technology Information, 1963.
2. "Author-publication year" system
[example]
People have different views on the origin of thematic teaching method. Some people in China think that "the formation and development of the topic-based retrieval system began in 1856 with the book Library Cataloguing Technology written by Cresta Dolo in Cresta, England", and that "the first topic-based index in foreign countries is the related topic index of Dewey Decimal Classification ..." (Liu Xiangsheng 1980). Others think that "Yang Peiting 1963" was the first to use the subject method in Bergson Franklin's lending library.
Liu Xiangsheng, 1980, On the Standardization of Subject Method and Classified Retrieval System in China, North Map Communication, (2) 19-23.
The main sources of literature cited in the monograph text are: monographs or books; Continuous publications or periodicals; Meeting documents or minutes, minutes (editing-compilation); Report; A patent.
No matter what source the cited documents belong to, they should be listed at the end of the article. Quot References are all books and materials cited for writing or editing works.
People's Republic of China (PRC) national standard GB 7714-87 * * also stipulates the following items and formats of references:
1. Monograph
(1) Description: main person in charge, title, edition and publication item (place of publication: publishing house, year of publication).
(2) Description format: main person in charge, book, other person in charge, version, place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, (number of documents, compilation items, notes, document standard number-the above can be selected).
[example]
(1) Liu Shaoqi, On the Cultivation of party member, revised 2nd edition, Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1962, 76 pages.
Edited by Morton L.T. The use of medical literature. Second edition. London: the value of butter,
1977. Information sources of research and development. ISBN0-408-709 16-2
2. Continuous publications
(1) Description: title, principal, edition and publication item (place of publication: publisher, year of publication).
(2) Description format: title, principal, version, year, month, volume (period) to year, month, volume (period), place of publication: publisher, year of publication, (series items, notes, document standard number-optional).
[example]
(1) Geological Review, geological society of china, 1936, 1( 1)~ Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1936~
(2) communication equipment manufacturers, manufacturing and primary
Industry Division of Statistics Canada. Primary education. 1970 1~. Ottawa:
Statistics Canada, 1970~. Annual survey of manufacturers. English text
And French. ISSN 0700~0758。
3. Patent literature
(1) Description: patent applicant, patent name, document identifier, patent country, patent document type, patent number and publication date.
(2) Description format: patent applicant, patent name, patent country (if I am in charge, additional items-optional), patent document type, patent number and publication date.
[example]
Carl Zeiss Jena, VBD. Anordung Zur lichtele-creischen provided support for Mitte.
A bright lamp Feaster, Wa Cinat, festo. CI inside:
G02 B27/ 14。 Swiss patent application 608 626. 1979. 1. 15
4. Report
[example]
World Health Organization. Factors regulating immune response: a report
Who scientific group. Geneva: WHO, 1970.
5. Degree discussion
[example]
Zhang Zhusheng, Invariant Sets of Differential Semi-dynamic Systems: [Dissertation], Institute of Mathematics, Peking University Department of Mathematics, 1983.
6. Literature separated from serial publications
[example]
(1) Hua, On Uniform Distribution and Approximate Analysis: Method of Number Theory (1), China Science, 1973 (4): 339 ~ 357.
(2) Tao, Cryptography and Mathematics, Journal of Nature,1984,7 (7): 527.
(3) Zhao "On Zhang Taiyan before and after the Revolution of 1911", Guangming Daily,1977,3,24 (4)
(4) Hewitt Company Technical Service Center 1983. Library resources and technology
Service,1984,28, (3):205~2 18
Continuous publications include periodicals, newspapers and annual publications (reports, yearbooks, etc.). ); Magazines, meeting minutes, meeting minutes, journal of the society, etc. Every society; And serial numbers of monographs.
7. Literature separated from monographs
[example]
For the international mineralogical research trends, see Cheng et al., World Geological Science and Technology Development Trends, Geological Publishing House, 1982, 38~39.