Landscape painting took place in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. This period is the most turbulent period in China's history, with intensified social contradictions and the poor and those in power indulging in pleasure and corruption. The lost ruling class, drinking and having fun, fled the mountains. In addition, Buddhism and Taoism prevailed during this period, and the concept of being born was born. Intellectuals in the general ruling class either drift with the tide, drift with the tide, or passively retire and protect themselves. Therefore, in this period, China's literary history produced landscape poems, and painting history produced landscape paintings. Landscape painting began to break away from the background of figure painting, pure landscape painting began to appear, and a group of people with lofty ideals appeared, such as Zong Bing and Wang Wei, who failed to summon them in seclusion, Gao Ren. They can't change anything, but they don't want to serve the powerful. So they lived in seclusion in the mountains and rivers, and talked about wine. Entrust personal grievances, patriotic enthusiasm, sadness and helplessness between mountains and rivers, and seek relief between mountains and rivers.

Preface to Painting Landscape and Painting Theory are the essence of their artistic thoughts. Although they didn't leave any landscape paintings in the world, they left us an incisive exposition on the creation of landscape paintings, which opened the source of China's landscape painting theory. "China Ancient Painting Theory" records the case of "landscape painting". In fact, the first few words are only the background of the characters. Although this article is only a few hundred words, it has played its significance and is very valuable. The interest of lying and swimming is unique throughout the ages. " Since Gu Kaizhi, Zong Bing and Wang Wei, China landscape painting has gradually become an independent painting discipline. All these are enough to show that China's position in the theory of landscape painting and Gong China's ancient philosophy have always influenced the development and direction of oriental culture. The development of landscape painting is no exception. The aesthetic thought of China's landscape painting is based on ancient philosophy. Both the external form and the internal spirit are full of profound and long-standing oriental culture. Landscape painting came into being in the special historical period of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and was deeply branded with the imprint of the times. The rise of landscape painting in this period has its profound historical reasons. In a sense, landscape painting has changed the educational function of previous painting into a refreshing function, which makes the author turn his attention from the concern of secular society to nature and self. Being close to and appreciating the natural landscape is regarded as an ideal personality to achieve freedom and detachment. This is also the mystery that Chinese painting has always been independent of the world painting world.

In the paintings of this period, we can feel the philosophical thoughts and personality spirit contained in them everywhere. In Zong Bing's Preface to Painting Landscape, there is a saying that "the sage reflects things with Tao, and the sage is sincere and tasteful". "The sage gains the spirit and the sage realizes, and the landscape is charming and the benevolent enjoys it. This is almost true." Narration. In Wang Wei's "narrative painting", there is also the idea that "painting is not only artistic, but also the same as image". Tao is the law of the natural universe.

Sages have a clear mind and taste like ". Although ancient scholars call themselves sages, they are not as good as "saints", but they can learn from them with an open mind and experience them in many ways through their efforts. Therefore, "taste like" means "observing Tao" and "gaining Tao". Sages should be from the inside out, and sages should be from the outside in. It can be seen that ancient literati embodied their philosophy and life ideas with mountains and rivers. People have deep feelings for nature, and they develop their world view through natural images.

All of the above are aimed at the subject of aesthetics. Involving aesthetic objects, it is further said that "the quality of mountains and rivers is interesting and spiritual" and "mountains and rivers level the Tao with shape." Although the natural landscape is an objective material existence, it contains the way of the natural universe. Literati are attached to landscapes because they can "level the Tao with form" and "be interesting with quality". In the travel experience, people can appreciate the agile interest in nature and the realm of harmony and unity between man and nature. The spirit of landscape painting is man's contemplation of nature and the integration of man and himself. It is people's deep thinking about nature.

Landscape painting is different from the previous figure flower-and-bird painting. Although figure flower-and-bird painting can also cultivate sentiment and delight temperament, it is obviously incompetent to show the elegance and broadmindedness of literati in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Landscape painting is the best choice, both in theme and form.

In these two painting theories, besides aesthetic thoughts, there are more abundant theoretical thoughts of landscape painting creation. The rise of landscape painting in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the product of seclusion at that time. This carrier contains extremely rich cultural factors and personality spirit, which can not be fully expressed by simple, mechanical and figurative description, but must be reflected by other factors and ways. This is the artistic conception of landscape creation and even the creation of overseas territory. In Xu Hua, Wang Wei put forward that the creation of landscape painting should be based on "God" and "unexpected tolerance", that is, the center emphasizes "God"; There is a causal relationship between the words "forbearance", and only with "God" can "forbearance" be achieved. And further elaborate that "the ancients painted." Non-case metropolitan area, distinguishing States, marking towns and villages, planning immersion flow. It depends on the harmony of body and the change of mentality. "It means that drawing is different from making a map, and it must be accurate." Painting requires that the ideas of "unity of form and mind" and "dynamic spirit" should be integrated with "form", that is, external form, and "mind and matter should be in harmony". It is emphasized that the process of landscape painting creation should go through three stages: experience observation, familiarity with the heart and refinement and sublimation. Only in this way can we reach the highest level of landscape painting. You can also make your eyebrows, forehead and cheeks smile; Lonely Rock Yu Xiu, if you spit clouds. The horizontal change is vertical, so it is dynamic. " Among them, "spirit" and "movement" are not only hidden thoughts and philosophies in the picture, but also more intuitive and emotional vivid charm in the picture. It is the surging passion and flying spirit displayed in one stroke and one ink. As the saying goes, "Looking at the autumn clouds, God flies; Spring breeze, strong thoughts. " This is the overseas territory of landscape painting, and it also conforms to the "free spirit theory" of Zong Bing's landscape painting.