1996-2005 is a decade of comprehensive and rapid development of marine science and technology in China. 1In May 1995, the Central Committee and the State Council issued the Decision on Accelerating Scientific and Technological Progress, and held a national scientific and technological conference to mobilize the whole party and society to implement the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education. The strategic policy of rejuvenating the country through science and education guides the development of marine science and technology in China.
In terms of marine investigation and scientific investigation, the "Second Baseline Survey of Marine Pollution" in China has been basically completed, which has provided an important scientific basis for mastering the quality of marine environment in the coastal areas of China. In order to meet the needs of delimitation and management of sea areas after the entry into force of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, China organized and implemented the special investigation of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf for the first time, conducted a systematic investigation and study on the relevant sea areas, and established the first comprehensive database of the exclusive economic zone and continental shelf in China, which made China's multi-beam application technology and seabed investigation and research enter the advanced ranks in the world. In 2000, China organized and implemented the special investigation and study of the marine environment in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, which enhanced the understanding of the marine environment in this area. In September, 2003, the State Council officially approved the special project of "Comprehensive Survey and Evaluation of Offshore Oceans in China", aiming at further understanding the seabed number of China and providing basic data for marine resources development and environmental evaluation.
Since 1999, China has made two scientific expeditions to the Arctic, and in 2004, the first Arctic scientific research station, Yellow River Station, was established. The purpose of Arctic expedition is to evaluate the impact of Arctic change on climate and environment in China, and to study the predictability of this impact. During the 65438+2005/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/8, China 2/KOOC-0/Antarctic expedition, the inland ice sheet expedition team boarded the Antarctic inland ice dome A-80 22' at 77 2/KOOC-0/KOOC-0/65438 south latitude. This is the first time that humans have arrived in this area from the ground. So far, four points in the Antarctic have been conquered by human beings: Pole-America, Freezing Point-Russia, Magnetic Point-France, and High Point-China. Subsequently, researchers in China collected more than 5,000 meteorites, including Martian meteorites and lunar meteorites, making China nearly 10,000 Antarctic meteorites, ranking third in the world.
From April, 2005 to June, 2006, 5438+ 10, China launched the first comprehensive global marine scientific expedition, spanning three oceans, with a voyage of 43,230 nautical miles and lasting 297 days. The cobalt-rich crust mining area has been preliminarily demarcated, and the environmental baseline and polymetallic nodule survey have been carried out in the polymetallic nodule contract area, and a large number of sulfide, microorganism, macroorganism, sediment and hydrothermal samples have been obtained. This comprehensive global marine survey is of milestone significance in the history of marine scientific research in China.
In marine basic scientific research, marine basic research projects are supported by the National Natural Science Foundation, and 9 marine basic research projects are supported by the National Key Basic Research Plan. Basic research on offshore circulation, marine ecosystem, mariculture diseases, formation and evolution of marginal seas, red tides and other aspects has been carried out one after another, and a number of high-level achievements have been achieved, which has created a new era for the development of marine science in China. China took the lead in deciphering the whole genome sequence of shrimp white spot baculovirus in the world, and was named "Top Ten Scientific and Technological Progress in China in 2000". 1999, in order to study "the historical record of East Asian monsoon in the South China Sea and its global climate impact" and enhance the understanding of monsoon climate change, the 184 ocean drilling (ODP 184) was carried out in the South China Sea, which further shortened the gap between China's marine geological research and advanced countries in the world.
In terms of international cooperation in marine science, China-US, China-Japan, China-Canada, China-Germany and China-France have further strengthened their cooperation. At the same time, China, South Korea, China, India and China have strengthened their cooperation in marine science and technology with countries around the South China Sea. Up to now, China has established bilateral cooperation in marine science and technology with more than 40 countries and regions, and actively participated in major international cooperative research programs in marine science, such as global marine ecological dynamics, coastal land-sea interaction, global ecology and oceanography of harmful red tides, ocean drilling, and international ARGO.
In marine high-tech research, the National 863 Plan and the Scientific and Technological Key-up Plan have been organized and implemented successively, which has enabled China's marine technology to develop by leaps and bounds and promoted the national economic construction and social development.
In terms of marine monitoring technology, a number of key technologies for marine dynamic environment monitoring and satellite remote sensing application have been broken through, a number of key marine instruments and equipment have been developed, a three-dimensional monitoring demonstration system for marine dynamic environment in the Yangtze River estuary and Taiwan Province Strait and a comprehensive monitoring demonstration system for ecological environment in the Bohai Sea have been established, and a standardization project for technical achievements has been implemented, thus improving the marine environmental monitoring capacity of China as a whole.
In the field of marine biotechnology, research has been carried out on the improvement of marine cultured germplasm, marine drugs and functional genes of marine organisms. A number of excellent marine cultured germplasm have been industrialized, more than ten new marine drugs have entered clinical research, and a number of marine biological functional gene technologies have been obtained, which has established China's international position in marine biological functional gene research. A number of achievement transformation, pilot test and industrialization bases have been established, which has promoted the development of marine aquaculture and marine biological high technology in China.
In terms of marine exploration and resource development technology, key technologies such as deep-water oil and gas hydrate resource exploration, marine mineral resource exploration and seabed three-dimensional detection imaging have been studied, and a number of key technologies and equipment have been developed, which have provided technical support for oil and gas resource evaluation and marine mineral resource exploration in China, and improved the marine geological survey and marine resource exploration capabilities in China as a whole.
In terms of deep-sea research technology and equipment, China's first 6000m autonomous underwater robot "CR-0 1" was born in June 1997, and reached a diving depth of 5 176m in the Pacific sea trial. The 7000m manned submersible is under development. Independently developed a deep-sea sediment trap.
Technological progress has significantly improved China's ability to explore and develop marine resources. During this period, 360-650 million tons of Suizhong oilfield in Liaodong Bay of Bohai Sea, Liuhua Pearl River Mouth Basin1-650 million tons of oilfield and Penglai 19-3 comprehensive oilfield, the largest offshore oilfield in China, have been discovered successively. In 2004, a "cold spring" carbonate rock distribution area of 430 square kilometers was first discovered on the northern slope of the South China Sea, which is an important evidence for the existence of natural gas hydrate. After decades of development, seawater desalination technology has possessed the design and engineering capacity of 10,000-ton seawater and sub-seawater desalination, and has entered the stage of industrial development.
In the aspect of marine public service capacity building, the special project of "China Marine Environment Monitoring System —— Ocean Station and Volunteer Ship Observation System" was implemented, which effectively monitored the marine environment in China offshore, offshore and adjacent marine areas. On May 15, 2002, China's first marine satellite HY- 1 was launched, which is a milestone in the history of China's marine science and technology development, ending the history of China's lack of marine satellites and realizing the dreams of the older generation of scientists. In the future, China will launch marine water color, marine dynamic environment and marine monitoring satellites one after another. A relatively complete operational system for numerical forecasting of marine environment has been initially established in China, and important progress has been made in the research of numerical forecasting technologies such as storm surge, waves, sea ice, SST, tsunami, ocean current, El Ni? o and red tide. A relatively complete marine information system has been established, and formal data exchange relations have been established with 130 institutions in more than 60 countries. Marine standard measurement has become an important part of the national standard measurement system and played an important role in marine undertakings and capacity building.
After 50 years' efforts, China's marine scientific and technological capabilities have already possessed the foundation for innovation and rapid development. China's marine science and technology work has basically formed a strategic pattern of facing the main battlefield of economic construction, developing high and new technologies and strengthening basic research, and has formed a relatively complete marine scientific research and technology development system. It has the ability of multidisciplinary comprehensive ocean survey and observation from space, high altitude, sea surface, seawater layer, seabed to crust, and basically realized the grand long-cherished wish of "finding out the China Sea, marching into the three oceans and landing in the Antarctic". Significantly shortened the gap with the international level of marine science and technology development, and played an important role in promoting and leading the development of marine economy. At present, there are more than 30 marine scientific research institutions and institutions 130, with more than 65438+3000 scientific and technical personnel, and a group of marine scientific and technological teams with academicians of the Academy of Sciences and the Academy of Engineering as the core; A number of national and provincial key laboratories, marine information sharing platforms and databases, marine microorganisms and polar resource preservation centers have been built; Equipped with a number of advanced marine comprehensive survey vessels and professional survey vessels. These scientific and technological capabilities will create conditions and lay an important foundation for the future innovation and development of marine science and technology in China.
5. In the future, China marine science and technology will focus on innovation.
China's marine science and technology has gone through 50 years of development. After several generations of arduous and persistent struggle, we have made encouraging achievements, greatly improved China's international status and inspired our national spirit. The role of marine science and technology in the development of marine industry is becoming more and more prominent, and its contribution rate to marine economy is gradually increasing; Marine science and technology has transformed the traditional marine industry, led the formation and development of emerging marine industries, and supported the construction of a maritime power.
At the same time, we must be soberly aware that there is still a big gap in the overall level of marine science and technology in China compared with developed countries. The self-sufficiency rate of key technologies is low, the number of invention patents is small, and the main marine instruments depend on imports; Deep-sea resource exploration and environmental observation technology and equipment are still relatively backward; The level of scientific research needs to be improved, and outstanding top-notch talents are scarce; The investment in science and technology is relatively insufficient, and there are still many drawbacks in the system and mechanism. Although China is a maritime power, it is not yet a maritime power. One of the fundamental reasons lies in the weak ability of scientific and technological innovation.
The Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Scientific and Technological Development Plan (2006-2020) 15 has comprehensively planned and deployed China's future scientific and technological development, promoted the development of marine science and technology to a new historical height, and the ocean has become one of the five strategic areas of the country's advanced deployment. Application technologies such as seawater desalination, marine ecology and environmental protection, efficient development and utilization of marine resources, and large-scale marine engineering technology and equipment have become priority themes in key development areas; Marine technology is classified as cutting-edge technology, and marine science has become an important content in basic research.
In the future, China's marine scientists and technicians will face both rare historical opportunities and severe challenges from all sides. Adhere to the guidance of Theory of Three Represents and Scientific Outlook on Development, implement the spirit of the National Science and Technology Conference, deepen offshore research, participate in deep-sea competition, expand marine and polar research, develop strategic frontier technologies, overcome urgently needed key technologies, continuously improve the understanding of marine laws, and strive to build a marine science and technology innovation system under the guidance of the national science and technology policy of "independent innovation, key leap, support development and lead the future". Provide strong scientific and technological support for safeguarding national rights and security, developing marine economy and protecting marine ecological environment, and make new and greater contributions to building a maritime power and building a well-off society in an all-round way.