No matter in school or in society, everyone has written papers, which can promote experience and exchange understanding. How to write a paper to avoid stepping on thunder? The following is my paper on "Aesthetics in Life, Aesthetics in Life" collected for you, for reference only, and I hope it will help you.
Paper Keywords: life, origin, evolution, prospects
With the continuous progress of mass media and cultural technology, since the 20th century, especially after the 1980s, a new aesthetic phenomenon has emerged, people's tastes are diversified, and the boundary between aesthetics and life is becoming increasingly blurred. It can be said that there has been a trend of "aesthetic life, aesthetic life" all over the world. The origin, evolution and development prospect of this aesthetic phenomenon are questions that aesthetics must answer.
First, the origin of aesthetics and daily life
Aesthetics is a comprehensive humanities discipline about aesthetic phenomena. Aesthetics and life have been closely related since the emergence of aesthetic thought for more than two thousand years. Scholars believe that the development of culture has roughly experienced three periods: oral culture period, printing culture period and cultural period. In different cultural periods, aesthetics and life changed from unity to separation, and finally to integration.
In the early days of oral culture and handwritten culture, aesthetics and life used to be chaotic and inseparable. At that time, aesthetics was a part of life. For example, bows and arrows in the fishing and hunting era are both tools and beloved aesthetic products (if there was a so-called "aesthetic" concept at that time). The boundary between aesthetics and life is vague, or aesthetics has not been delivered from life at that time, and people's aesthetic consciousness is still budding in the mother's womb of life practice.
For example, the jade in ancient China and all kinds of exquisite jade worn are not only aesthetic works of art at that time, but also sacrifices and symbols of a certain concept, which is of practical significance to primitive religions and activities. Even at that time, aesthetics is still difficult to be so clearly separated from life. Poetry, music and dance are no longer pure art in people's minds. Even the murals and statues of Buddhism and grottoes in the Middle Ages (such as Wei and Jin Dynasties) are hard to say how many people regard them as "works of art" with aesthetic consciousness. The same is true in the West. Ancient Greek drama is also a part of bacchanalia's sacrificial ceremony.
In the late period of handwritten culture, paper appeared, and aesthetic consciousness gradually became "independent", at which time aesthetics and life began to alienate. This is a great promotion to the independent development of aesthetic art, especially the arrival of printing era, which provides the possibility for the independent development of aesthetics. At this time, it distanced itself from "life" with the attitude of "elitism", "nobility" and even "sanctification", and its aesthetics were enshrined on the top of Olympia. People think it is an aesthetic art because of the difference between aesthetics and life. It seems that the farther away from ordinary people's lives, the higher the better.
Corresponding to the situation and spiritual concept at that time, aesthetic activity was regarded as a creation higher than life. Aesthetic works of art are considered as excellent products and sacred fruits beyond the secular world. Aesthetic art activities are the activities of elites, people and elegant people, so aesthetic art works are regarded as elegant, special and exquisite things different from ordinary life. In this way, aesthetic artists are divorced from ordinary people, and artists are called geniuses. In short, this period separated aesthetics from life and emphasized the distance between aesthetics and life.
From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, people's aesthetic activities gradually changed. The initial signs began with the promotion of visual art by art. When the audience enjoyed the movie, it was like entering life. The appearance of movies indicates the beginning of aesthetic life. In particular, the arrival of the "electronic culture era" has further promoted people's aesthetic concept to the "new generation". In this epoch-making aesthetic concept change, aesthetics seems to have no boundaries, and even those vulgar "ready-made things" that could not have anything to do with art in the past have become aesthetic works of art. When the Ontario Pavilion in Toronto, Canada has an ordinary washbasin that everyone has, it is a treasure of art for people to enjoy; When H Hammond, an American "binding and bonding" artist, bound and bonded rags, acrylic resin, gypsum powder, wood, foam rubber and other miscellaneous things together to create the so-called "feminist art", people with traditional aesthetic concepts were dumbfounded.
But there are also some advanced theorists who explain that those who regard all kinds of "ready-made things" as works of art are actually engaged in a very serious cause. They are actually expanding or recreating people's aesthetic concepts, and the secret of transforming ready-made objects into works of art lies in aesthetic attitude. In these theorists, any object, whether artificial or natural, will become an aesthetic object as long as it adopts an aesthetic attitude. However, when everything can be regarded as art, art will not be regarded as art, and art will disappear into life or be integrated with life.
When discussing contemporary art, Klaus Honnef, a famous German scientist, pointed out: "In the western world, not only people's general attitude towards contemporary art has undergone profound changes, but also art itself has undergone drastic changes ... An important feature of this change is that the aesthetic principle has been almost completely abandoned. As a result, artists no longer feel completely opposed to society."
In the past, aesthetics was an experience, but now all experiences must become aesthetics. In the past, only a few "elites" could do and play "art". Now everyone is an artist, and everyone can play "art". In the post-modern society, it seems that thousands of subjects suddenly speak out and demand equality, and art has become a process in which everyone participates. Earth art, concept art, advertising art, pop art, karaoke, all kinds of mass art evenings ... audience and actors are often integrated. At this time, the boundary between creation and appreciation disappears, the boundary between author and reader disappears, the boundary between aesthetics and life disappears, and the distance between aesthetic activities and real activities disappears. Thus, life is aesthetics, aesthetics is life, and aesthetics and life are merging.
Second, the reasons and basis for the change of aesthetic concept
The reasons for the development and evolution of aesthetics are extremely complicated, but there are also laws to be found. The development of aesthetics is not isolated, but closely related to many aspects of social life. Therefore, its motivation has both its own side and the social side.
First, the impact. Engels once said: "People must eat, drink, live and wear before they can engage in politics, science, art, religion and so on."
This is to point out the relationship between material life needs and spiritual life needs (including aesthetic needs) from the height of materialism. Before the material living standard is highly prosperous, we naturally won't realize the importance of aesthetic activities. However, after the material living standard is highly prosperous, the importance of aesthetic activities is undoubtedly put on the agenda. It used to be "eating with clothes on", but now it is through "aestheticization of life" to beautify yourself, beautify your life and liberate yourself to a greater extent. At this time, everyone began to discover and cultivate themselves from an aesthetic point of view. Thus, life has become an art, or it has been promoted to an art.
Secondly, the establishment of market economy and the intensification of social politicization have played a catalytic role in the popularization and democratization of aesthetics. On the other hand, the disintegration of essentialism, the concern for the diversity of phenomena and the establishment of pluralistic thinking also have an impact on the transformation of aesthetic concepts. In particular, the deconstruction of the subject by postmodern philosophy provides a theoretical premise for the democratization and popularization of aesthetic concepts and the closeness and identity between aesthetics and life. In addition, the self-digestion of art and the corresponding rise of natural beauty and social beauty also make the traditional aesthetic concept of "art" resisting life questioned.
It is not difficult to imagine that since "art" itself has self-dissolved, elite aesthetics cannot exclude popular aesthetics, and the identity between aesthetics and life is logical. From the social point of view, the beauty of life has always existed, but in the period of classical aesthetics, the division of labor between material production and spiritual production caused the separation of material enjoyment and spiritual enjoyment, and the beauty was strengthened from the artistic point of view. Entering the contemporary society, due to the increasing integration of material production and spiritual production, the beauty of life is bound to emerge from concealment. From the perspective of labor process, in the period of classical aesthetics, people tend to pay more attention to spiritual products and despise material products, and the labor process is also divided into two parts: "brain power" and "physical strength"; In contemporary society, the gradual integration of material production and spiritual production has also led to the charm of "hands-on".
Finally found the beauty of technology. From a technical point of view, with the emergence of broadcasting and Internet, the spatial distance and the difference between center and edge almost no longer exist. Bernheim said: "The most profound aesthetic significance lies in that it forces us to doubt the classical views of aesthetic art and reality." People have noticed that daily life is increasingly showing the identity with artistic conditions. In the era of classical aesthetics, because words are the basic media, writers and objects, readers and works need to be connected through the transformation of words, and they need to rely on thinking, understanding and imagination to complete creation or acceptance. Aesthetics can be divorced from daily life.
In the era, due to the role of electronic media, the relationship between authors and objects, readers and works has changed from indirect to direct. Sometimes they just merge into one and get confused. Readers do not need to think, understand or imagine at all. They just feel directly, that is, look directly and listen directly. Due to the existence of electronic media, the boundary between reality and non-reality is becoming more and more blurred. In the world, reality and images are also a new relationship. When you go to a tailor's shop to make clothes, you can make them realistic on the screen first, and customers can also participate in the design. This unrealistic virtual image can be transformed into reality without any difference. In this way, the classical situation of understanding or grasping reality from the outside is cancelled, and the artistic activity itself is the activity of reality itself. As a result, art is no longer as sacred, mysterious and eternal as it was in the classical era, so it is unique. Production, mass reproduction and walkman ... have brought creation and appreciation to a new level. In this way, aesthetic experience is linked with life experience, and the distance from life disappears.
Third, the development prospect of aesthetic life
As a prominent worldwide and contemporary phenomenon, "aesthetic life, aesthetic life" undoubtedly reflects the general law of aesthetic development and the connotation of the times. However, due to the diversity and complexity of aesthetic consciousness in daily life, it is difficult to make accurate value judgments. Let's talk about the preliminary views from the positive and negative value orientations.
First of all, on the positive side, aesthetics is rooted in daily life, which is of great significance to the reconstruction of human nature such as publicizing personality, emancipating the mind and strengthening. It is conducive to people's pursuit of personality liberation and self-expression, enriching and satisfying people's spiritual and cultural needs. "Aesthetic life" updates the original content of daily life, completely breaks the closure of China's traditional lifestyle, stimulates the public's strong desire to participate and experience, broadens people's living space and enriches people's spare time life. Its popularity guides people to establish a scientific concept and attitude towards life and promotes its development in a healthy and civilized direction.
In addition, "aesthetic life" attracts more and more people to devote themselves to culture, which greatly improves the cultural production capacity, the efficiency of cultural production means and the quantity and level of cultural products, thus making elegant aesthetics enter the homes of ordinary people in large numbers and have more and more markets and audiences. Because of the secular myth of "aesthetic life", the public can implicitly liberate their unconscious impulses, make people discover the small world in relaxed humor, make ordinary people feel that their lives are full of surprises and sunshine, break the monopoly of elite aesthetics on aesthetic consciousness, eliminate aesthetic privileges, and urge mainstream aesthetics and elite aesthetics to find and determine their position in their own practice.
Secondly, on the negative side, the production, production, circulation and consumption of aesthetic products are all carried out through the operation of market mechanism, realizing the commercial profits of producers. This commodity feature has changed the way of traditional aesthetic culture communication and put a coat on aesthetic activities. The authority, sublimity and seriousness of traditional aesthetics are gradually replaced by vulgarity, entertainment and consumption. Its aesthetic content is often flat and has no depth. In order to cater to the public's tastes, some people regard mediocre things as a new trend, while profound and lofty things are out of date, which leads to the tendency of "kitsch".
There are still a lot of cultural rubbish such as pornography, violence and vulgar advertisements in foreign aesthetic culture, which seriously affects people's lives, especially for the younger generation who lack judgment. In addition, images like ""and ""show meaning through pictures, so the audience is completely passive, the possibility of thinking is limited, and it is easier to be deceived by superficial realism. We can't deny that beauty has been polluted, because we pay too much attention to the happiness and relaxation of life and lack the ideals of facing modernization, facing the world and facing the future, making it an ornament, a decoration, an advertisement and a popular lover. This is something we should always be vigilant about.
In short, the aesthetic cultural phenomenon of "beautifying life and beautifying life" is still in a dynamic development and change, with advantages and disadvantages coexisting. But what is certain is that its original intention and purpose are positive. The purpose of aesthetics is to entertain people with truth, goodness and beauty. As for its actual utilitarian relationship, it is really not its original intention. In the case that the simulation ability of aesthetic art is surpassed by modern technology, the cognitive function of aesthetic art can only be the digestion of traditional aesthetic art forms that were standardized and monopolized by a few people in the past. Culture transforms the traditional aesthetic art form of knowledge hegemony monopolized by a few people and serving the interests of capital into a new aesthetic art.
Under the background of today's world integration, the development of a country's aesthetic consciousness is bound to be influenced by other countries. Therefore, we should keep pace with the times, keep a clear head and critically absorb aesthetic consciousness beneficial to our own aesthetic development. At the same time, we should also integrate into this global aesthetic ideology of * * * creation and enjoyment, thinking that we should focus on integration and creation, combine elite aesthetics with popular aesthetics, develop together and innovate constantly on the premise that both of them exist.
References:
[1] Klaus Honev: Contemporary Art, Jiangsu Publishing House, 1995.
[2] Selected Works of Marx and Engels (Volume III), People's Publishing House, 1972.
[3] Toynbee, translated by Wang Zhihe: The Future of Art, Peking University Publishing House, 1995438+0 years.
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