Different disciplines or fields and different publications have different requirements on the format of papers, but research papers in various fields have many characteristics in style and language. Understanding the * * * nature of these languages will play an analogy role.
For young scholars or students in China, the difficulty in English writing is not the lack of writing materials, the unfamiliarity with professional vocabulary, or the failure to lay a good foundation in English. It is difficult to write a thesis in English because I don't know much about the linguistic features of academic English. On the language skills of academic English writing, we made a detailed introduction in the first part. This part discusses the writing methods of academic papers, including sentence structures commonly used in academic paper writing. We all introduce it in detail here, which is convenient for readers to imitate practice and writing difficulty.
Generally speaking, a complete and standardized academic paper consists of the following parts: Title.
Abstraction (abstraction)
Keywords (keywords)
catalogue
Terminology (glossary)
Introduction (introduction)
Method (method)
Result (result)
Discussion (discussion)
Conclusion (conclusion)
Confirmation (acknowledgement)
Reference (citation)
Appendix (appendix)
Among them, title, abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusion, references and other eight contents are essential (other contents depend on specific needs). Among these eight contents, the titles, abstracts and introductions are the most widely read, and readers will decide whether to read the full text according to these contents. In other words, how many readers a research paper wins depends largely on how well the title, abstract and introduction are written. Therefore, these three contents will be introduced in detail in each chapter.
The text of an academic paper generally includes three parts: method, result and discussion. These three parts mainly describe the specific content and methods of the research topic, the equipment, instruments and conditions used in the research process, and truthfully publish relevant data and research results. The conclusion is a general discussion of the full text or related research topics. It is strictly scientific and objective, embodies the value of a research topic, and puts forward the future research direction.
The title of the paper is the epitome of the full text. Readers can predict the main content of the paper and the author's intention through the title, so as to decide whether to read the full text. Therefore, if the title of the paper wants to win many readers in related fields, it must properly reflect the theme and core of the full text in the most refined language. This chapter mainly discusses the language features and writing methods of English academic paper titles.
6. 1 title length, total number of words, nouns, prepositions and adjectives, etc. 1) refractory steel for building: design, properties and micro-chemistry 9 6 1 2 2) damping capacity of shape memory alloy 6 5 1 0 3) microelectronic assembly and packaging technology: obstacles and requirements 8 5 0 3 14) solid oxide fuel cells: a review 6 4 0 2 5) progress of fuel cells and their materials 7. Kloc-0/ 2 6) The application of computers in English scientific papers Tables 6. 1 and 6.2 list the word count and part-of-speech statistics of some academic papers.
Table 6. 1 Statistics of words and parts of speech in titles of academic papers (1)
The total number of headline words, nouns, prepositions, adjectives and so on. 7) Prediction of fatigue life of spot-welded parts 9 5228) Absorbable implants in finger fractures: biomechanics and comparison. Comparative study 10 4 1 4 9) acoustics in long space: theory and application 74 12 10) research on airbag deployment force of out-of-position passengers 72010) semi-integral abutment in bridge seismic design 63/ Modeling of high-speed flow sensor and hydrodynamic system 9 7 0 2 13) Design of user-oriented material performance database for biomedical polymer surface engineering based on client/server mode 13733. 15) Impact heat transfer of diesel flame in rapid compression expander 13823 Average (about) 95.5/kloc. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1998. The total number of headline words, nouns, prepositions, adjectives, etc. 1) Vitamin and mineral supplements used by the elderly 9 5222) Dietary supplements and body image of female college students. Physical Education Students' Understanding of Cardiovascular Diseases of College Students Bad weather and people with overweight cars: Is watching fat harmful to your health? 7 3 1 3 7) Application of technology in higher education projects: national survey 1 5 2 4 8) Ongoing discussion: ecology in humanities classroom 8 4 l 3 9) Diversity of future labor force 6 41l1l1 The sustainable mode of human and natural development in urban environment: the variation of acorn yield and chemical composition of two oak trees with topography. Traditional research and adult research students: University experience solved the food shortage problem in northwest Africa by using hydroponic peanuts and peanuts. Solarly distilled water18101714) The influence of cancer: coping process and quality of life. 15) appl. Communication of digital image analysis is used to help determine the prognosis of the selected malignant tumor 14635 Average (about) 9.5510.53 Source: Ohio Science Journal, Volume 96 (2).
Table 6. 1 lists the titles of 5 English papers in the 3rd Annual Youth Academic Conference of China Association for Science and Technology/kloc-0, with an average of 9 words. Table 6.2 lists the titles of 15 papers randomly selected from Ohio Journal of Science, with an average of 9.5 words. If we want to summarize the main idea of the full text with limited words, we must carefully consider and scrutinize the words and choose the most concise, accurate and appropriate words to express the main content of the full text.
6.2 As can be seen from Table 6. 1 and Table 6.2, nouns (including gerunds) are the most commonly used in titles, accounting for 50% ~ 60% of the total words on average. More than 80% of the words in some titles are nouns. Besides nouns, prepositions are often used, and sometimes adjectives, articles, conjunctions and adverbs are used.
The title is a high summary of the important content of the full text, so the words should be appropriate and to the point, and there should be no randomness. In order to facilitate retrieval, the keywords used in the title should be used to express the full text as much as possible. The following example illustrates the occurrence rate of keywords in the title. Example1a. Title: fatigue life prediction of spot welding components B. Keywords: fatigue life prediction of spot welding vehicles B. Title: computer simulation induction and experimental research of cold shutdown during mold filling. Keywords: computer simulation of cold shutdown casting during mold filling C. Title: research on the influence of airbag deployment force on off-site passengers C. Title: new method of metal fatigue test and statistics. Lic material for vehicle transmission Keywords: statistical method of fatigue test, statistical method of test specification, sample analysis: In case 1a, there are 4 keywords and 3 topics. Two noun phrases appearing in the title, fatigue life prediction and spot welding components, are the key words of the article.
In the example 1b, there are four keywords, three of which appear in the title. Four noun phrases are used in the topic: computer simulation, experimental research, cold clearance and mold filling, three of which are key words.
There are two keywords in the example 1c, both of which appear in the title. Three nouns or noun phrases are used in the topic: reconnaissance, airbag deployment of troops, and occupation from positions, two of which are key words.
There are three keywords in the example 1d, two of which appear in the title.
As can be seen from the above four examples, the words in the title are mostly the key words of the article, which are concise and clear, and highly summarize the main content of the article.
The most commonly used nouns or noun phrases in titles generally do not use verbs or verb phrases. If verbs are used, use non-predicate verb forms, such as gerund, infinitive or participle.
As can be seen from Table 6. 1 and Table 6.2, of the nine words in the title, 5.5 are nouns, accounting for more than half. Except nouns, prepositions of, in, on, etc. Commonly used, followed by words and adjectives. Occasionally you need to use some words of other parts of speech, such as adverbs and articles.
6.3 Structure of Title There are three main structures of academic article titles: noun phrase (including gerund), prepositional phrase and noun phrase+prepositional phrase. Occasionally a question will be used as the title (mostly in the field of humanities and social sciences), but generally statements or verb phrases will not be used as the title.
(1) noun phrases A noun phrase consists of a noun and its modifiers. The modifier of a noun can be an adjective, a prepositional phrase or sometimes another noun. When nouns modify nouns, they can often shorten the length of titles. The following headings are composed of two noun phrases.
Example 2a. Bad weather and cars (noun phrase) (noun phrase)
B. Soil characteristics and critical soil mechanics (noun phrase)
C. modeling of high-speed flow sensor and hydrodynamic system (noun phrase)
D. Traditional adult learning students: college (noun phrase)
Experience (2) Preposition phrases Preposition phrases consist of ten prepositions or noun phrases. If the whole title is a prepositional phrase, generally the preposition is "on", which means "research on ……".
Example 3 A. On the distribution of sound in correlator B. On the crushing mechanism of thin-walled structure (3) Noun/noun phrase+prepositional phrase This is the most used structure in the topic.
Example 4a. Fundamentals of flow measurement. (noun) (prepositional phrase)
B scattered sounds and inversions in streets and tunnels (noun phrases) (prepositional phrases)
Dietary supplement and body image of female college students (noun phrase) (prepositional phrase)
D. College students' understanding of cardiovascular diseases (nouns) (prepositional phrases) (prepositional phrases)
E. Diversity of future labor force (noun) (prepositional phrase)
F. Progress of fuel cells and their materials (noun) (prepositional phrase)
G. damping capacity of shape memory alloy (noun phrase) (prepositional phrase)
H long space acoustics: theory and application (noun) (prepositional phrase) (noun phrase)
I. Investigation of airbag deployment force (noun) (prepositional phrase)
On the Misplaced Possessor (Preposition phrase)
J. Mode (noun) of sustainable development of human and nature in urban environment (prepositional phrase)
Preposition phrases in titles are generally used to modify nouns or noun phrases, thus limiting the scope of a research topic. This structure is similar to "de" in Chinese, but the difference is that in Chinese titles, the modifier comes first and the head word comes last. On the contrary, in English, nouns come first, and prepositional phrases as modifiers come last.
Example 5a. Progress in fuel cells and their materials B. Computer simulation and experimental study on co 1d shutdown during filling process Computer simulation of cooling process during filling process. And its experimental study C. fatigue life prediction of spot welding components C. study on abnormal occupation by airbag deployment force. Analysis and Research on the Force of Full Airbag on Out-of-position Passengers (4) Other Forms For controversial issues, interrogative sentences can occasionally be used as the topic of the paper, pointing out the key points of the whole paper.
Example 6 a. Will the electromagnetic field affect the growth mode of plants?
B. Can specific environmental smells enhance short-term memory function?
Heterotrophic protozoa release a lot of dissolved organophosphorus in lake water?
Some titles consist of two parts, separated by a colon (:). Generally speaking, the front part of the colon is the research object, content or subject, which is relatively general, and the back part of the colon indicates the research focus or research method. This structure can be further divided into three modes.
Mode 1 research topic: specific content example 7 a. Microelectronic assembly and packaging technology: barriers and requirements B. Fire-resistant steel for building: design, performance and microchemistry C. Long-space acoustic theory and application D. Effects of cancer: coping process and quality of life mode 2 Research topic: method/performance example 8 a. Solid oxide fuel cell: a survey B. Absorbable implants in finger fractures. Biomechanics and comparative research C. Application of technology in higher education projects: a national survey D. Development of new public water supply well sites by electromagnetic conductivity: two case study modes 3 Research topic: the focus of the problem A. Alumni: Is it harmful to your health?
B.noise: good? Not good? Maybe both?
C. manure: friend or enemy?
Is it appropriate to write the title of the paper under the question? If it is not suitable, please modify it.
1. Auditory perspective of different types of music II. Electromagnetic fields are harmful to human beings. How to use water resources for irrigation in semi-arid areas? Through successful combination of research and education, water quality can be protected. The concept of single community: the model of adult environmental education. Physics and art: the conceptual connection can be found 7. Diamonds are used in electronic equipment. Influence of Yale's low fever on transportation and commerce. The nature of students' science projects is compared with the goal of science education 10. Qualitative/quantitative analysis of Cornell University School of Administration. The Americans with Disabilities Act and its application ability in guiding diseases, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a statistical analysis reference answer. Is it appropriate to write the title of this paper below? If it is not suitable, please modify it.
1. The auditory perspective of different types of music (appropriate)
2. Electromagnetic fields have a harmonious influence on human beings (inappropriate)
Changed to: Harmful Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Human Body 3. How to make irrational use of water resources in semi-arid areas?
Using water resources to fix semi-arid land 4. Through successful combination of research and education, water quality can be protected.
Protect water quality through the successful combination of scientific research and education. Concept of single community: adult environmental education model (appropriate).
6. Physics and art: Conceptual connections can be found (inappropriate)
Changed to: Physics and Art: Uncovering the Conceptual Connection 7. Diamonds are used in electronic equipment (not suitable).
It should be: using diamonds as electrical appliances 8. The impact of yellow fever on transportation and commerce (appropriate).
9. Comparing the nature of students' science projects with the goals of science education (inappropriate)
Changed to: Comparison between the nature of students' science projects and the goals of science education 10. Qualitative/quantitative analysis of the Institute of Administration and Management of Comell University (as the case may be).
1 1. The Americans with Disabilities Act and its applicability to people with mental illness, human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a statistical analysis (inappropriate)
The Americans with Disabilities Act and its applicability to the mentally ill, HIV and AIDS patients: a statistical analysis.